Effects of African dust deposition on phytoplankton in the western tropical Atlantic Ocean off Barbados

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

Volumn 30, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 716-734

  Chien, Chia Te ^a   Mackey, Katherine R M ^b   Dutkiewicz, Stephanie ^c   Mahowald, Natalie M ^d   Prospero, Joseph M ^e   Paytan, Adina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^d Institute for the Study of the Continents   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

Author keywords

atmospheric deposition; Barbados; nutrient limitation; phytoplankton community structure

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; BIOASSAY; BIOLOGICAL PUMP; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; ECOSYSTEM MODELING; GROWTH RATE; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; NUTRIENT LIMITATION; PHYTOPLANKTON; STOICHIOMETRY;

BARBADOS;

PROCHLOROCOCCUS;

EID: 84971265180     PISSN: 08866236     EISSN: 19449224     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2015GB005334     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Altieri, K. E., B. J. Turpin, and S. P. Seitzinger (2009), Composition of dissolved organic nitrogen in continental precipitation investigated by ultra-high resolution FT-ICR mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43(18), 6950–6955, doi:10.1021/es9007849.
2. Ammerman, J. W., R. R. Hood, D. A. Case, and J. B. Cotner (2003), Phosphorus deficiency in the Atlantic: An emerging paradigm in oceanography, Eos Trans. AGU, 84(18), 165–170, doi:10.1029/2003EO180001.
3. Anderson, L. D., K. L. Faul, and A. Paytan (2010), Phosphorus associations in aerosols: What can they tell us about P bioavailability?, Mar. Chem., 120(1–4), 44–56, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2009.04.008.
4. Armstrong, F. A. J., C. R. Stearns, and J. D. H. Strickland (1967), The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological process by means of the Technicon Autoanalyzer® and associated equipment, Deep Sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstr., 14(3), 381–389, doi:10.1016/0011-7471(67)90082-4.
5. Bach, L. T., U. Riebesell, S. Sett, S. Febiri, P. Rzepka, and K. G. Schulz (2012), An approach for particle sinking velocity measurements in the 3–400 µm size range and considerations on the effect of temperature on sinking rates, Marine Biol., 159(8), 1853–1864, doi:10.1007/s00227-012-1945-2.
6. Baker, A. R., and P. L. Croot (2010), Atmospheric and marine controls on aerosol iron solubility in seawater, Mar. Chem., 120(1–4), 4–13, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2008.09.003.
7. Baker, A. R., S. D. Kelly, K. F. Biswas, M. Witt, and T. D. Jickells (2003), Atmospheric deposition of nutrients to the Atlantic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(24), 2296, doi:10.1029/2003GL018518.
8. Baker, A. R., M. French, and K. L. Linge (2006a), Trends in aerosol nutrient solubility along a west–east transect of the Saharan dust plume, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07805, doi:10.1029/2005GL024764.
9. Baker, A. R., T. D. Jickells, M. Witt, and K. L. Linge (2006b), Trends in the solubility of iron, aluminium, manganese and phosphorus in aerosol collected over the Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 98(1), 43–58, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2005.06.004.
10. Baker, A. R., K. Weston, S. D. Kelly, M. Voss, P. Streu, and J. N. Cape (2007), Dry and wet deposition of nutrients from the tropical Atlantic atmosphere: Links to primary productivity and nitrogen fixation, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 54(10), 1704–1720, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2007.07.001.
11. Baker, A. R., T. Lesworth, C. Adams, T. D. Jickells, and L. Ganzeveld (2010), Estimation of atmospheric nutrient inputs to the Atlantic Ocean from 50°N to 50°S based on large-scale field sampling: Fixed nitrogen and dry deposition of phosphorus, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 24, GB3006, doi:10.1029/2009GB003634.
12. Bates, N. R., and D. A. Hansell (2004), Temporal variability of excess nitrate in the subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 84(3), 225–241.
13. Bernhardt, H., and A. Wilhelms (1967), The continuous determination of low level iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer, paper presented at Technicon Symposia., 1, 385–389.
14. Biller, D. V., and K. W. Bruland (2012), Analysis of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in seawater using the Nobias-chelate PA1 resin and magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), Mar. Chem., 130, 12–20, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2011.12.001.
15. Bishop, J. K. B., R. E. Davis, and J. T. Sherman (2002), Robotic observations of dust storm enhancement of carbon biomass in the North Pacific, Science, 298(5594), 817–821, doi:10.1126/science.1074961.
16. Blain, S., J. Capparos, A. Guéneuguès, I. Obernosterer, and L. Oriol (2015), Distributions and stoichiometry of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus in the iron-fertilized region near Kerguelen (Southern Ocean), Biogeosciences, 12(2), 623–635.
