Progress in biomass gasification technique - With focus on Malaysian palm biomass for syngas production

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 62, Issue , 2016, Pages 1047-1062

  Samiran, Nor Afzanizam ^a   Jaafar, Mohammad Nazri Mohd ^a   Ng, Jo Han ^a,b   Lam, Su Shiung ^c   Chong, Cheng Tung ^a  

^a UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA   (Malaysia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Gasifier; Malaysia; Palm biomass; Power generation; Syngas

Indexed keywords

FEEDSTOCKS; FLUIDIZED BEDS; GASIFICATION; PALM OIL; SYNTHESIS GAS;

BIOMASS GASIFICATION; GASIFICATION PROCESS; GASIFIERS; MALAYSIA; MALAYSIANS; PALM BIOMASS; POWER- GENERATIONS; PROPERTY; SYN GAS; SYNGAS PRODUCTION;

BIOMASS;

EID: 84969248543     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: 18790690     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.049     Document Type: Review

References (171)

1. G. Maggio, and G. Cacciola When will oil, natural gas, and coal peak? Fuel 98 2012 111 123
2. M. Höök, and X. Tang Depletion of fossil fuels and anthropogenic climate change - a review Energy Policy 52 2013 797 809
3. G. Nicoletti, N. Arcuri, G. Nicoletti, and R. Bruno A technical and environmental comparison between hydrogen and some fossil fuels Energy Convers. Manage. 89 2015 205 213
4. C.C. Liu, S.S. Shy, C.W. Chiu, M.W. Peng, and H.J. Chung Hydrogen/carbon monoxide syngas burning rates measurements in high-pressure quiescent and turbulent environment Int J Hydrog Energy 36 14 2011 8595 8603
5. H.J. Burbano, J. Pareja, and A.A. Amell Laminar burning velocities and flame stability analysis of H2/CO/air mixtures with dilution of N2 and CO2 Int J Hydrog Energy 36 4 2011 3232 3242
6. J. Fu, C. Tang, W. Jin, L.D. Thi, Z. Huang, and Y. Zhang Study on laminar flame speed and flame structure of syngas with varied compositions using OH-PLIF and spectrograph IntJ Hydrog Energy 38 3 2013 1636 1643
7. H.-Y. Shih, and J.-R. Hsu A computational study of combustion and extinction of opposed-jet syngas diffusion flames Int J Hydrog Energy 36 24 2011 15868 15879
8. 2/air mixtures Int JHydrogen Energy 37 23 2012 18509 18519
9. R. Chacartegui, D. Sánchez, J.M.M. de Escalona, B. Monje, and T. Sánchez On the effects of running existing combined cycle power plants on syngas fuel Fuel Process Technol 103 2012 97 109
10. D. Xu, and R.S. Lewis Syngas fermentation to biofuels: effects of ammonia impurity in raw syngas on hydrogenase activity Biomass Bioenergy 45 2012 303 310
11. Z.A.B.Z. Alauddin, P. Lahijani, M. Mohammadi, and A.R. Mohamed Gasification of lignocellulosic biomass in fluidized beds for renewable energy development: a review Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14 9 2010 2852 2862
12. J.G. Speight E. Inc., Gasification of unconventional feedstocks 2014 1 29
13. L. Emami-Taba, M.F. Irfan, W.M.A. Wan Daud, and M.H. Chakrabarti Fuel blending effects on the co-gasification of coal and biomass - a review Biomass Bioenergy 57 2013 249 263
14. D. Pudasainee, H.-R. Paur, S. Fleck, and H. Seifert Trace metals emission in syngas from biomass gasification Fuel Process Technol. 120 2014 54 60
15. M.F. Awalludin, O. Sulaiman, R. Hashim, and W.N.A.W. Nadhari An overview of the oil palm industry in Malaysia and its waste utilization through thermochemical conversion, specifically via liquefaction Renew Sustain Energy Rev 50 2015 1469 1484
16. A.F.N. Abdul-Manan, A. Baharuddin, and L.W. Chang A detailed survey of the palm and biodiesel industry landscape in Malaysia Energy 76 2014 931 941
17. W.P.Q. Ng, H.L. Lam, F.Y. Ng, M. Kamal, and J.H.E. Lim Waste-to-wealth: green potential from palm biomass in Malaysia J. Cleaner Prod 34 2012 57 65
18. M.S. Umar, P. Jennings, and T. Urmee Strengthening the palm oil biomass renewable energy industry in Malaysia Renew Energy 60 2013 107 115
19. P. Brachi, R. Chirone, F. Miccio, M. Miccio, A. Picarelli, and G. Ruoppolo Fluidized bed co-gasification of biomass and polymeric wastes for a flexible end-use of the syngas: focus on bio-methanol Fuel 128 2014 88 98
