Trans-Pacific transport and evolution of aerosols: Evaluation of quasi-global WRF-Chem simulation with multiple observations

Geoscientific Model Development

Volumn 9, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 1725-1746

  Hu, Zhiyuan ^a,b   Zhao, Chun ^b   Huang, Jianping ^a   Leung, L Ruby ^b   Qian, Yun ^b   Yu, Hongbin ^c,d   Huang, Lei ^e   Kalashnikova, Olga V ^e  

^a LANZHOU UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^d NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^e NASA HEADQUARTERS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABSORPTION; AEROSOL; AIR QUALITY; ANNUAL VARIATION; ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; BIOMASS BURNING; DUST; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; PARTICLE SIZE; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT; RURAL AREA; SEASONAL VARIATION; SEASONALITY; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; SPATIAL VARIATION;

NORTH AMERICA; PACIFIC OCEAN; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84969706681     PISSN: 1991959X     EISSN: 19919603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/gmd-9-1725-2016     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Ahn, C., Torres, O., and Bhartia, P. K.: Comparison of Ozone Monitoring Instrument UV Aerosol Products with Aqua/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer observations in 2006, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16S27, doi:10.1029/2007JD008832, 2008.
2. Alizadeh-Choobari, O., Zawar-Reza, P., and Sturman, A.: The global distribution of mineral dust and its impacts on the climate system: A review, Atmos. Res., 138, 152-165, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.11.007, 2014.
3. Alizadeh-Choobari, O., Sturman, A. P., and Zawar-Reza, P.: Global distribution of mineral dust and its impact on radiative fluxes as simulated by WRF-Chem, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 127, 635-648, doi:10.1007/s00703-015-0390-4, 2015.
4. Anderson, T. L., Wu, Y., Chu, D. A., Schmid, B., Redemann, J., and Dubovik, O.: Testing the MODIS satellite retrieval of aerosol fine-mode fraction, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18204, doi:10.1029/2005JD005978, 2005.
5. Ångström, A.: On the atmospheric transmission of Sun radiation and on dust in the air, Geogr. Ann., 11, 156-166, 1929.
6. Ault, A. P., Williams, C. R., White, A. B., Neiman, P. J., Creamean, J. M., Gaston, C. J., Ralph, F. M., and Prather, K. A.: Detection of Asian dust in California orographic precipitation, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D16205, doi:10.1029/2010JD015351, 2011.
7. Barnard, J. C., Fast, J. D., Paredes-Miranda, G., Arnott, W. P., and Laskin, A.: Technical Note: Evaluation of the WRF-Chem "Aerosol Chemical to Aerosol Optical Properties" Module using data from the MILAGRO campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7325-7340, doi:10.5194/acp-10-7325-2010, 2010.
8. Barrie, L. A., Yi, Y., Leaitch, W. R., Lohmann, U., Kasibhatla, P., Roelofs, G. J., Wilson, J., McGovern, F., Benkovitz, C., Melieres, M. A., Law, K., Prospero, J., Kritz, M., Bergmann, D., Bridgeman, C., Chin, M., Christensen, J., Easter, R., Feichter, J., Land, C., Jeuken, A., Kjellstrom, E., Koch, D., and Rasch, P.: A comparison of large-scale atmospheric sulphate aerosol models (COSAM): overview and highlights, Tellus, 53B, 615-645, 2001.
9. Binkowski, F. S. and Shankar, U.: The Regional Particulate Matter Model 1. Model description and preliminary results, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 26191-26209, 1995.
10. Chapman, E. G., Gustafson Jr., W. I., Easter, R. C., Barnard, J. C., Ghan, S. J., Pekour, M. S., and Fast, J. D.: Coupling aerosolcloud-radiative processes in the WRF-Chem model: Investigating the radiative impact of elevated point sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 945-964, doi:10.5194/acp-9-945-2009, 2009.
11. Chen, S., Huang, J., Zhao, C., Qian, Y., Leung, L. R., and Yang, B.: Modeling the transport and radiative forcing of Taklimakan dust over the Tibetan Plateau: A case study in the summer of 2006, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 797-812, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50122, 2013.
12. Chen, S., Zhao, C., Qian, Y., Leung, L. R., Huang, J., Huang, Z., Bi, J., Zhang, W., Shi, J., Yang, L., Li, D., and Li, J.: Regional modeling of dust mass balance and radiative forcing over East Asia using WRF-Chem, Aeolian Research, 15, 15-30, doi:10.1016/j.aeolia.2014.02.001, 2014.
13. Chin, M., Chu, A., Levy, R., Remer, L., Kaufman, Y., Holben, B., Eck, T., Ginoux, P., and Gao, Q.: Aerosol distribution in the Northern Hemisphere during ACE-Asia: Results from global model, satellite observations, and Sun photometer measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S90, doi:10.1029/2004JD004829, 2004.
14. Chin, M., Diehl, T., Ginoux, P., and Malm, W.: Intercontinental transport of pollution and dust aerosols: implications for regional air quality, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5501-5517, doi:10.5194/acp-7-5501-2007, 2007.