17. Borstad, G. A. (1982a), The influence of the meandering Guiana Current on surface conditions near Barbados—Temporal variations of Trichodesmium (Cyanophyta) and other plankton, J. Mar. Res., 40(2), 435–452.
18. Borstad, G. A. (1982b), The influence of the meandering Guiana Current and Amazon River discharge on surface salinity near Barbados, J. Mar. Res., 40(2), 421–434.
19. Boyd, P. W., C. S. Wong, J. Merrill, F. Whitney, J. Snow, P. J. Harrison, and J. Gower (1998), Atmospheric iron supply and enhanced vertical carbon flux in the NE subarctic Pacific: Is there a connection?, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 12(3), 429–441, doi:10.1029/98GB00745.
20. Boyd, P. W., D. S. Mackie, and K. A. Hunter (2010), Aerosol iron deposition to the surface ocean—Modes of iron supply and biological responses, Mar. Chem., 120(1–4), 128–143, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2009.01.008.
21. Bressac, M., C. Guieu, D. Doxaran, F. Bourrin, K. Desboeufs, N. Leblond, and C. Ridame (2014), Quantification of the lithogenic carbon pump following a simulated dust-deposition event in large mesocosms, Biogeosciences, 11(4), 1007–1020, doi:10.5194/bg-11-1007-2014.
22. Bristow, C. S., K. A. Hudson-Edwards, and A. Chappell (2010), Fertilizing the Amazon and equatorial Atlantic with West African dust, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L14807, doi:10.1029/2010GL043486.
23. Chen, Y., J. Street, and A. Paytan (2006), Comparison between pure-water-and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba, Mar. Chem., 101(1), 141–152.
24. Chen, Y., S. Mills, J. Street, D. Golan, A. Post, M. Jacobson, and A. Paytan (2007), Estimates of atmospheric dry deposition and associated input of nutrients to Gulf of Aqaba seawater, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D04309, doi:10.1029/2006JD007858.
25. Cotner, J. B., J. W. Ammerman, E. R. Peele, and E. Bentzen (1997), Phosphorus-limited bacterioplankton growth in the Sargasso Sea, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 13(2), 141–149, doi:10.3354/ame013141.
26. Dandonneau, Y., P.-Y. Deschamps, J.-M. Nicolas, H. Loisel, J. Blanchot, Y. Montel, F. Thieuleux, and G. Bécu (2004), Seasonal and interannual variability of ocean color and composition of phytoplankton communities in the North Atlantic, equatorial Pacific and South Pacific, Deep Sea Res. Part II, 51(1–3), 303–318, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.07.018.
27. Dentener, F., et al. (2006), Nitrogen and sulfur deposition on regional and global scales: A multimodel evaluation, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 20, GB4003, doi:10.1029/2005GB002672.
28. Duarte, C. M., J. Dachs, M. Llabrés, P. Alonso-Laita, J. M. Gasol, A. Tovar-Sánchez, S. Sañudo-Wilhemy, and S. Agustí (2006), Aerosol inputs enhance new production in the subtropical northeast Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 111, G04006, doi:10.1029/2005JG000140.
29. Duce, R. A., et al. (1991), The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 5(3), 193–260, doi:10.1029/91GB01778.
30. Duce, R. A., et al. (2008), Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean, Science, 320(5878), 893–897, doi:10.1126/science.1150369.
31. Dutkiewicz, S., B. A. Ward, J. R. Scott, and M. J. Follows (2014), Understanding predicted shifts in diazotroph biogeography using resource competition theory, Biogeosciences, 11(19), 5445–5461, doi:10.5194/bg-11-5445-2014.
32. Dutkiewicz, S., A. E. Hickman, O. Jahn, W. W. Gregg, C. B. Mouw, and M. J. Follows (2015), Capturing optically important constituents and properties in a marine biogeochemical and ecosystem model, Biogeosci. Discuss., 12(3), 2607–2695, doi:10.5194/bgd-12-2607-2015.
33. Elrod, V. A., W. M. Berelson, K. H. Coale, and K. S. Johnson (2004), The flux of iron from continental shelf sediments: A missing source for global budgets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L12307, doi:10.1029/2004GL020216.
34. Erickson, D. J., J. L. Hernandez, P. Ginoux, W. W. Gregg, C. McClain, and J. Christian (2003), Atmospheric iron delivery and surface ocean biological activity in the Southern Ocean and Patagonian region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(12), 1609, doi:10.1029/2003GL017241.
35. Fanning, K. A. (1992), Nutrient provinces in the sea: Concentration ratios, reaction rate ratios, and ideal covariation, J. Geophys. Res., 97(C4), 5693–5712, doi:10.1029/92JC00007.