20. V. Grigaitiene, V. Snapkauskiene, P. Valatkevičius, A. Tamošiunas, and V. Valinčius Water vapor plasma technology for biomass conversion to synthetic gas Catal Today 167 1 2011 135 140
21. M. Asadullah Barriers of commercial power generation using biomass gasification gas: a review Renew Sustain Energy Rev 29 2014 201 215
22. G.A. Hackett, K. Gerdes, X. Song, Y. Chen, V. Shutthanandan, M. Engelhard, Z. Zhu, S. Thevuthasan, and R. Gemmen Performance of solid oxide fuel cells operated with coal syngas provided directly from a gasification process J Power Sources 214 2012 142 152
23. S. YIlmaz, and H. Selim A review on the methods for biomass to energy conversion systems design Renew Sustain Energy Rev 25 2013 420 430
24. N.L. Panwar, R. Kothari, and V.V. Tyagi Thermo chemical conversion of biomass - eco friendly energy routes Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16 4 2012 1801 1816
25. M. Mayerhofer, S. Fendt, H. Spliethoff, and M. Gaderer Fluidized bed gasification of biomass - in bed investigation of gas and tar formation Fuel 117 2014 1248 1255
26. M.P. Robbins, G. Evans, J. Valentine, I.S. Donnison, and G.G. Allison New opportunities for the exploitation of energy crops by thermochemical conversion in Northern Europe and the UK Prog Energy Combust Sci 38 2 2012 138 155
27. T. Bhaskar, B. Bhavya, R. Singh, D.V. Naik, A. Kumar, and H.B. Goyal Thermochemical conversion of biomass to biofuels: alternative feedstock and conversion processes 2011 Elsevier Inc. 51 77
28. M.A.A. Mohammed, A. Salmiaton, W.A.K.G. Wan Azlina, Mohammad Amran MS, A. Fakhru'l-Razi, and Y.H. Taufiq-Yap Hydrogen rich gas from oil palm biomass as a potential source of renewable energy in Malaysia Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15 2 2011 1258 1270
29. N. Couto, A. Rouboa, V. Silva, E. Monteiro, and K. Bouziane Influence of the biomass gasification processes on the final composition of syngas Energy Procedia 36 2013 596 606
30. L. Zhang, C. Xu, and P. Champagne Overview of recent advances in thermo-chemical conversion of biomass Energy Convers Manag 51 5 2010 969 982
31. H. Suopajärvi, E. Pongrácz, and T. Fabritius The potential of using biomass-based reducing agents in the blast furnace: a review of thermochemical conversion technologies and assessments related to sustainability Renew Sustain Energy Rev 25 2013 511 528
32. Q. Xie, F.C. Borges, Y. Cheng, Y. Wan, Y. Li, X. Lin, Y. Liu, F. Hussain, P. Chen, and R. Ruan Fast microwave-assisted catalytic gasification of biomass for syngas production and tar removal Bioresour Technol 156 2014 291 296
33. E.G. Pereira, J.N. da Silva, J.L. de Oliveira, and C.S. Machado Sustainable energy: a review of gasification technologies Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16 7 2012 4753 4762
34. D. Xu, D.R. Tree, and R.S. Lewis The effects of syngas impurities on syngas fermentation to liquid fuels Biomass Bioenergy 35 7 2011 2690 2696
35. Y. Richardson, J. Blin, and A. Julbe A short overview on purification and conditioning of syngas produced by biomass gasification: catalytic strategies, process intensification and new concepts Prog Energy Combust Sci 38 6 2012 765 781
36. T.K. Patra, and P.N. Sheth Biomass gasification models for downdraft gasifier: a state-of-the-art review Renew Sustain Energy Rev 50 2015 583 593
37. P.C. Roy, A. Datta, and N. Chakraborty An assessment of different biomass feedstocks in a downdraft gasifier for engine application Fuel 106 2013 864 868
38. P. Mondal, G.S. Dang, and M.O. Garg Syngas production through gasification and cleanup for downstream applications - recent developments Fuel Process Technol 2 8 2011 1395 1410
39. M. Siedlecki, W. De Jong, and A.H.M. Verkooijen Fluidized bed gasification as a mature and reliable technology for the production of bio-syngas and applied in the production of liquid transportation fuels - a review Energies 4 12 2011 389 434
40. G.A. Richards, and K.H. Casleton Gasification technology to produce synthesis gas T. Lieuwen, V. Yang, R. Yetter, Synthesis gas combustion fundamentals and applications 2010 Taylor & Francis Group