15. 2.5 Air Quality Study (CRPAQS), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10S04, doi:10.1029/2005JD006457, 2006.
16. Creamean, J. M., Suski, K. J., Rosenfeld, D., Cazorla, A., De-Mott, P. J., Sullivan, R. C., White, A. B., Ralph, F. M., Minnis, P., Comstock, J. M., Tomlinson, J. M., and Prather, K. A.: Dust and Biological Aerosols from the Sahara and Asia Influence Precipitation in the Western US, Science, 339, 1572, doi:10.1126/science.1227279, 2013.
17. Dentener, F., Kinne, S., Bond, T., Boucher, O., Cofala, J., Generoso, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Hoelzemann, J. J., Ito, A., Marelli, L., Penner, J. E., Putaud, J.-P., Textor, C., Schulz, M., van der Werf, G. R., and Wilson, J.: Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for AeroCom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4321-4344, doi:10.5194/acp-6-4321-2006, 2006.
18. Diner, D. J., Beckert, J. C., Reilly, T. H., Bruegge, C. J., Conel, J. E., Kahn, R. A., Martonchik, J. V., Ackerman, T. P., Davies, R., Gerstl, S. A. W., Gordon, H. R., Muller, J. P., Myneni, R. B., Sellers, P. J., Pinty, B., and Verstraete, M. M.: Multi-angle Imaging Spectro Radiometer (MISR) Instrument Description and Experiment Overview, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 36, 1072-1087, 1998.
19. Dubovik, O. and King, M. D.: A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from Sum and sky radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20673-20696, 2000.
20. Dubovik, O., Holben, B. N., Lapyonok, T., Sinyuk, A., Mishchenko, M. I., Yang, P., and Slutsker, I.: Non-spherical aerosol retrieval method employing light scattering by spheroids, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1415, doi:10.1029/2001GL014506, 2002.
21. Easter, R. C., Ghan, S. J., Zhang, Y., Saylor, R. D., Chapman, E. G., Laulainen, N. S., Abdul-Razzak, H., Leung, L. R., Bian, X., and Zaveri, R. A.: MIRAGE: Model Description and Evaluation of Aerosols and Trace Gases, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D20210, doi:10.1029/2004JD004571, 2004.
22. Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Reid, J. S., Dubovik, O., Smirnov, A., O'Neill, N. T., Slutsker, I., and Kinn, S.:Wavelength dependence of the optical depth of biomass burning urban, and desert dust aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 31333-31349, 1999.
23. Eguchi, K., Uno, I., Yumimoto, K., Takemura, T., Shimizu, A., Sugimoto, N., and Liu, Z.: Trans-pacific dust transport: integrated analysis of NASA/CALIPSO and a global aerosol transport model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3137-3145, doi:10.5194/acp-9-3137-2009, 2009.
24. Fairlie, T. D., Jacob, D. J., and Park, R. J.: The impact of transpacific transport of mineral dust in the United States, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1251-1266, 2007.
25. Fan, J., Leung, L. R., DeMott, P. J., Comstock, J. M., Singh, B., Rosenfeld, D., Tomlinson, J. M., White, A., Prather, K. A., Minnis, P., Ayers, J. K., and Min, Q.: Aerosol impacts on California winter clouds and precipitation during Cal Water 2011: local pollution versus long-range transported dust, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 81-101, doi:10.5194/acp-14-81-2014, 2014.
26. Fan, J., Rosenfeld, D., Yang, Y., Zhao, C., Leung, L. R., and Li, Z.: Substantial contribution of anthropogenic air pollution to catastrophic floods in Southwest China, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 6066-6075, doi:10.1002/2015GL064479, 2015.
27. Fast, J., Aiken, A. C., Allan, J., Alexander, L., Campos, T., Canagaratna, M. R., Chapman, E., DeCarlo, P. F., de Foy, B., Gaffney, J., de Gouw, J., Doran, J. C., Emmons, L., Hodzic, A., Herndon, S. C., Huey, G., Jayne, J. T., Jimenez, J. L., Kleinman, L., Kuster, W., Marley, N., Russell, L., Ochoa, C., Onasch, T. B., Pekour, M., Song, C., Ulbrich, I. M., Warneke, C., Welsh-Bon, D., Wiedinmyer, C., Worsnop, D. R., Yu, X.-Y., and Zaveri, R.: Evaluating simulated primary anthropogenic and biomass burning organic aerosols during MILAGRO: implications for assessing treatments of secondary organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6191-6215, doi:10.5194/acp-9-6191-2009, 2009.
28. Fast, J. D., Gustafson, W. I., Easter, R. C., Zaveri, R. A., Barnard, J. C., Chapman, E. G., Grell, G. A., and Peckham, S. E.: Evolution of ozone, particulates, and aerosol direct radiative forcing in the vicinity of Houston using a fully coupled meteorologychemistry-aerosol model, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D21305, doi:10.1029/2005JD006721, 2006.