36. Fitzsimmons, J. N., R. Zhang, and E. A. Boyle (2013), Dissolved iron in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 154, 87–99, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2013.05.009.
37. Flohr, A., A. K. van der Plas, K. C. Emeis, V. Mohrholz, and T. Rixen (2014), Spatio-temporal patterns of C:N:P ratios in the northern Benguela upwelling system, Biogeosciences, 11(3), 885–897, doi:10.5194/bg-11-885-2014.
38. Garcia, H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Boyer, T. P., and Antonov, J. I. (2006), World Ocean Atlas 2005, vol. 4, Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, silicate), NOAA Atlas NESDIS, 64, 396, edited by S. Levitus, NOAA, Silver Spring, Md.
39. Garcia, H. E., R. A. Locarnini, T. P. Boyer, J. I. Antonov, M. M. Zweng, O. K. Baranova, and D. R. Johnson (2010), World Ocean Atlas 2009, Volume 4: Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, and silicate), NOAA Atlas NESDIS 71, vol. 4, edited by S. Levitus, 398 pp., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D. C.
40. García-Fernández, J. M., N. T. de Marsac, and J. Diez (2004), Streamlined regulation and gene loss as adaptive mechanisms in Prochlorococcus for optimized nitrogen utilization in oligotrophic environments, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 68(4), 630–638.
41. Ginoux, P., J. M. Prospero, T. E. Gill, N. C. Hsu, and M. Zhao (2012), Global-scale attribution of anthropogenic and natural dust sources and their emission rates based on MODIS Deep Blue aerosol products, Rev. Geophys., 50, RG3005, doi:10.1029/2012RG000388.
42. Giovagnetti, V., C. Brunet, F. Conversano, F. Tramontano, I. Obernosterer, C. Ridame, and C. Guieu (2013), Assessing the role of dust deposition on phytoplankton ecophysiology and succession in a low-nutrient low-chlorophyll ecosystem: A mesocosm experiment in the Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 10(5), 2973–2991, doi:10.5194/bg-10-2973-2013.
43. Gruber, N., and J. L. Sarmiento (1997), Global patterns of marine nitrogen fixation and denitrification, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 11(2), 235–266, doi:10.1029/97GB00077.
44. Gruber, N., and J. N. Galloway (2008), An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle, Nature, 451(7176), 293–296.
45. Guieu, C., F. Dulac, C. Ridame, and P. Pondaven (2014a), Introduction to project DUNE, a DUst experiment in a low Nutrient, low chlorophyll Ecosystem, Biogeosciences, 11(2), 425–442, doi:10.5194/bg-11-425-2014.
46. Guieu, C., C. Ridame, E. Pulido-Villena, M. Bressac, K. Desboeufs, and F. Dulac (2014b), Dust deposition in an oligotrophic marine environment: Impact on the carbon budget, Biogeosci. Discuss., 11(1), 1707–1738, doi:10.5194/bgd-11-1707-2014.
47. Guo, C., J. Yu, T. Y. Ho, L. Wang, S. Song, L. Kong, and H. Liu (2012), Dynamics of phytoplankton community structure in the South China Sea in response to the East Asian aerosol input, Biogeosciences, 9(4), 1519–1536, doi:10.5194/bg-9-1519-2012.
48. Hans Wedepohl, K. (1995), The composition of the continental crust, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59(7), 1217–1232, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2.
49. Hansell, D. A., and M. J. Follows (2008), Nitrogen in the Atlantic Ocean, Chapter 13, in Nitrogen in the Marine Environment, 2nd ed., Elsevier Inc., doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-372522-6.00013-X.
50. Hansell, D. A., N. R. Bates, and D. B. Olson (2004), Excess nitrate and nitrogen fixation in the North Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 84(3–4), 243–265, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2003.08.004.
51. Hansell, D. A., D. B. Olson, F. Dentener, and L. M. Zamora (2007), Assessment of excess nitrate development in the subtropical North Atlantic, Mar. Chem., 106(3–4), 562–579, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2007.06.005.
52. Henson, S. A., J. L. Sarmiento, J. P. Dunne, L. Bopp, I. Lima, S. C. Doney, J. John, and C. Beaulieu (2010), Detection of anthropogenic climate change in satellite records of ocean chlorophyll and productivity, Biogeosciences, 7(2), 621–640, doi:10.5194/bg-7-621-2010.
53. Hodge, V., S. R. Johnson, and E. D. Goldberg (1978), Influence of atmospherically transported aerosols on surface ocean water composition, Geochem. J., 12(1), 7–20.
54. Husar, R. B., J. M. Prospero, and L. L. Stowe (1997), Characterization of tropospheric aerosols over the oceans with the NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer optical thickness operational product, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D14), 16,889–16,909, doi:10.1029/96JD04009.