41. T. Damartzis, and A. Zabaniotou Thermochemical conversion of biomass to second generation biofuels through integrated process design - a review Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15 1 2011 366 378
42. J.-W. Lee, Y. Yun, S.-W. Chung, S.-H. Kang, J.-H. Ryu, G.-T. Kim, and Y.-J. Kim Application of multiple swirl burners in pilot-scale entrained bed gasifier for short residence time Fuel 117 2014 1052 1060
43. C. Mandl, I. Obernberger, and I.R. Scharler Characterisation of fuel bound nitrogen in the gasification process and the staged combustion of producer gas from the updraft gasification of softwood pellets Biomass Bioenergy 35 11 2011 4595 4604
44. E. Bocci, M. Sisinni, M. Moneti, L. Vecchione, A. Di Carlo, and M. Villarini State of art of small scale biomass gasification power systems: a review of the different typologies Energy Procedia 45 2014 247 256
45. D.S. Gunarathne, A. Mueller, S. Fleck, T. Kolb, J.K. Chmielewski, W. Yang, and W. Blasiak Gasification characteristics of steam exploded biomass in an updraft pilot scale gasifier Energy 71 2014 496 506
46. F. Centeno, K. Mahkamov, E.E. Silva Lora, and R.V. Andrade Theoretical and experimental investigations of a downdraft biomass gasifier-spark ignition engine power system Renew Energy 37 1 2012 97 108
47. Y. Itai, R. Santos, M. Branquinho, I. Malico, G.F. Ghesti, and A.M. Brasil Numerical and experimental assessment of a downdraft gasifier for electric power in Amazon using açaí seed (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) as a fuel Renew Energy 66 2014 662 669
48. J.D. Martínez, K. Mahkamov, R.V. Andrade, and E.E. Silva Lora Syngas production in downdraft biomass gasifiers and its application using internal combustion engines Renew Energy 38 1 2012 1 9
49. L. Prasad, P.M.V. Subbarao, and J.P. Subrahmanyam Pyrolysis and gasification characteristics of Pongamia residue (de-oiled cake) using thermogravimetry and downdraft gasifier Appl Therm Eng 63 1 2014 379 386
50. A.A. Boateng, and P.L. Mtui CFD modeling of space-time evolution of fast pyrolysis products in a bench-scale fluidized-bed reactor Appl Therm Eng 33-34 2012 190 198
51. A.L. Galindo, E.S. Lora, R.V. Andrade, S.Y. Giraldo, R.L. Jaén, and V.M. Cobas Biomass gasification in a downdraft gasifier with a two-stage air supply: effect of operating conditions on gas quality Biomass Bioenergy 61 2014 236 244
52. H. Olgun, S. Ozdogan, and G. Yinesor Results with a bench scale downdraft biomass gasifier for agricultural and forestry residues Biomass Bioenergy 35 1 2011 572 580
53. C. Di Blasi, and C. Branca Modeling a stratified downdraft wood gasifier with primary and secondary air entry Fuel 104 2013 847 860
54. J.A. Ruiz, M.C. Juárez, M.P. Morales, P. Muñoz, and M.A. Mendívil Biomass gasification for electricity generation: Review of current technology barriers Renewabl Sustainable Energy Rev 18 2013 174 183
55. 2 capture in a bubbling fluidized bed biomass steam gasifier Int J Hydrog Energy 38 34 2013 14495 14504
56. M. Siedlecki, and W. de Jong Biomass gasification as the first hot step in clean syngas production process - gas quality optimization and primary tar reduction measures in a 100 kW thermal input steam-oxygen blown CFB gasifier Biomass Bioenergy 35 2011 S40 S62
57. K. Matsuoka, S. Hosokai, K. Kuramoto, and Y. Suzuki Enhancement of coal char gasification using a pyrolyzer-gasifier isolated circulating fluidized bed gasification system Fuel Process Technol 109 2013 43 48
58. H. Karatas, H. Olgun, and F. Akgun Experimental results of gasification of cotton stalk and hazelnut shell in a bubbling fluidized bed gasifier under air and steam atmospheres Fuel 112 2013 494 501
59. D.A. Bell, B.F. Towler, and M. Fan Gasifiers. Coal Gasification and Its Application 2011 Elsevier Inc. 73 100
60. C. Fushimi, G. Guan, Y. Nakamura, M. Ishizuka, A. Tsutsumi, S. Matsuda, H. Hatano, and Y. Suzuki Hydrodynamic characteristics of a large-scale triple-bed combined circulating fluidized bed Powder Technol 209 1-3 2011 1 8