29. Fast, J. D., Allan, J., Bahreini, R., Craven, J., Emmons, L., Ferrare, R., Hayes, P. L., Hodzic, A., Holloway, J., Hostetler, C., Jimenez, J. L., Jonsson, H., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Metcalf, A., Middlebrook, A., Nowak, J., Pekour, M., Perring, A., Russell, L., Sedlacek, A., Seinfeld, J., Setyan, A., Shilling, J., Shrivastava, M., Springston, S., Song, C., Subramanian, R., Taylor, J. W., Vinoj, V., Yang, Q., Zaveri, R. A., and Zhang, Q.: Modeling regional aerosol and aerosol precursor variability over California and its sensitivity to emissions and long-range transport during the 2010 CalNex and CARES campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10013-10060, doi:10.5194/acp-14-10013-2014, 2014.
30. Fischer, E. V., Hsu, N. C., Jaffe, D. A., Jeong, M.-J., and Gong, S. L.: A decade of dust: Asian dust and springtime aerosol load in the US Pacific Northwest, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L03821, doi:10.1029/2008GL036467, 2009.
31. Fonseca, R. M., Zhang, T., and Yong, K.-T.: Improved simulation of precipitation in the tropics using a modified BMJ scheme in the WRF model, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2915-2928, doi:10.5194/gmd-8-2915-2015, 2015.
32. Forster, C., Cooper, O., Stohl, A., Eckhardt, S., James, P., Dunlea, E., Nicks, D. K., Holloway, J. S., Hubler, G., Parrish, D. D., Ryerson, T. B., and Trainer, M.: Lagrangian transport model forecasts and a transport climatology for the Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2002 (ITCT 2K2) measurement campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D07S92, doi:10.1029/2003JD003589, 2004.
33. Gao, Y., Liu, X., Zhao, C., and Zhang, M.: Emission controls versus meteorological conditions in determining aerosol concentrations in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12437-12451, doi:10.5194/acp-11-12437-2011, 2011.
34. Gao, Y., Zhao, C., Liu, X. H., Zhang, M. G., and Leung, L. R.: WRF-Chem simulations of aerosols and anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing in East Asia, Atmos. Environ., 92, 250-266, 2014.
35. Giglio, L., Randerson, J. T., van der Werf, G. R., Kasibhatla, P. S., Collatz, G. J., Morton, D. C., and DeFries, R. S.: Assessing variability and long-term trends in burned area by merging multiple satellite fire products, Biogeosciences, 7, 1171-1186, doi:10.5194/bg-7-1171-2010, 2010.
36. Ginoux, P., Chin, M., Tegen, I., Prospero, J. M., Holben, B., Dubovik, O., and Lin, S. J.: Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 20255-20273, 2001.
37. Gong, S. L.: A parameterization of sea-salt aerosol source function for sub- and super-micron particles, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1097, doi:10.1029/2003GB002079, 2003.
38. Grell, G. A., Peckham, S. E., Schmitz, R., McKeen, S. A., Frost, G., Skamarock, W. C., and Eder, B.: Fully coupled "online" chemistry within the WRF model, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6957-6957, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.027, 2005.
39. Guenther, A., Zimmerman, P., and Wildermuth, M.: Natural volatile organic compound emission rate estimates for US woodland landscapes. Atmos. Environ., 28, 1197-1210, doi:10.1016/1352-2310(94)90297-6, 1994.
40. Gustafson, W. I., Chapman, E. G., Ghan, S. J., Easter, R. C., and Fast, J. D.: Impact on modeled cloud characteristics due to simplified treatment of uniform cloud condensation nuclei during NEAQS 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19809, doi:10.1029/2007GL030021, 2007.
41. Hadley, O. L., Ramanathan, V., Carmichael, G. R., Tang, Y., Corrigan, C. E., Roberts, G. C., and Mauger, G. S.: Trans-Pacific transport of black carbon and fine aerosols (D < 2.5 mm) into North America, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D05309, doi:10.1029/2006JD007632, 2007.
42. Hadley, O. L., Corrigan, C. E., Kirchstetter, T. W., Cliff, S. S., and Ramanathan, V.: Measured black carbon deposition on the Sierra Nevada snow pack and implication for snow pack retreat, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7505-7513, doi:10.5194/acp-10-7505-2010, 2010.
43. Hagos, S. M., Feng, Z., Burleyson, C. D., Zhao, C., Martini, M. N., and Berg, L. K.: Moist Process Biases in Simulations of the Madden-Julian Oscillation Episodes Observed during the AMIE/DYNAMO Field Campaign, J. Climate, 29, 1091-1107, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0349.1, 2016.
44. Hand, J., Copeland, S. A., Day, D. E., Dillner, A. M., Indresand, H., Malm, W. C., McDade, C. E., Moore Jr., C. T., Pitchford, M. L., Schichtel, B. A., and Watson, J. G.: Spatial and seasonal patterns and temporal variability of haze and its constituents in the United States: Report V, June 2011, available at: http://vista.cira. colostate.edu/improve/Publications/Reports/2011/2011.htm (last access: 2 May 2016), 2011.
45. Heald, C. L., Jacob, D. J., Park, R. J., Alexander, B., Fairlie, T. D., Yantosca, R. M., and Chu, D. A.: Transpacific transport of Asian anthropogenic aerosols and its impact on surface air quality in the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14310, doi:10.1029/2005JD006847, 2006.