55. Jickells, T. D., et al. (2005), Global iron connections between desert dust, ocean biogeochemistry, and climate, Science, 308(5718), 67–71, doi:10.1126/science.1105959.
56. Jordi, A., G. Basterretxea, A. Tovar-Sánchez, A. Alastuey, and X. Querol (2012), Copper aerosols inhibit phytoplankton growth in the Mediterranean Sea, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., doi:10.1073/pnas.1207567110.
57. Jung, E., B. Albrecht, J. M. Prospero, H. H. Jonsson, and S. M. Kreidenweis (2013), Vertical structure of aerosols, temperature, and moisture associated with an intense African dust event observed over the eastern Caribbean, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 4623–4643, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50352.
58. Kanakidou, M., et al. (2012), Atmospheric fluxes of organic N and P to the global ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 26, doi:10.1029/2011GB004277.
59. Kim, I.-N., K. Lee, N. Gruber, D. M. Karl, J. L. Bullister, S. Yang, and T.-W. Kim (2014), Increasing anthropogenic nitrogen in the North Pacific Ocean, Science, 346(6213), 1102–1106, doi:10.1126/science.1258396.
60. Knap, A., T. Jickells, A. Pszenny, and J. Galloway (1986), Significance of atmospheric-derived fixed nitrogen on productivity of the Sargasso Sea, Nature, 320(6058), 158–160.
61. Knapp, A. N., P. J. DiFiore, C. Deutsch, D. M. Sigman, and F. Lipschultz (2008), Nitrate isotopic composition between Bermuda and Puerto Rico: Implications for N2 fixation in the Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB3014, doi:10.1029/2007GB003107.
62. Knapp, A. N., M. G. Hastings, D. M. Sigman, F. Lipschultz, and J. N. Galloway (2010), The flux and isotopic composition of reduced and total nitrogen in Bermuda rain, Mar. Chem., 120(1–4), 83–89, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2008.08.007.
63. Krishnamurthy, A., J. K. Moore, C. S. Zender, and C. Luo (2007), Effects of atmospheric inorganic nitrogen deposition on ocean biogeochemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 112, G02019, doi:10.1029/2006JG000334.
64. Krishnamurthy, A., J. K. Moore, N. Mahowald, C. Luo, S. C. Doney, K. Lindsay, and C. S. Zender (2009), Impacts of increasing anthropogenic soluble iron and nitrogen deposition on ocean biogeochemistry, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 23, GB3016, doi:10.1029/2008GB003440.
65. Krishnamurthy, A., J. K. Moore, N. Mahowald, C. Luo, and C. S. Zender (2010), Impacts of atmospheric nutrient inputs on marine biogeochemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 115, G01006, doi:10.1029/2009JG001115.
66. Lamarque, J. F., et al. (2011), CAM-chem: Description and evaluation of interactive amtopsheric chemistry in CESM, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 2199–2278.
67. Lamarque, J.-F., et al. (2010), Historical (1850–2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(7017), 7017–7039.
68. Lomas, M. W., A. Swain, R. Shelton, and J. W. Ammerman (2004), Taxonomic variability of phosphorus stress in Sargasso Sea phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49(6), 2303–2310.
69. Lomas, M. W., A. L. Burke, D. A. Lomas, D. W. Bell, C. Shen, S. T. Dyhrman, and J. W. Ammerman (2010), Sargasso Sea phosphorus biogeochemistry: An important role for dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP), Biogeosciences, 7(2), 695–710, doi:10.5194/bg-7-695-2010.
70. Luo, C., N. Mahowald, T. Bond, P. Y. Chuang, P. Artaxo, R. Siefert, Y. Chen, and J. Schauer (2008), Combustion iron distribution and deposition, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB1012, doi:10.1029/2007GB002964.
71. Mackey, K. R. M., K. Roberts, M. W. Lomas, M. A. Saito, A. F. Post, and A. Paytan (2012a), Enhanced solubility and ecological impact of atmospheric phosphorus deposition upon extended seawater exposure, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46(19), 10,438–10,446, doi:10.1021/es3007996.
72. Mackey, K. R. M., K. N. Buck, J. R. Casey, A. Cid, M. W. Lomas, Y. Sohrin, and A. Paytan (2012b), Phytoplankton responses to atmospheric metal deposition in the coastal and open-ocean Sargasso Sea, Front. Microbiol., 3, 359, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00359.
73. Mackey, K. R. M., D. Hunter, E. V. Fischer, Y. Jiang, B. Allen, Y. Chen, A. Liston, J. Reuter, G. Schladow, and A. Paytan (2013), Aerosol-nutrient-induced picoplankton growth in Lake Tahoe, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 118, 1054–1067, doi:10.1002/jgrg.20084.