61. S.I. Ngo, Y.-I. Lim, B.-H. Song, U.-D. Lee, C.-W. Yang, Y.-T. Choi, and J.-H. Song Hydrodynamics of cold-rig biomass gasifier using semi-dual fluidized-bed Powder Technol 234 2013 97 106
62. P. Arromdee, and V.I. Kuprianov A comparative study on combustion of sunflower shells in bubbling and swirling fluidized-bed combustors with a cone-shaped bed Chem Eng Process 62 2012 26 38
63. M.K. Bahng, C. Mukarakate, D.J. Robichaud, and M.R. Nimlos Current technologies for analysis of biomass thermochemical processing: a review Anal Chim Acta 651 2 2009 117 138
64. X. Meng, P. Mitsakis, M. Mayerhofer, W. de Jong, M. Gaderer, A.H.M. Verkooijen, and H. Spliethoff Tar formation in a steam-O2 blown CFB gasifier and a steam blown PBFB gasifier (BabyHPR): Comparison between different on-line measurement techniques and the off-line SPA sampling and analysis method Fuel Process Technol 100 2012 16 29
65. C.-K. Yi, and J.-E. Son Comparison of two different hot-gas desulfurization powder processes: transport reactor and bubbling fluidized bed Adv Powder Technol 21 2 2010 119 124
66. X. Meng, W. de Jong, N. Fu, and A.H.M. Verkooijen Biomass gasification in a 100 kWth steam-oxygen blown circulating fluidized bed gasifier: Effects of operational conditions on product gas distribution and tar formation Biomass Bioenergy 35 7 2011 2910 2924
67. C.V. Huynh, and S.-C. Kong Combustion and NOx emissions of biomass-derived syngas under various gasification conditions utilizing oxygen-enriched-air and steam Fuel 107 2013 455 464
68. S.M. Atnaw, S.A. Sulaiman, and S. Yusup Syngas production from downdraft gasification of oil palm fronds Energy 61 2013 491 501
69. J. Zhang, Z. Zhao, G. Zhang, Z. Xi, F. Zhao, L. Dong, and G. Xu Pilot study on jetting pre-oxidation fluidized bed gasification adapting to caking coal Appl Energy 110 2013 276 284
70. A. Blaszczuk, J. Leszczynski, and W. Nowak Simulation model of the mass balance in a supercritical circulating fluidized bed combustor Powder Technol 246 2013 317 326
71. T. Li, K. Chaudhari, D. VanEssendelft, R. Turton, P. Nicoletti, M. Shahnam, and C. Guenther Computational fluid dynamic simulations of a pilot-scale transport coal gasifier: evaluation of reaction kinetics Energy Fuels 27 12 2013 7896 7904
72. R.W. Breault Gasification processes old and new: a basic review of the major technologies Energies 3 2 2010 216 240
73. T. Ogi, M. Nakanishi, Y. Fukuda, and K. Matsumoto Gasification of oil palm residues (empty fruit bunch) in an entrained-flow gasifier Fuel 104 2013 28 35
74. A. Tremel, D. Becherer, S. Fendt, M. Gaderer, and H. Spliethoff Performance of entrained flow and fluidised bed biomass gasifiers on different scales Energy Convers Manage 69 2013 95 106
75. X. Kong, W. Zhong, W. Du, and F. Qian Compartment modeling of coal gasification in an entrained flow gasifier: a study on the influence of operating conditions Energy Convers Manage 82 2014 202 211
76. S. Xu, Y. Ren, B. Wang, Y. Xu, L. Chen, X. Wang, and T. Xiao Development of a novel 2-stage entrained flow coal dry powder gasifier Appl Energy 113 2014 318 323
77. W.-H. Chen, C.-J. Chen, C.-I. Hung, C.-H. Shen, and H.-W. Hsu A comparison of gasification phenomena among raw biomass, torrefied biomass and coal in an entrained-flow reactor Appl Energy 112 2013 421 430
78. J.J. Hernández, G. Aranda-Almansa, and A. Bula Gasification of biomass wastes in an entrained flow gasifier: Effect of the particle size and the residence time Fuel Process Technol 91 6 2010 681 692
79. T.D.B. Nguyen, Y.-I. Lim, B.-H. Song, S.-M. Kim, Y.-J. Joo, and D.-H. Ahn Two-stage equilibrium model applicable to the wide range of operating conditions in entrained-flow coal gasifiers Fuel 89 12 2010 3901 3910
80. M. Gazzani, G. Manzolini, E. Macchi, and A.F. Ghoniem Reduced order modeling of the Shell-Prenflo entrained flow gasifier Fuel 104 2013 822 837
81. J. Zhou, Q. Chen, H. Zhao, X. Cao, Q. Mei, Z. Luo, and K. Cen Biomass-oxygen gasification in a high-temperature entrained-flow gasifier Biotechnol Adv 27 5 2009 606 611