46. Hess, M., Koepke, P., and Schult, I.: Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds: The Software Package OPAC, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 831-844, 1998.
47. Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Tanre ì, D., Buis, J. P., Setzer, A., Vermote, E., Reagan, J. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Nakajima, T., Lavenu, F., Jankowiak, I., and Smirnov, A.: AERONET - A Federated Instrument Network and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization, Remote Sens. Environ., 66, 1-16, 1998.
48. Holben, B. N., Tanr, D., Smirnov, A., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Abuhassan, N., Newcomb, W. W., Schafer, J. S., Chatenet, B., Lavenu, F., Kaufman, Y. J., Castle, J. V., Setzer, A., Markham, B., Clark, D., Frouin, R., Halthore, R., Karneli, A., O'Neill, N. T., Pietras, C., Pinker, R. T., Voss, K., and Zibordi, G.: An emergingground-basedaerosolclimatology: Aerosol optical depth from AERONET, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12067-12097, 2001.
49. Hsu, N. C., Tsay, S. C., King, M. D., and Herman, J. R.: Deep Blue Retrievals of Asian Aerosol Properties During ACE-Asia, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 44, 3180-3195, 2006.
50. Hsu, N. C., Jeong, M.-J., and Bettenhausen, C.: Enhanced Deep Blue aerosol retrieval algorithm: The second generation, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 9296-9315, 2013.
51. Hu, Y., Vaughan, M., Liu, Z., Lin, B., Yang, P., Flittner, D., Hunt, B., Kuehn, R., Huang, J., Wu, D., Rodier, S., Powell, K., Trepte, C., and Winker, D.: The depolarization-attenuated backscatter relation: CALIPSO lidar measurements vs. theory, Opt. Express, 15, 5327-5332, 2007.
52. Hu, Y., Winker, D., Vaughan, M., Lin, B., Omar, A., Trepte, C., Flittner, D., Yang, P., Nasiri, S., Baum, B., Sun, W., Liu, Z., Wang, Z., Young, S., Stamnes, K., Huang, J., Kuehn, R., and Holz, R.: CALIPSO/CALIOP cloud phase discrimination algorithm, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 2293-2309, doi:10.1175/2009JTECHA1280.1, 2009.
53. Huang, J., Lin, B., Minnis, P., Wang, T., Wang, X., Hu, Y., Yi, Y., and Ayers, J.: Satellite-based assessment of possible dust aerosols semi-direct effect on cloud water path over East Asia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L19802, doi:10.1029/2006GL026561, 2006.
54. Huang, J., Minnis, P., Chen, B., Huang, Z., Liu, Z., Zhao, Q., Yi, Y., and Ayers, J.: Long-range transport and vertical structure of Asian dust from CALIPSO and surface measurements during PACDEX, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D23212, doi:10.1029/2008JD010620, 2008.
55. Huang, J., Wang, T., Wang, W., Li, Z., and Yan, H.: Climate effects of dust aerosols over East Asian arid and semiarid regions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 11398-11416, doi:10.1002/2014JD021796, 2014.
56. Huang, L., Jiang, J. H., Tackett, J. L., Su, H., and Fu, R.: Seasonal and diurnal variations of aerosol extinction profile and type distribution from CALIPSO 5-year observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 4572-4596, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50407, 2013.
57. Huffman, G. J., Adler, R. F., Morrissey, M. M., Bolvin, D. T., Curtis, S., Joyce, R., McGavock, B., and Susskind, J.: Global Precipitation at One-Degree Daily Resolution from Multisatellite Observations, J. Hydrometeor., 2, 36-50, doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0036:GPAODD>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
58. Iacono, M. J., Mlawer, E. J., Clough, S. A., and Morcrette, J. J.: Impact of an improved longwave radiation model, RRTM, on the energy budget and thermodynamic properties of the NCAR community climate model, CCM3, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14873-14890, 2000.
59. Jaeglé, L., Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Alexander, B., and Lin, J.-T.: Global distribution of sea salt aerosols: new constraints from in situ and remote sensing observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3137-3157, doi:10.5194/acp-11-3137-2011, 2011.
60. Jaffe, D., Anderson, T., Covert, D., Kotchenruther, R., Trost, B., Danielson, J., Simpson, W., Berntsen, T., Karlsdottir, S., Blake, D., Harris, J., Carmichael, G., and Uno, I.: Transport of Asian Air Pollution to North America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 711-714, 1999.
61. Janssens-Maenhout, G., Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Dentener, F., Muntean, M., Pouliot, G., Keating, T., Zhang, Q., Kurokawa, J., Wankmüller, R., Denier van der Gon, H., Kuenen, J. J. P., Klimont, Z., Frost, G., Darras, S., Koffi, B., and Li, M.: HTAP-v2.2: a mosaic of regional and global emission grid maps for 2008 and 2010 to study hemispheric transport of air pollution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11411-11432, doi:10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015, 2015.
62. Jethva, H., Torres, O., and Ahn, C.: Global assessment of OMI aerosol single-scattering albedo using ground-based AERONET inversion, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 9020-9040, doi:10.1002/2014JD021672, 2014.