74. Mackey, K. R. M., C. T. Chien, A. F. Post, M. A. Saito, and A. Paytan (2015a), Rapid and gradual modes of aerosol trace metal dissolution in seawater, Front. Microbiol., 5, 794, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00794.
75. Mackey, K. R. M., A. F. Post, M. R. McIlvin, G. A. Cutter, S. G. John, and M. A. Saito (2015b), Divergent responses of Atlantic coastal and oceanic Synechococcus to iron limitation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 112(32), 9944–9949.
76. Mahowald, N., et al. (2008), The global distribution of atmospheric phosphorus deposition and anthropogenic impacts, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB4026, doi:10.1029/2008GB003240.
77. Mahowald, N. M., A. R. Baker, G. Bergametti, N. Brooks, R. A. Duce, T. D. Jickells, N. Kubilay, J. M. Prospero, and I. Tegen (2005), Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, GB2005, doi:10.1029/2004GB002402.
78. Mahowald, N. M., D. Muhs, S. Levis, P. Rasch, M. Yoshioka, and C. Zender (2006), Change in atmospheric mineral aerosols in response to climate: Last glacial period, pre-industrial, modern and doubled-carbon dioxide climates, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10202, doi:10.1029/12005JD006653.
79. Mahowald, N. M., J. A. Ballantine, J. Feddema, and N. Ramankutty (2007), Global trends in visibility: Implications for dust sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7(12), 3309–3339, doi:10.5194/acp-7-3309-2007.
80. Mahowald, N. M., et al. (2009), Atmospheric iron deposition: global distribution, variability, and human perturbations, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 245–278.
81. Mahowald, N. M., et al. (2010), Observed 20th century desert dust variability: Impact on climate and biogeochemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(22), 10,875–10,893, doi:10.5194/acp-10-10875-2010.
82. Mann, E. L., N. Ahlgren, J. W. Moffett, and S. W. Chisholm (2002), Copper toxicity and cyanobacteria ecology in the Sargasso Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47(4), 976–988.
83. Maranon, E., et al. (2010), Degree of oligotrophy controls the response of microbial plankton to Saharan dust, Limnol. Oceanogr., 55(6), 2339–2352, doi:10.4319/lo.2010.55.6.2339.
84. Markaki, Z., K. Oikonomou, M. Kocak, G. Kouvarakis, A. Chaniotaki, N. Kubilay, and N. Mihalopoulos (2003), Atmospheric deposition of inorganic phosphorus in the Levantine Basin, eastern Mediterranean: Spatial and temporal variability and its role in seawater productivity, Limnol. Oceanogr., 48(4), 1557–1568.
85. Marshall, J., A. Adcroft, C. Hill, L. Perelman, and C. Heisey (1997), A finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for studies of the ocean on parallel computers, J. Geophys. Res., 102(C3), 5753–5766, doi:10.1029/96JC02775.
86. Martin, P., S. T. Dyhrman, M. W. Lomas, N. J. Poulton, and B. A. S. Van Mooy (2014), Accumulation and enhanced cycling of polyphosphate by Sargasso Sea plankton in response to low phosphorus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(22), 8089–8094, doi:10.1073/pnas.1321719111.
87. Martiny, A. C., M. L. Coleman, and S. W. Chisholm (2006), Phosphate acquisition genes in Prochlorococcus ecotypes: Evidence for genome-wide adaptation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 103(33), 12,552–12,557, doi:10.1073/pnas.0601301103.
88. Martiny, A. C., Y. Huang, and W. Li (2009), Occurrence of phosphate acquisition genes in Prochlorococcus cells from different ocean regions, Environ. Microbiol., 11(6), 1340–1347, doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01860.x.
89. Mawji, E., et al. (2015), The GEOTRACES intermediate data product 2014, Mar. Chem., 177, 1–8, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2015.04.005.
90. McLaughlin, K., J. A. Sohm, G. A. Cutter, M. W. Lomas, and A. Paytan (2013), Phosphorus cycling in the Sargasso Sea: Investigation using the oxygen isotopic composition of phosphate, enzyme-labeled fluorescence, and turnover times, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 27, 375–387, doi:10.1002/gbc.20037.
91. Michaels, A. F., D. A. Siegel, R. J. Johnson, A. H. Knap, and J. N. Galloway (1993), Episodic inputs of atmospheric nitrogen to the Sargasso Sea: Contributions to new production and phytoplankton blooms, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 7(2), 339–351, doi:10.1029/93GB00178.
92. Mills, M. M., C. Ridame, M. Davey, J. La Roche, and R. J. Geider (2004), Iron and phosphorus co-limit nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic, Nature, 429(6989), 292–294, doi:10.1038/nature02550.
