Racial disparities in health behaviors and conditions among lesbian and bisexual women: The role of internalized stigma

LGBT Health

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 131-139

  Molina, Yamile ^a,b,c   Lehavot, Keren ^d,e   Beadnell, Blair ^c   Simoni, Jane ^c  

^a USA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^d VA PUGET SOUND HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

bisexual; health disparities; lesbian gay; physical health; race ethnicity; women

Indexed keywords

EID: 84969242449     PISSN: 23258292     EISSN: 23258306     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2013.0007     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Gorman B, Read JNG: Gender disparities in adult health: An examination of three measures of morbidity. J Health Soc Behav 2006;47:95-110. (Pubitemid 44014943
2. Laditka SB, Laditka JN: Recent perspectives on active life expectancy for older women. J Women Age 2002;14:163-184
3. Mensah GA, Mokdad AH, Ford ES, et al.: State of disparities in cardiovascular health in the United StateS Circulation 2005;111:1233-1241. (Pubitemid 40389086
4. Zhang Q, Wang YF, Huang ES: Changes in racial/ethnic disparities in the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes by obesity level among US adultS Ethn Health 2009;14:439-457
5. McKay B. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health issues, disparities, and information resourceS Med Ref Services Q 2011;30:393-401
6. National Institutes of Health: Biennial Report of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Fiscal Years 2008 & 2009. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 2010
7. US Department of Health and Human Services: Healthy People 2020 Objectives: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health. 2011. www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives 2020/overview.aspx?topicid = 25 (last accessed October 26, 2011
8. Kertzner RM, Meyer IH, Frost DM, Stirrat MJ: Social and psychological well-being in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals: The effects of race, gender, age, and sexual identity. Am J Orthopsychol 2009;79:500-510
9. Greene B: Lesbian women of color. J Lesbian Stud 1997; 1:109-147
10. Mak WS, Poon CYM, Pun LYK, Cheung SF: Meta-Analysis of stigma and mental health. Soc Sci Med 2007;65:245-261. (Pubitemid 46921298
11. Szymanski DM: Heterosexism and sexism as correlates of psychological distress in lesbianS J Counsel Dev 2005;83:355-360
12. Tull ES, Sheu YT, Butler C, Cornelious K: Relationships between perceived stress, coping behavior, and cortisol treatment in women with high and low levels of internalized racism. J Natl Med Assoc 2005;97:206-212. (Pubitemid 40204539
13. Troiano RP, Berrigan D, Dodd KW, et al.: Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40:181-188
14. Whitson HE, Landerman LR, Newman AB: Chronic medical conditions and the sex-based disparity in Disability: The cardiovascular health study. J Gerontol 2010;65:1325-1331
15. Keyhani S, Scobie JV, Hebert, PL, McLaughlin MA: Gender disparities in blood pressure control and cardiovascular care in a national sample of ambulatory care visitS Hypertension 2008;51:1149-1155. (Pubitemid 351398982
16. McCollum M, Hansen LB, Sullivan PW: Gender differences in Diabetes mellitus and effects on self-care activity. Gender Med 2005;2:246-254. (Pubitemid 43192761
17. Institute of Medicine: The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, 2011
18. Williams DR: Racial/ethnic variations in women's health: The social embeddedness of health. Am J Public Health 2002;92:588-597
19. Case P, Austin SB, Hunter DJ, et al.: Sexual orientation, health risk factors, and physical functioning in the Nurses' Health Study II. J Women Health 2004;13:1033-1047. (Pubitemid 40017341
20. Conron KJ, Mimiaga MJ, Landers SJ: A population-based study of sexual orientation identity and gender differences in adult health. Am J Public Health 2010;100:1953-1960
21. Dilley JA, Simmons KW, Boysun MJ, et al.: Demonstrating the importance and feasibility of including sexual orientation in public health surveys: Health disparities in the Pacific Northwest. Am J Public Health 2010;100:460-467
22. Kirkpatrick SI, Dodd KW, Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM: Income and race/ethnicity are associated with adherence to foodbased dietary guidance among US adults and children. J Acad Nutrit Diet 2012;112:624-635