63. Kahn, R. A., Nelson, D. L., Garay, M. J., Levy, R. C., Bull, M. A., Diner, D. J., Martonchik, J. V., Paradise, S. R., Hansen, E. G., and Remer, L. A.: MISR Aerosol Product Attributes and Statistical Comparisons With MODIS, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 47, 4095-4114, 2009.
64. Kaufman, Y. J., Tanré, D., Remer, L. A., Vermote, E. F., Chu, A., and Holben, B. N.: Operational remote sensing of tropospheric aerosol over land from EOS moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 17051-17067, 1997.
65. Kaufman, Y. J., Boucher, O., Tanre, D., Chin, M., Remer, L. A., and Takemura, T.: Aerosol anthropogenic component estimated from satellite data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L17804, doi:10.1029/2005GL023125, 2005a.
66. Kaufman, Y. J., Koren, I., Remer, L. A., Rosenfeld, D., and Rudich, Y.: The effect of smoke, dust, and pollution aerosol on shallow cloud development over the Atlantic Ocean, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 11207-11212, doi:10.1073/pnas.0505191102, 2005b.
67. King, M. D., Kaufman, Y. J., Tanre, D., and Nakajima, T.: Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Aerosols from Space: Past, Present, and Future, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 80, 2229-2259, 1999.
68. Kok, J. F.: A scaling theory for the size distribution of emitted dust aerosols suggests climate models underestimate the size of the global dust cycle, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 1016-1021, doi:10.1073/pnas.1014798108, 2011.
69. Koren, I., Kaufman, Y. J., Rosenfeld, D., Remer, L. A., and Rudich, Y.: Aerosol invigoration and restructuring of Atlantic convective clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2, L14828, doi:10.1029/2005GL023187, 2005.
70. Lau, K., Ramanathan, V., Wu, G., Li, Z., Tsay, S., Hsu, C., Sikka, R., Holben, B., Lu, D., Tartari, G., Chin, M., Koudelova, P., Chen, H., Ma, Y., Huang, J., Taniguchi, K., and Zhang, R.: The joint aerosol-monsoon experiment: A new challenge for monsoon climate research, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 89, 369-383, 2008.
71. Levy, R. C., Remer, L. A., Kleidman, R. G., Mattoo, S., Ichoku, C., Kahn, R., and Eck, T. F.: Global evaluation of the Collection 5 MODIS dark-target aerosol products over land, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10399-10420, doi:10.5194/acp-10-10399-2010, 2010.
72. Levy, R. C., Mattoo, S., Munchak, L. A., Remer, L. A., Sayer, A. M., Patadia, F., and Hsu, N. C.: The Collection 6 MODIS aerosol products over land and ocean, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 2989-3034, doi:10.5194/amt-6-2989-2013, 2013.
73. Li, M., Zhang, Q., Kurokawa, J., Woo, J.-H., He, K. B., Lu, Z., Ohara, T., Song, Y., Streets, D. G., Carmichael, G. R., Cheng, Y. F., Hong, C. P., Huo, H., Jiang, X. J., Kang, S. C., Liu, F., Su, H., and Zheng, B.: MIX: a mosaic Asian anthropogenic emission inventory for the MICS-Asia and the HTAP projects, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 15, 34813-34869, doi:10.5194/acpd-15-34813-2015, 2015.
74. Liang, Q., Jaegle, L., Jaffe, D. A., Weiss-Penzias, P., Heckman, A., and Snow, J. A.: Long-range transport of Asian pollution to the northeast Pacific: Seasonal variations and transport pathways of carbon monoxide, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S07, doi:10.1029/2003JD004402, 2004.
75. Liu, Z., Vaughan, M. A., Winker, D. M., Hostetler, C. A., Poole, L. R., Hlavka, D., Hart, W., and McGill, M.: Use of probability distribution functions for discriminating between cloud and aerosol in lidar backscatter data, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D15202, doi:10.1029/2004JD004732, 2004.
76. Liu, Z., Liu, D., Huang, J., Vaughan, M., Uno, I., Sugimoto, N., Kittaka, C., Trepte, C., Wang, Z., Hostetler, C., and Winker, D.: Airborne dust distributions over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas derived from the first year of CALIPSO lidar observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5045-5060, doi:10.5194/acp-8-5045-2008, 2008.
77. Lu, Z., Zhang, Q., and Streets, D. G.: Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India, 1996-2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9839-9864, doi:10.5194/acp-11-9839-2011, 2011.
78. Malm, W. C., Sisler, J. F., Huffman, D., Eldred, R. A., and Cahill, T. A.: Spatial and seasonal trends in particle concentration and optical extinction in the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1347-1370, 1994.
79. Mao, Y. H., Li, Q. B., Zhang, L., Chen, Y., Randerson, J. T., Chen, D., and Liou, K. N.: Biomass burning contribution to black carbon in the Western United States Mountain Ranges, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11253-11266, doi:10.5194/acp-11-11253-2011, 2011.
80. Mao, Y. H., Li, Q. B., Chen, D., Zhang, L., Hao, W.-M., and Liou, K.-N.: Top-down estimates of biomass burning emissions of black carbon in the Western United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7195-7211, doi:10.5194/acp-14-7195-2014, 2014.