93. Moore, C. M., M. M. Mills, R. Langlois, A. Milne, E. P. Achterberg, J. La Roche, and R. J. Geider (2008), Relative influence of nitrogen and phosphorous availability on phytoplankton physiology and productivity in the oligotrophic sub-tropical North Atlantic Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53(1), 291–305, doi:10.4319/lo.2008.53.1.0291.
94. Moore, C. M., et al. (2013), Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation, Nat. Geosci., 6(9), 701–710, doi:10.1038/ngeo1765.
95. Moore, J. K., K. Lindsay, S. C. Doney, M. C. Long, and K. Misumi (2013), Marine ecosystem dynamics and biogeochemical cycling in the Community Earth System model [CESM1(BGC)]: Comparison of the 1990s with the 2090s under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, J. Clim., 26(23), 9291–9312, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00566.1.
96. Moore, L. R., A. F. Post, G. Rocap, and S. W. Chisholm (2002), Utilization of different nitrogen sources by the marine cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47(4), 989–996.
97. Morel, F. M. M., J. R. Reinfelder, S. B. Roberts, C. P. Chamberlain, J. G. Lee, and D. Yee (1994), Zinc and carbon co-limitation of marine-phytoplankton, Nature, 369(6483), 740–742, doi:10.1038/369740a0.
98. Morris, J. J., R. E. Lenski, and E. R. Zinser (2012), The black queen hypothesis: Evolution of dependencies through adaptive gene loss, MBio, 3(2), e00036-12,
99. Morton, P. L., et al. (2013), Methods for the sampling and analysis of marine aerosols: Results from the 2008 GEOTRACES aerosol intercalibration experiment, Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods, 11, 62–78, doi:10.4319/lom.2013.11.62.
100. Mullerkarger, F. E., C. R. McClain, and P. L. Richardson (1988), The dispersal of the amazons water, Nature, 333(6168), 56–59, doi:10.1038/333056a0.
101. Mullerkarger, F. E., C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, and R. Varela (1989), Pigment distribution in the Caribbean Sea - observation from space, Prog. Oceanogr., 23(1), 23–64, doi:10.1016/0079-6611(89)90024-4.
102. Neale, R., J. Richter, S. Park, P. Lauritzen, S. Vavrus, P. Rasch, and M. Zhang (2013), The mean climate of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4) in forced SST and fully copled experiments, J. Clim., 26, 5150–5168, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00236.1.
103. Obernosterer, I., N. Kawasaki, and R. Benner (2003), P-limitation of respiration in the Sargasso Sea and uncoupling of bacteria from P-regeneration in size-fractionation experiments, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 32(3), 229–237, doi:10.3354/ame032229.
104. Okin, G. S., et al. (2011), Impacts of atmospheric nutrient deposition on marine productivity: Roles of nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 25, GB2022, doi:10.1029/2010GB003858.
105. Oschlies, A., and V. Garcon (1998), Eddy-induced enhancement of primary production in a model of the North Atlantic Ocean, Nature, 394(6690), 266–269.
106. Özsoy, T. (2003), Atmospheric wet deposition of soluble macro-nutrients in the Cilician Basin, north-eastern Mediterranean sea, J. Environ. Monit., 5(6), 971–976.
107. Parekh, P., M. J. Follows, and E. A. Boyle (2005), Decoupling of iron and phosphate in the global ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, GB2020, doi:10.1029/2004GB002280.
108. Parekh, P., M. J. Follows, S. Dutkiewicz, and T. Ito (2006), Physical and biological regulation of the soft tissue carbon pump, Paleoceanography, 21, PA3001, doi:10.1029/2005PA001258.
109. Paytan, A., K. R. M. Mackey, Y. Chen, I. D. Lima, S. C. Doney, N. Mahowald, R. Labiosa, and A. F. Postf (2009), Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106(12), 4601–4605, doi:10.1073/pnas.0811486106.
110. Prospero, J. M., K. Barrett, T. Church, F. Dentener, R. A. Duce, J. N. Galloway, H. Levy, J. Moody, and P. Quinn (1996), Atmospheric deposition of nutrients to the North Atlantic basin, Biogeochemistry, 35(1), 27–73, doi:10.1007/bf02179824.
111. Prospero, J. M., F.-X. Collard, J. Molinié, and A. Jeannot (2014), Characterizing the annual cycle of African dust transport to the Caribbean Basin and South America and its impact on the environment and air quality, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 28, 757–773, doi:10.1002/2013GB004802.
112. Pulido-Villena, E., A. C. Baudoux, I. Obernosterer, M. Landa, J. Caparros, P. Catala, C. Georges, J. Harmand, and C. Guieu (2014), Microbial food web dynamics in response to a Saharan dust event: Results from a mesocosm study in the oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 11(19), 5607–5619, doi:10.5194/bg-11-5607-2014.