82. P.K. Senapati, and S. Behera Experimental investigation on an entrained flow type biomass gasification system using coconut coir dust as powdery biomass feedstock Bioresour Technol 117 2012 99 106
83. P. Plis, and R.K. Wilk Theoretical and experimental investigation of biomass gasification process in a fixed bed gasifier Energy 36 6 2011 3838 3845
84. K. Patil, P. Bhoi, R. Huhnke, and D. Bellmer Biomass downdraft gasifier with internal cyclonic combustion chamber: design, construction, and experimental results Bioresour Technol 102 10 2011 6286 6290
85. P. Raman, N.K. Ram, and R. Gupta A dual fired downdraft gasifier system to produce cleaner gas for power generation: design, development and performance analysis Energy 54 2013 302 314
86. C.A. Jordan, and G. Akay Effect of CaO on tar production and dew point depression during gasification of fuel cane bagasse in a novel downdraft gasifier Fuel Process Technol 106 2013 654 660
87. P. Lahijani, and Z.A. Zainal Gasification of palm empty fruit bunch in a bubbling fluidized bed: a performance and agglomeration study Bioresour Technol 102 2 2011 2068 2076
88. H. Thunman, F. Lind, C. Breitholtz, N. Berguerand, and M. Seemann Using an oxygen-carrier as bed material for combustion of biomass in a 12-MWth circulating fluidized-bed boiler Fuel 113 2013 300 309
89. D.C. Guío-Pérez, T. Pröll, and H. Hofbauer Influence of ring-type internals on the solids residence time distribution in the fuel reactor of a dual circulating fluidized bed system for chemical looping combustion Chem Eng Res Des 92 6 2014 1107 1118
90. S.I. Ngo, T.D.B. Nguyen, Y.-I. Lim, B.-H. Song, U.-D. Lee, Y.-T. Choi, and J.-H. Song Performance evaluation for dual circulating fluidized-bed steam gasifier of biomass using quasi-equilibrium three-stage gasification model Appl Energy 88 12 2011 5208 5220
91. C. Christodoulou, D. Grimekis, K.D. Panopoulos, D. Vamvuka, S. Karellas, and E. Kakaras Circulating fluidized bed gasification tests of seed cakes residues after oil extraction and comparison with wood Fuel 132 2014 71 81
92. X. Xiao, D.D. Le, K. Morishita, S. Zhang, L. Li, and T. Takarada Multi-stage biomass gasification in Internally Circulating Fluidized-bed Gasifier (ICFG): Test operation of animal-waste-derived biomass and parametric investigation at low temperature Fuel ProcessTechnol 91 8 2010 895 902
93. M.A. Masmoudi, M. Sahraoui, N. Grioui, and K. Halouani 2-D Modeling of thermo-kinetics coupled with heat and mass transfer in the reduction zone of a fixed bed downdraft biomass gasifier Renew Energy 66 2014 288 298
94. K. Qin, W. Lin, P.A. Jensen, and A.D. Jensen High-temperature entrained flow gasification of biomass Fuel 93 2012 589 600
95. J.J. Hernández, G. Aranda, J. Barba, and J.M. Mendoza Effect of steam content in the air-steam flow on biomass entrained flow gasification Fuel Process Technol. 99 2012 43 55
96. S. Kaewluan, and S. Pipatmanomai Gasification of high moisture rubber woodchip with rubber waste in a bubbling fluidized bed Fuel Process Technol 92 3 2011 671 677
97. S. Cordiner, G. De Simone, and V. Mulone Experimental-numerical design of a biomass bubbling fluidized bed gasifier for paper sludge energy recovery Appl Energy 97 2012 532 542
98. G. Guan, C. Fushimi, M. Ishizuka, Y. Nakamura, A. Tsutsumi, S. Matsuda, Y. Suzuki, H. Hatano, Y. Cheng, E.W. Chuan Lim, and C.-H. Wang Flow behaviors in the downer of a large-scale triple-bed combined circulating fluidized bed system with high solids mass fluxes Chem Eng Sci 66 18 2011 4212 4220
99. I.S. Antonopoulos, A. Karagiannidis, A. Gkouletsos, and G. Perkoulidis Modelling of a downdraft gasifier fed by agricultural residues Waste Manag 32 4 2012 710 718
100. M.S. Umar, P. Jennings, and T. Urmee Generating renewable energy from oil palm biomass in Malaysia: the Feed-in Tariff policy framework Biomass Bioenergy 62 2014 37 46
101. C. Kunze, and H. Spliethoff Modelling, comparison and operation experiences of entrained flow gasifier Energy Convers Manage 52 5 2011 2135 2141