81. Martonchik, J. V., David, J. D., Crean, K. A., and Bull, M. A.: Regional Aerosol Retrieval Results From MISR, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 40, 1520-1531, 2002.
82. McKeen, S. A., Wotawa, G., Parrish, D. D., Holloway, J. S., Buhr, M. P., Hubler, G., Fehsenfeld, F. C., and Meagher, J. F.: Ozone production from Canadian wildfires during June and July of 1995, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4192, doi:10.1029/2001JD000697, 2002.
83. Mlawer, E. J., Taubman, S. J., Brown, P. D., Iacono, M. J., and Clough, S. A.: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16663-16682, 1997.
84. Painter, T. H., Deems, J. S., Belnap, J., Hamlet, A. F., Landry, C. C., and Udall, B.: Response of Colorado River runoff to dust radiative forcing in snow, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 17125-17130, doi:10.1073/pnas.0913139107, 2010.
85. Penner, J. E., Zhang, S. Y., Chin, M., Chuang, C. C., Fechter, J., Feng, Y., Geogdzhayev, I. V., Ginoux, P., Herzog, M., Higurashi, A., Koch, D., Land, C., Lohmann, U., Mischecko, M., Nakajima, T., Pitari, G., Soden, B., Tegen, I., and Stowe, L.: A Comparison of Model- and Satellite-Derived Aerosol Optical Depth and Reflectivity, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 441-460, 2002.
86. Qian, Y., Gustafson, W. I., Leung, L. R., and Ghan, S. J.: Effects of soot-induced snow albedo change on snowpack and hydrological cycle in western United States basedon Weather Research and Forecasting chemistryand regional climate simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D03108, doi:10.1029/2008JD011039, 2009.
87. Qian, Y., Gustafson Jr., W. I., and Fast, J. D.: An investigation of the sub-grid variability of trace gases and aerosols for global climate modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6917-6946, doi:10.5194/acp-10-6917-2010, 2010.
88. Qian, Y., Yan, H., Hou, Z., Johannesson, C., Klein, S., Lucas, D., Neale, R., Rasch, P., Swiler, L., Tannahill, J., Wang, H., Wang, M., and Zhao, C.: Parametric sensitivity analysis of precipitation at global and local scales in the Community Atmosphere Model CAM5, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 7, 382-411, doi:10.1002/2014MS000354, 2015.
89. Randerson, J. T., Chen, Y., van der Werf, G. R., Rogers, B. M., and Morton, D. C.: Global burned area and biomass burning emissions from small fires, J. Geophys. Res., 117, G04012, doi:10.1029/2012JG002128, 2012.
90. Remer, L. A. and Kaufman, Y. J.: Aerosol direct radiative effect at the top of the atmosphere over cloud free ocean derived from four years of MODIS data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 237-253, doi:10.5194/acp-6-237-2006, 2006.
91. Remer, L. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Tanre, D., Mattoo, S., Chu, D. A., Martins, J. V., Li, R. R., Ichoku, C., Levy, R. C., Kleidman, R. G., Eck, T. F., Vermote, E., and Holben, B. N.: The MODIS aerosol algorithm, products and validation, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 947-973, 2005.
92. Rienecker, M. M., Suarez, M. J., Gelaro, R., Todling, R., Bacmeister, J., Liu, E., Bosilovich, M. G., Schubert, S. D., Takacs, L., Kim, G.-K., Bloom, S., Chen, J., Collins, D., Conaty, A., da Silva, A., Gu, W., Joiner, J., Koster, R. D., Lucchesi, R., Molod, A., Owens, T., Pawson, S., Pegion, P., Redder, C. R., Reichle, R., Robertson, F. R., Ruddick, A. G., Sienkiewicz, M., and Woollen, J.: MERRA: NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, J. Climate, 24, 3624-3648, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1, 2011.
93. Sassen, K.: Indirect climate forcing over the western US from Asian Dust storms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1465, doi:10.1029/2001GL014051, 2002.
94. Schulz, M., Textor, C., Kinne, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T., Boucher, O., Dentener, F., Guibert, S., Isaksen, I. S. A., Iversen, T., Koch, D., Kirkevåg, A., Liu, X., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J. E., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Seland, Ø., Stier, P., and Takemura, T.: Radiative forcing by aerosols as derived from the AeroCom present-day and pre-industrial simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5225-5246, doi:10.5194/acp-6-5225-2006, 2006.
95. Schultz, M., Rast, S., van het Bolscher, M., Pulles, T., Brand, R., Pereira, J., Mota, B., Spessa, A., Dalsren, S., van Nojie, T., and Szopa, S.: Emission data sets and methodologies for estimating emissions, RETRO project report D1-6, Hamburg, available at: http://retro-archive.iek.fz-juelich.de/data/documents/reports/D1-6-final.pdf (last access: 3 May 2016), 2007.
96. Schuster, G. L., Dubovik, O., and Holben, B. N.: Angström exponent and bimodal aerosol size distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D07207, doi:10.1029/2005JD006328, 2006.