113. Randerson, J. T., G. R. van der Werf, L. Giglio, G. J. Collatz, and P. S. Kasibhatla. (2013), Global fire emissions database, Version 3 (GFEDv3.1).
114. Rasch, P. J., W. D. Collins, and B. E. Eaton (2000), Understanding the Indian Ocean Experiment INDOEX aerosol distributions with an aerosol assimilation, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D7), 7337–7355, doi:10.1029/2000JD900508.
115. Rijkenberg, M. J. A., R. Middag, P. Laan, L. J. A. Gerringa, H. M. van Aken, V. Schoemann, J. T. M. de Jong, and H. J. W. de Baar (2014), The distribution of dissolved iron in the west Atlantic Ocean, PLoS One, 9(6), e101323, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101323.
116. Saito, M. A., T. J. Goepfert, and J. T. Ritt (2008), Some thoughts on the concept of colimitation: Three definitions and the importance of bioavailability, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53(1), 276–290, doi:10.4319/lo.2008.53.1.0276.
117. Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S. A., A. B. Kustka, C. J. Gobler, D. A. Hutchins, M. Yang, K. Lwiza, J. Burns, D. G. Capone, J. A. Raven, and E. J. Carpenter (2001), Phosphorus limitation of nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium in the central Atlantic Ocean, Nature, 411(6833), 66–69, doi:10.1038/35075041.
118. Sarmiento, J. L., R. Slater, R. Barber, L. Bopp, S. C. Doney, A. Hirst, J. Kleypas, R. Matear, U. Mikolajewicz, and P. Monfray (2004), Response of ocean ecosystems to climate warming, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB3003, doi:10.1029/2003GB002134.
119. Savoie, D. L., Arimoto, R., Keene, W. C., Prospero, J. M., Duce, R. A., and Galloway, J. N. (2002), Marine biogenic and anthropogenic contributions to non-sea-salt sulfate in the marine boundary layer over the North Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D18), 4356, doi:10.1029/2001JD000970.
120. Scanlan, D. J., and W. H. Wilson (1999), Application of molecular techniques to addressing the role of P as a key effector in marine ecosystems, in Molecular Ecology of Aquatic Communities, edited by J. P. Zehr and M. A. Voytek, pp. 149–175, Springer, Netherlands.
121. Schulz, M., et al. (2012), Atmospheric transport and deposition of mineral dust to the ocean: Implications for research needs, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46(19), 10,390–10,404, doi:10.1021/es300073u.
122. Sedwick, P. N., E. R. Sholkovitz, and T. M. Church (2007), Impact of anthropogenic combustion emissions on the fractional solubility of aerosol iron: Evidence from the Sargasso Sea, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8, Q10Q06, doi:10.1029/2007GC001586.
123. Sholkovitz, E. R., P. N. Sedwick, T. M. Church, A. R. Baker, and C. F. Powell (2012), Fractional solubility of aerosol iron: Synthesis of a global-scale data set, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 89, 173–189, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2012.04.022.
124. Sohm, J. A., and D. G. Capone (2006), Phosphorus dynamics of the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic: Trichodesmium spp. versus bulk plankton, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 317, 21–28, doi:10.3354/meps317021.
125. Sohm, J. A., and D. G. Capone (2010), Zonal differences in phosphorus pools, turnover and deficiency across the tropical North Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 24, GB2008, doi:10.1029/2008GB003414.
126. Sohm, J. A., C. Mahaffey, and D. G. Capone (2008), Assessment of relative phosphorus limitation of Trichodesmium spp. in the North Pacific, North Atlantic, and the north coast of Australia, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53(6), 2495–2502, doi:10.4319/lo.2008.53.6.2495.
127. Sohrin, Y., S. Urushihara, S. Nakatsuka, T. Kono, E. Higo, T. Minami, K. Norisuye, and S. Umetani (2008), Multielemental determination of GEOTRACES key trace metals in seawater by ICPMS after preconcentration using an ethylenediaminetriacetic acid chelating resin, Anal. Chem., 80(16), 6267–6273, doi:10.1021/ac800500f.
128. Srinivas, B., and M. M. Sarin (2013), Atmospheric deposition of N, P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean: Implications to C- and N-fixation, Sci. Total Environ., 456, 104–114, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.068.
129. Steinacher, M., et al. (2010), Projected 21st century decrease in marine productivity: A multi-model analysis, Biogeosciences, 7(3), 979–1005.
130. Steven, D. M., and R. Glombitz (1972), Oscillatory variation of a phytoplankton population in a tropical ocean, Nature, 237(5350), 105–107, doi:10.1038/237105a0.