23. Roberts SA, Dibble SL, Nussey B, Casey K: Cardiovascular disease risk in lesbian women. Women Health Issues 2003;13: 167-174. (Pubitemid 37108720
24. Valanis BG, Bowen DJ, Bassford T, Whitlock E, Carney P: Sexual orientation and health: Comparisons in the Women's Health Initiative Sample. Arch Fam Med 2000;9: 843-853
25. Aaron DJ, Markovic N, Danielson ME, et al.: Behavioral risk factors for disease and preventive health practices among lesbianS Am J Public Health 2001;91:972-975. (Pubitemid 32496743
26. Bowen DJ, Balsam KF, Ender SR: A review of obesity issues in sexual minority women. Obesity 2008;16:221-228. (Pubitemid 351271899
27. Kant AK, Graubard BI, Kumanyika SK: Trends in Black-White differentials in Dietary intakes of US adults, 1971-2002. Am J Prev Med 2007;32:264-272
28. Ransdell LB, Wells CL: Physical activity in urban White, African-American, and Mexican-American women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:1608-1615
29. Ogden CL: Disparities in obesity prevalence in the United States: Black women at risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89: 1001-1002
30. Brancati FL, Kao WHL, Folsom AR, et al.: Incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in African American and white adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. JAMA 2000;283: 2253-2259. (Pubitemid 30246776
31. Hertz RP, Unger AN, Cornell MS, Saunders E: Racial disparities in hypertension prevalence, awareness, and management. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2098-2104. (Pubitemid 41434584
32. Thomas AJ, Speight SL, Witherspoon KM: Gendered racism, psychological symptoms, and coping styles of African American women. Cult Div Ethn Min Psychol 2008;14: 307-314
33. Balsam KF, Molina Y, Beadnell B, Simoni J, Walters K: Measuring multiple minority stress: The LGBT people of color microaggressions subscale. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2011;17:163-174
34. Mays VM, Yancey AK, Cochran SD, et al.: Heterogeneity of health disparities among African American, Hispanic, and Asian American women: Unrecognized influences of sexual orientation. Am J Public Health 2002;92:632-639. (Pubitemid 34246026
35. Herek GM, Capitanio JP, Widaman KF: Stigma, social risk, and health policy: Public attitudes toward HIV surveillance policies and social construction of illnesS Health Psychol 2002;22:595
36. Jones CP: Levels of racism: A theoretic framework and a gardener's tale. Am J Public Health 2000;90:1212-1215
37. Bird CE, Rieker PP: Gender matters: An integrated model for understanding men's and women's health. Soc Sci Med 1999;48:745-755. (Pubitemid 29089260
38. Hatzenbuehler ML, McLaughlin KA, Keyes KM, et al.: The impact of institutional discrimination on psychiatric disorders in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: A prospective study. Am J Public Health 2010;100:452-459
39. Acevedo-Garcia D, Lochner KA, Osypuk TL, et al.: Future directions in residential segregation and health research: A multilevel approach. Am J Public Health 2003;93: 214-221
40. Borrell C, Artacoz L, Gil-González D, et al.: Perceived sexism as a health determinant in Spain. J Womens Health 2010;19: 741-750
41. Burgess D, Lee R, Tran A, et al.: Effects of perceived discrimination on mental health and mental health services utilization among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender personS J LGBT Health 2008;3:1-14
42. Williams DR, Mohammed SA: Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research. J Behav Med 2009;32:20-47
43. Butler C, Tull ES, Chambers EC, et al.: Internalized racism, body fat distribution, and abnormal fasting glucose among African-Caribbean women in Dominica, West IndieS J Natl Med Assoc 2002;94:143-148
44. Chambers EC, Tull ES, Fraser HS, et al.: The relationship of internalized racism to body fat distribution and insulin resistance among African adolescent youth. J Natl Med Assoc 2004;96:1594-1598
45. Tull ES, Cort MA, Gwebu ET, et al.: Internalized racism is associated with elevated fasting glucose in a sample of adult women but not men in Zimbabwe. Ethn Dis 2007; 17:731
46. Meyer IH. Minority stress and mental health in gay men. J Health Soc Behav 1995;36:38-56