97. Shrivastava, M., Fast, J., Easter, R., Gustafson Jr., W. I., Zaveri, R. A., Jimenez, J. L., Saide, P., and Hodzic, A.: Modeling organic aerosols in a megacity: comparison of simple and complex representations of the volatility basis set approach, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6639-6662, doi:10.5194/acp-11-6639-2011, 2011.
98. Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Barker, D. M., Duda, M. G., Huang, X., Wang, W., and Powers, J. G.: A description of the advanced research WRF version 3, NCAR Tech. Note, NCAR/TN-475CSTR, 8 pp., Natl. Center Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colorado, USA, available at: http://www2.mmm. ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/arw-v3.pdf (last access: 3 May 2016), 2008.
99. Smirnov, A., Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Dubovik, O., and Slutsker, I.: Effect of wind speed on columnar aerosol optical properties at Midway Island, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4802, doi:10.1029/2003JD003879, 2003.
100. Stauffer, D. R. and Seaman, N. L.: Use of Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation in a Limited-Area Mesoscale Model. Part I: Experiments with Synoptic-Scale Data, Mon. Weather Rev., 118, 1250-1277, 1990.
101. Takemura T., Nakajima, T., Dubovik, O., Holben, B. N., and Kinne, S.: Single-scattering albedo and radiative forcing of various aerosol species with a global three-dimensional model, J. Climate, 15, 333-352, 2002.
102. Tao, Z., Yu, H., and Chin, M.: Impact of transpacific aerosol on air quality over the United States: A perspective from aerosol-cloudradiation interactions, Atmos. Environ., 125, 48-60, 2016.
103. Textor, C., Schulz, M., Guibert, S., Kinne, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Feichter, H., Fillmore, D., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Grini, A., Hendricks, J., Horowitz, L., Huang, P., Isaksen, I., Iversen, I., Kloster, S., Koch, D., Kirkevåg, A., Kristjansson, J. E., Krol, M., Lauer, A., Lamarque, J. F., Liu, X., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Seland, Ø., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Tie, X.: Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within AeroCom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1777-1813, doi:10.5194/acp-6-1777-2006, 2006.
104. Torres, O., Ahn, C., and Chen, Z.: Improvements to the OMI near-UV aerosol algorithm using A-train CALIOP and AIRS observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3257-3270, doi:10.5194/amt-6-3257-2013, 2013.
105. Uno, I., Eguchi, K., Yumimoto, K., Takemura, T., Shimizu, A., Uematsu, M., Liu, Z., Wang, Z., Hara, Y., and Sugimoto, N.: Asian dust transported one full circuit around the globe, Nat. Geosci., 2, 557-560, doi:10.1038/ngeo583, 2009.
106. Uno, I., Eguchi, K., Yumimoto, K., Liu, Z., Hara, Y., Sugimoto, N., Shimizu, A., and Takemura, T.: Large Asian dust layers continuously reached North America in April 2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7333-7341, doi:10.5194/acp-11-7333-2011, 2011.
107. VanCuren, R. A.: Asian aerosols in North America: Extracting the chemical composition and mass concentration of the Asian continental aerosol plume from long-term aerosol records in the western United States, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4623, doi:10.1029/2003JD003459, 2003.
108. van derWerf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Mu, M., Kasibhatla, P. S., Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S., Jin, Y., and van Leeuwen, T. T.: Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997-2009), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11707-11735, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010, 2010.
109. Veihelmann, B., Levelt, P. F., Stammes, P., and Veefkind, J. P.: Simulation study of the aerosol information content in OMI spectral reflectance measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3115-3127, doi:10.5194/acp-7-3115-2007, 2007.
110. Wiedinmyer, C., Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Emmons, L. K., Al-Saadi, J. A., Orlando, J. J., and Soja, A. J.: The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN): a high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from openburning, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 625-641, doi:10.5194/gmd-4-625-2011, 2011.
111. Winker, D. M., Hunt, W. H., and McGill, M. J.: Initial performance assessment of CALIOP, J. Geophys. Res., 34, L19803, doi:10.1029/2007GL030135, 2007.
112. Winker, D. M., Vaughan, M. A., Omar, A., Hu, Y., Powell, K. A., Liu, Z., Hunt, W. H., and Young, S. A.: Overview of the CALIPSO Mission and CALIOP Data Processing Algorithms, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 2310-2323, doi:10.1175/2009JTECHA1281.1, 2009.
113. Yu, H., Chin, M., Remer, L. A., Kleidman, R. G., Bellouin, N., Bian, H., and Diehl, T.: Variability of marine aerosol fine-mode fraction and estimates of anthropogenic aerosol component over cloud-free oceans from MODIS, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D10206, doi:10.1029/2008JD010648, 2009.
114. Yu, H., Remer, L. A., Chin, M., Bian, H., Tan, Q., Yuan, T., and Zhang, Y.: Aerosols from Overseas Rival Domestic Emissions over North America, Science, 337, 566-569, 2012.