131. Subramaniam, A., et al. (2008), Amazon River enhances diazotrophy and carbon sequestration in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(30), 10,460–10,465, doi:10.1073/pnas.0710279105.
132. Sunda, W. G., and S. A. Huntsman (1992), Feedback interactions between zinc and phytoplankton in seawater, Limnol. Oceanogr., 37(1), 25–40.
133. Sunda, W. G., and S. A. Huntsman (1997), Interrelated influence of iron, light and cell size on marine phytoplankton growth, Nature, 390(6658), 389–392, doi:10.1038/37093.
134. Thingstad, T. F., et al. (2005), Nature of phosphorus limitation in the ultraoligotrophic eastern Mediterranean, Science, 309(5737), 1068–1071, doi:10.1126/science.1112632.
135. Trapp, J. M., F. J. Millero, and J. M. Prospero (2010), Temporal variability of the elemental composition of African dust measured in trade wind aerosols at Barbados and Miami, Mar. Chem., 120(1–4), 71–82, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2008.10.004.
136. van der Werf, G. R., J. T. Randerson, L. Giglio, G. J. Collatz, P. S. Kasibhatla, and A. F. Arellano Jr. (2006), Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6(11), 3423–3441, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3423-2006.
137. Van Mooy, B. A. S., G. Rocap, H. F. Fredricks, C. T. Evans, and A. H. Devol (2006), Sulfolipids dramatically decrease phosphorus demand by picocyanobacteria in oligotrophic marine environments, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 103(23), 8607–8612, doi:10.1073/pnas.0600540103.
138. Van Mooy, B. A. S., et al. (2009), Phytoplankton in the ocean use non-phosphorus lipids in response to phosphorus scarcity, Nature, 458(7234), 69–72, doi:10.1038/nature07659.
139. Volpe, G., V. F. Banzon, R. H. Evans, R. Santoleri, A. J. Mariano, and R. Sciarra (2009), Satellite observations of the impact of dust in a low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll region: Fertilization or artifact?, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 23, GB3007, doi:10.1029/2008GB003216.
140. Voss, M., P. Croot, K. Lochte, M. Mills, and I. Peeken (2004), Patterns of nitrogen fixation along 10°N in the tropical Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23S09, doi:10.1029/2004GL020127.
141. Ward, D. S., S. Kloster, N. M. Mahowald, B. M. Rogers, J. T. Randerson, and P. G. Hess (2012), The changing radiative forcing of fires: Global model estimates for past, present and future, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12(22), 10,857–10,886, doi:10.5194/acp-12-10857-2012.
142. Ward, D. S., N. M. Mahowald, and S. Kloster (2014), Potential climate forcing of land use and land cover change, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14(23), 12,701–12,724, doi:10.5194/acp-14-12701-2014.
143. Williams, M. R., T. R. Fisher, and J. M. Melack (1997), Chemical composition and deposition of rain in the central Amazon, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 31(2), 207–217.
144. Wu, J. F., W. Sunda, E. A. Boyle, and D. M. Karl (2000), Phosphate depletion in the western North Atlantic Ocean, Science, 289(5480), 759–762, doi:10.1126/science.289.5480.759.
145. Wunsch, C., and P. Heimbach (2007), Practical global oceanic state estimation, Physica D, 230(1–2), 197–208, doi:10.1016/j.physd.2006.09.040.
146. Wuttig, K., T. Wagener, M. Bressac, A. Dammshaeuser, P. Streu, C. Guieu, and P. L. Croot (2013), Impacts of dust deposition on dissolved trace metal concentrations (Mn, Al and Fe) during a mesocosm experiment, Biogeosciences, 10(4), 2583–2600, doi:10.5194/bg-10-2583-2013.
147. Yu, H., et al. (2015), The fertilizing role of african dust in the amazon rainforest: A first multiyear assessment based on data from cloud-aerosol lidar and infrared pathfinder satellite observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1984–1991, doi:10.1002/2015GL063040.
148. Zamora, L. M., J. M. Prospero, and D. A. Hansell (2011), Organic nitrogen in aerosols and precipitation at Barbados and Miami: Implications regarding sources, transport and deposition to the western subtropical North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D20309, doi:10.1029/2011JD015660.
149. Zamora, L. M., J. M. Prospero, D. A. Hansell, and J. M. Trapp (2013), Atmospheric P deposition to the subtropical North Atlantic: Sources, properties, and relationship to N deposition, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 1546–1562, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50187.
150. Zhang, Y., L. Zheng, X. Liu, T. Jickells, J. N. Cape, K. Goulding, A. Fangmeier, and F. Zhang (2008), Evidence for organic N deposition and its anthropogenic sources in China, Atmos. Environ., 42(5), 1035–1041.