102. B. Gabrielle, L. Bamière, N. Caldes, S. De Cara, G. Decocq, F. Ferchaud, C. Loyce, E. Pelzer, Y. Perez, J. Wohlfahrt, and G. Richard Paving the way for sustainable bioenergy in Europe: Technological options and research avenues for large-scale biomass feedstock supply Renew Sustain Energy Rev 33 2014 11 25
103. Malaysia energy statistics handbook 2015 2015 Putrajaya Malaysia
104. S. Yusoff, and R. Kardooni Barriers and challenges for developing RE policy in Malaysia. In: 2012 International Conference on Future Environment and Energy IPCBEE 2012 IACSIT Press Singapore
105. H. Hashim, and W.S. Ho Renewable energy policies and initiatives for a sustainable energy future in Malaysia Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15 9 2011 4780 4787
106. S.M. Shafie, T.M.I. Mahlia, H.H. Masjuki, and A. Ahmad-Yazid A review on electricity generation based on biomass residue in Malaysia Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16 8 2012 5879 5889
107. B.K. Sovacool, and I.M. Drupady Examining the Small Renewable Energy Power (SREP) Program in Malaysia Energy Policy 39 11 2011 7244 7256
108. M.S. Umar, P. Jennings, and T. Urmee Sustainable electricity generation from oil palm biomass wastes in Malaysia: an industry survey Energy 67 2014 496 505
109. S. Mekhilef, R. Saidur, and A. Safari and Mustaffa WESB. Biomass energy in Malaysia: Current state and prospects Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15 7 2011 3360 3370
110. R. Ali, I. Daut, and S. Taib A review on existing and future energy sources for electrical power generation in Malaysia Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16 6 2012 4047 4055
111. MALAYSIA international energy data and analysis: U.S. Energy Information and Administration. Available from: (https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.cfm?iso=MYS#note) [cited 03.01.16].
112. A.H. Shamsuddin Development of Renewable Energy in Malaysia - strategic initiatives for carbon reduction in the power generation sector Procedia Eng 49 2012 384 391
113. R. Kardooni, S.B. Yusoff, and F.B. Kari Renewable energy technology acceptance in Peninsular Malaysia Energy Policy 88 2016 1 10
114. P. Raman, and N.K. Ram Performance analysis of an internal combustion engine operated on producer gas, in comparison with the performance of the natural gas and diesel engines Energy 63 2013 317 333
115. M.S. Roni, S.D. Eksioglu, E. Searcy, and K. Jha A supply chain network design model for biomass co-firing in coal-fired power plants Transp Res Part E: Logist Transp Rev 61 2014 115 134
116. D. Iribarren, A. Susmozas, and J. Dufour Life-cycle assessment of Fischer-Tropsch products from biosyngas Renew Energy 59 2013 229 236
117. K.S. Ng, and J. Sadhukhan Techno-economic performance analysis of bio-oil based Fischer-Tropsch and CHP synthesis platform Biomass Bioenergy 35 7 2011 3218 3234
118. K. Shimura, T. Miyazawa, T. Hanaoka, and S. Hirata Factors influencing the activity of Co/Ca/TiO2 catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis Catal. Today 232 2014 2 10
119. H. Schulz Selforganization in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with iron- and cobalt catalysts Catal. Today 228 2014 113 122
120. D. Darshini, P. Dwivedi, and K. Glenk Capturing stakeholderś views on oil palm-based biofuel and biomass utilisation in Malaysia Energy Policy 62 2013 1128 1137
121. S.F. Cheng, L.M. Nor, and C.H. Chuah Microwave pretreatment: a clean and dry method for palm oil production Ind. Crops Prod. 34 1 2011 967 971
122. F.M. Guangul, S.A. Sulaiman, and A. Ramli Gasifier selection, design and gasification of oil palm fronds with preheated and unheated gasifying air Bioresour Technol 126 2012 224 232
123. M.H.M. Ashnani, A. Johari, H. Hashim, and E. Hasani A source of renewable energy in Malaysia, why biodiesel? Renew Sustain Energy Rev 35 2014 244 257
124. Hoong SS. Palm Oil and Related Products. 1 of 12 National Key Economic Areas under Economic Transformation Programme; 2011. pp. 11-15.