115. Yu, H., Chin, M., Bian, H., Yuan, T. L., Prospero, J. M., Omar, A. H., Remer, L. A., Winker, D. M., Yang, Y., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, Z.: Quantification of trans-Atlantic dust transport from seven-year (2007-2013) record of CALIPSO lidar measurements, Remote Sens. Environ., 159, 232-249, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2014.12.010, 2015.
116. Yu, H. B., Dickinson, R. E., Chin, M., Kaufman, Y. J., Holben, B. N., Geogdzhayev, I. V., and Mishchenko, M. I.: Annual cycle of global distributions of aerosol optical depth from integration of MODIS retrievals and GOCART model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4128, doi:10.1029/2002JD002717, 2003.
117. Yu, H. B., Dickinson, R. E., Chin, M., Kaufman, Y. J., Zhou, M., Zhou, L., Tian, Y., Dubovik, O., and Holben, B. N.: Direct radiative effect of aerosols as determined from a combination of MODIS retrievals and GOCART simulations, J. Geophys. Res.,109, D03206, doi:10.1029/2003JD003914, 2004.
118. Yu, H. B., Fu, R., Dickinson, R. E., Zhang, Y., Chen, M., and Wang, H.: Interannual variability of smoke and warm cloud relationships in the Amazon as inferred from MODIS retrievals, Remote Sens. Environ., 111, 435-449, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2007.04.003, 2007.
119. Yu, H. B., Remer, L. A., Chin, M., Bian, H. S., Kleidman, R. G., and Diehl, T.: A satellite-based assessment of transpacific transport of pollution aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14S12, doi:10.1029/2007JD009349, 2008.
120. Yu, H. B., Chin, M., Winker, D. M., Omar, A. H., Liu, Z. Y., Kittaka, C., and Diehl, T.: Global view of aerosol vertical distributions from CALIPSO lidar measurements and GOCART simulations: Regional and seasonal variations, J. Geophys. Res.,115, D00H30, doi:10.1029/2009JD013364, 2010.
121. Zaveri, R. A. and Peters, L. K.: A new lumped structure photochemical mechanism for large-scale applications, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30387-30415, 1999.
122. Zaveri, R. A., Easter, R. C., Fast, J. D., and Peters, L. K.: Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC), J. Geophys. Res., 113, D13204, doi:10.1029/2007JD008782, 2008.
123. Zhang, J. and Reid, J. S.: MODIS aerosol product analysis for data assimilation: Assessment of over-ocean level 2 aerosol optical thickness retrievals, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D22207, doi:10.1029/2005JD006898, 2006.
124. Zhang, Q., Streets, D. G., Carmichael, G. R., He, K. B., Huo, H., Kannari, A., Klimont, Z., Park, I. S., Reddy, S., Fu, J. S., Chen, D., Duan, L., Lei, Y., Wang, L. T., and Yao, Z. L.: Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5131-5153, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5131-2009, 2009.
125. Zhao, C., Liu, X., Leung, L. R., Johnson, B., McFarlane, S. A., Gustafson Jr., W. I., Fast, J. D., and Easter, R.: The spatial distribution of mineral dust and its shortwave radiative forcing over North Africa: modeling sensitivities to dust emissions and aerosol size treatments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8821-8838, doi:10.5194/acp-10-8821-2010, 2010a.
126. Zhao, C., Wang, Y., Yang, Q., Fu, R., and Choi, Y.: Impact of East Asia summer monsoon on the air quality over China: view from space, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D09301, doi:10.1029/2009JD012745, 2010b.
127. Zhao, C., Liu, X., Ruby Leung, L., and Hagos, S.: Radiative impact of mineral dust on monsoon precipitation variability over West Africa, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1879-1893, doi:10.5194/acp-11-1879-2011, 2011.
128. Zhao, C., Liu, X., and Leung, L. R.: Impact of the Desert dust on the summer monsoon system over Southwestern North America, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3717-3731, doi:10.5194/acp-12-3717-2012, 2012.
129. Zhao, C., Leung, L. R., Easter, R., Hand, J., and Avise, J.: Characterization of speciated aerosol direct radiative forcing over California, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 2372-2388, doi:10.1029/2012JD018364, 2013a.
130. Zhao, C., Chen, S., Leung, L. R., Qian, Y., Kok, J. F., Zaveri, R. A., and Huang, J.: Uncertainty in modeling dust mass balance and radiative forcing from size parameterization, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10733-10753, doi:10.5194/acp-13-10733-2013, 2013b.
131. Zhao, C., Hu, Z., Qian, Y., Ruby Leung, L., Huang, J., Huang, M., Jin, J., Flanner, M. G., Zhang, R., Wang, H., Yan, H., Lu, Z., and Streets, D. G.: Simulating black carbon and dust and their radiative forcing in seasonal snow: a case study over North China with field campaign measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11475-11491, doi:10.5194/acp-14-11475-2014, 2014.
132. Zhao, C., Huang, M., Fast, J. D., Berg, L. K., Qian, Y., Guenther, A., Gu, D., Shrivastava, M., Liu, Y., Walters, S., Pfister, G., Jin, J., Shilling, J. E., and Warneke, C.: Sensitivity of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) to land surface parameterizations and vegetation distributions in California, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., doi:10.5194/gmd-2015-266, in review, 2016.