125. R. Abas, M.F. Kamarudin, A.B.A. Nordin, and M.A. Simeh A study on the Malaysian oil palm biomass sector - supply and perception of palm oil millers Oil Palm Ind Econ J 11 1 2011 28 41
126. F. Abnisa, W.M.A.W. Daud, W.N.W. Husin, and J.N. Sahu Utilization possibilities of palm shell as a source of biomass energy in Malaysia by producing bio-oil in pyrolysis process Biomass Bioenergy 35 5 2011 1863 1872
127. A.C. Er, A.R.M. Nor, and K. Rostam Palm oil milling wastes and sustainable development Am J Appl Sci 8 5 2011 436 440
128. S.N. Shafawati, and S. Siddiquee Composting of oil palm fibres and Trichoderma spp. as the biological control agent: a review Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 85 2013 243 253
129. M.J. Chin, P.E. Poh, B.T. Tey, E.S. Chan, and K.L. Chin Biogas from palm oil mill effluent (POME): opportunities and challenges from Malaysia's perspective Renew Sustain Energy Rev 26 2013 717 726
130. C. Erlich, and T.H. Fransson Downdraft gasification of pellets made of wood, palm-oil residues respective bagasse: experimental study Appl Energy 88 3 2011 899 908
131. F. Sulaiman, N. Abdullah, H. Gerhauser, and A. Shariff An outlook of Malaysian energy, oil palm industry and its utilization of wastes as useful resources Biomass Bioenergy 35 2011 3775 3786
132. U.E. Hansen, and I. Nygaard Sustainable energy transitions in emerging economies: the formation of a palm oil biomass waste-to-energy niche in Malaysia 1990-2011 Energy Policy 66 2014 666 676
133. A.A. Bazmi, G. Zahedi, and H. Hashim Progress and challenges in utilization of palm oil biomass as fuel for decentralized electricity generation Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15 1 2011 574 583
134. M.A. Mohammed, A. Salmiaton, W.A. Wan Azlina, and M.S. Mohamad Amran Gasification of oil palm empty fruit bunches: a characterization and kinetic study Bioresour Technol 110 2012 628 636
135. J.B. Sluiter, R.O. Ruiz, C.J. Scarlata, A.D. Sluiter, and D.W. Templeton Compositional analysis of lignocellulosic feedstocks. 1. Review and description of methods J Agric Food Chem 58 16 2010 9043 9053
136. R. Saidur, E.A. Abdelaziz, A. Demirbas, M.S. Hossain, and S. Mekhilef A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers Renew Sustain Energy Rev 5 5 2011 2262 2289
137. S. Chiesa, and E. Gnansounou Use of Empty Fruit Bunches from the oil palm for bioethanol production: a thorough comparison between dilute acid and dilute alkali pretreatment Bioresour Technol 159 2014 355 364
138. S.S. Harsono, P. Grundman, L.H. Lau, A. Hansen, M.A.M. Salleh, A. Meyer-Aurich, A. Idris, and T.I.M. Ghazi Energy balances, greenhouse gas emissions and economics of biochar production from palm oil empty fruit bunches Resour Conserv Recycl 77 2013 108 115
139. A. Demirbas Fuels from biomass. biorefineries for biomass upgrading facilities 2010 Springer
140. R. Omar, A. Idris, R. Yunus, K. Khalid, and M.I. Aida Isma Characterization of empty fruit bunch for microwave-assisted pyrolysis Fuel 90 4 2011 1536 1544
141. N. Abdullah, and F. Sulaim The Oil Palm Wastes in Malaysia 2013
142. G.K. Parshetti, S. Kent Hoekman, and R. Balasubramanian Chemical, structural and combustion characteristics of carbonaceous products obtained by hydrothermal carbonization of palm empty fruit bunches Bioresour Technol 135 2013 683 689
143. P. Ninduangdee, and V.I. Kuprianov Study on burning oil palm kernel shell in a conical fluidized-bed combustor using alumina as the bed material J. Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 44 6 2013 1045 1053
144. A. Kristiani, H. Abimanyu, A.H. Setiawan, Sudiyarmanto, and F. Aulia Effect of pretreatment process by using diluted acid to characteristic of oil Palm's Frond Energy Procedia 32 2013 183 189
145. F. Abnisa, A. Arami-Niya, W.M.A. Wan Daud, J.N. Sahu, and I.M. Noor Utilization of oil palm tree residues to produce bio-oil and bio-char via pyrolysis Energy Convers Manag 76 2013 1073 1082
146. M.S. Abu Bakar, and J.O. Titiloye Catalytic pyrolysis of rice husk for bio-oil production J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 103 2013 362 368
147. J. Dascomb, A. Krothapalli, and R. Fakhrai Thermal conversion efficiency of producing hydrogen enriched syngas from biomass steam gasification Int J Hydrog Energy 38 27 2013 11790 11798
148. L. Burhenne, J. Messmer, T. Aicher, and M.-P. Laborie The effect of the biomass components lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose on TGA and fixed bed pyrolysis J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 101 2013 177 184
149. A. Garcia-Maraver, D. Salvachua, M.J. Martinez, L.F. Diaz, and M. Zamorano Analysis of the relation between the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content and the thermal behavior of residual biomass from olive trees Waste Manag 33 11 2013 2245 2249
150. R.A. Moghadam, S. Yusup, Y. Uemura, B.L.F. Chin, H.L. Lam, and A. Al Shoaibi Syngas production from palm kernel shell and polyethylene waste blend in fluidized bed catalytic steam co-gasification process Energy 75 2014 40 44
151. Z. Khan, S. Yusup, M.M. Ahmad, and N.A. Rashidi Integrated catalytic adsorption (ICA) steam gasification system for enhanced hydrogen production using palm kernel shell Int J Hydrog Energy 39 7 2014 3286 3293
152. M. Aziz, P. Prawisudha, B. Prabowo, and B.A. Budiman Integration of energy-efficient empty fruit bunch drying with gasification/combined cycle systems Applie Energy 139 2015 188 195
153. S. Sivasangar, Z. Zainal, A. Salmiaton, and Y.H. Taufiq-Yap Supercritical water gasification of empty fruit bunches from oil palm for hydrogen production Fuel 143 2015 563 569
154. Y.H. Taufiq-Yap, S. Sivasangar, and A. Salmiaton Enhancement of hydrogen production by secondary metal oxide dopants on NiO/CaO material for catalytic gasification of empty palm fruit bunches Energy 47 1 2012 158 165
155. A. Bazargan, M.D. Kostić, O.S. Stamenković, V.B. Veljković, and G. McKay A calcium oxide-based catalyst derived from palm kernel shell gasification residues for biodiesel production Fuel 150 2015 519 525
156. M. Asadullah, A.M. Adi, N. Suhada, N.H. Malek, M.I. Saringat, and A. Azdarpour Optimization of palm kernel shell torrefaction to produce energy densified bio-coal Energy Convers Manag 88 2014 1086 1093
157. M. Asadullah, N.S. Ab Rasid, S.A.S.A. Kadir, and A. Azdarpour Production and detailed characterization of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of palm kernel shell Biomass Bioenergy 59 2013 316 324
158. L. Dong, M. Asadullah, S. Zhang, X.-S. Wang, H. Wu, and C.-Z. Li An advanced biomass gasification technology with integrated catalytic hot gas cleaning Fuel 108 2013 409 416
159. N. Nipattummakul, Ahmed II, A.K. Gupta, and S. Kerdsuwan Hydrogen and syngas yield from residual branches of oil palm tree using steam gasification Int J Hydrog Energy 36 6 2011 3835 3843
160. A.Z. Mendiburu, J.A. Carvalho, and C.J.R. Coronado Thermochemical equilibrium modeling of biomass downdraft gasifier: Stoichiometric models Energy 66 2014 189 201
161. Q. Xie, S. Kong, Y. Liu, and H. Zeng Syngas production by two-stage method of biomass catalytic pyrolysis and gasification Bioresour Technol 110 2012 603 609
162. W. Zou, C. Song, S. Xu, C. Lu, and Y. Tursun Biomass gasification in an external circulating countercurrent moving bed gasifier Fuel 112 2013 635 640
163. M.A.A. Mohammed AS, W.A.K.G. Wan Azlina, M.S. Mohammad Amran, and A. Fakhru'l-Razi Air gasification of empty fruit bunch for hydrogen-rich gas production in a fluidized-bed reactor Energy Convers Manage 52 2011 1555 1561
164. K. Ismail, M.A. Yarmo, Y.H. Taufiq-Yap, and A. Ahmad The effect of particle size of CaO and MgO as catalysts for gasification of oil palm empty fruit bunch to produce hydrogen Int J Hydrog Energy 3 7 2012 3639 3644
165. Y. Kalinci, A. Hepbasli, and I. Dincer Comparative exergetic performance analysis of hydrogen production from oil palm wastes and some other biomasses Int J Hydrog Energy 36 17 2011 11399 11407
166. X. Xiao, J. Cao, X. Meng, D.D. Le, L. Li, Y. Ogawa, K. Sato, and T. Takarada Synthesis gas production from catalytic gasification of waste biomass using nickel-loaded brown coal char Fuel 103 2013 135 140
167. S. Hurley, C. Xu, F. Preto, Y. Shao, H. Li, J. Wang, and G. Tourigny Catalytic gasification of woody biomass in an air-blown fluidized-bed reactor using Canadian limonite iron ore as the bed material Fuel 91 1 2012 170 176
168. S. Luo, B. Xiao, Z. Hu, S. Liu, X. Guo, and M. He Hydrogen-rich gas from catalytic steam gasification of biomass in a fixed bed reactor: Influence of temperature and steam on gasification performance Int J Hydrog Energy 34 5 2009 2191 2194
169. A. Corujo, L. Yermán, B. Arizaga, M. Brusoni, and J. Castiglioni Improved yield parameters in catalytic steam gasification of forestry residue; optimizing biomass feed rate and catalyst type Biomass Bioenergy 34 12 2010 1695 1702
170. V.K. Skoulou, and A.A. Zabaniotou Co-gasification of crude glycerol with lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced syngas production J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 99 2013 110 116
171. 2 gasification of aquatic biomass Fuel Process Technol 116 2013 9 15