47. Szymanski DM, Kashubeck-West S, Meyer J: Internalized heterosexism: Measurement, psychosocial correlates, and research directionS Counsel Psychol 2008;36:525-574
48. Amadio DM: Internalized heterosexism, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems among lesbians and gay men. Addict Behav 2006;31:1153-1162
49. Piggot M: Double jeopardy: Lesbians and the legacy ofmultiple stigmatized identitieS Unpublished thesiS Psychology Strand at Swinburne University of Technology, Australia, 2004
50. Bridges SK, Selvidge M, Matthews CR: Lesbian women of color: Therapeutic issues and challengeS J Multicult Counsel Dev 2003;31:113-130. (Pubitemid 36688523
51. Dubé EM, Savin-Williams RC: Sexual identity development among ethnic sexual-minority male youthS Dev Psychol 1999;35:1389-1398
52. Moradi B, Wiseman MC, DeBlaere C, et al.: LGB of color and White individuals' perceptions of heterosexuist stigma, internalized homophobia, and outness: Comparison of levels and linkS Counsel Psychol 2010;38:397-424
53. Lehman P: A validity study of the femininity ideology scale. Master's thesiS Florida Institute of Technology, 2000
54. Sekayi D: Aesthetic resistance to commercial influences: The impact of Eurocentric beauty standard on Black college women. J Negro Ed 2003;72:467-477
55. West CM. Mammy, Sapphire, and Jezebel: Historical images of Black women and their implications for psychotherapy. Psychotherapy 1995;32:458-466. (Pubitemid 26020266
56. Hancock AM: The Politics of Disgust: The Public Identity of the Welfare Queen. New York: New York University Press, 2004
57. Block G, Gillespie C, Rosenbaum EH, Jenson C: A rapid food screener to assess fat and fruit and vegetable intake. Am J Prev Med 2000;18:284-288. (Pubitemid 30224562
58. Baker AH, Wardle J: Sex differences in fruit and vegetable intake in older adultS Appetite 2003;40:269-275
59. Watters JL, Satia JS, Galanko JA: Associations of psychosocial factors with fruit and vegetable intake among African-AmericanS Public Health Assoc 2007;10:701-711. (Pubitemid 47074685
60. Hallal PC, Victora CG: Reliability and validity of the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36:556. (Pubitemid 38298710
61. Hagstromer M, Oja P, Sjostrom M: The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ): A study of concurrent and construct validity. Public Health Nutr 2006;9:755-762. (Pubitemid 46211749
62. Wolin KY, Heil DP, Askew S, Matthews CE, Bennett GG: Validation of the international physical activity questionnaireshort among blackS J Phys Act Health 2008;5:746
63. Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW: Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of US adultS N Eng J Med 1999;341:1097-1105. (Pubitemid 29466221
64. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 1998
65. Martin JL, Dean L: Summary of measures: Mental health effects of AIDS on at-risk homosexual men. Unpublished manuscript. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 1992
66. Herek GM, Cogan JC, Gillis JR, Glunt EK: Correlates of internalized homophobia in a community sample of lesbians and gay men. J Gay Lesbian Med Assoc 1998;2:17-25. (Pubitemid 28191350
67. Lewis RJ, Derlega VJ, Griffin JL, Krowinski AC: Stressors for gay men and lesbians: Life stress, gay-related stress, stigma consciousness, and depressive symptomS J Soc Clin Psychol 2003;22:716-729. (Pubitemid 38069198
68. Fischer AR, Tokar DM, Mergl MM, Good GE, Hill MS, Blum SA: Assessing women's feminist identity development: Studies of convergent, discriminant, structural validity. Psychol Women Q 2000;24:15-29
69. Szymanski DM, GuptaA: Examining the relationship between multiple internalized oppressions and African American lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning persons' self-esteem and psychological distresS J Counsel Psychol 2009;59:110-118
70. Hayes AF: Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Comm Monogr 2009;76: 408-420
71. Preacher KJ, Hayes AF: Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator modelS Behav Res Met 2008;40:87-91
72. Schafer JL, Graham JW: Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychol Methods 2002;7:142-177
73. Hill SA: Teaching and doing gender in African American familieS Sex Roles 2002;47:493-506
74. Szymanski DM: Feminist identity and theories as correlates of feminist supervision practiceS Counsel Psychol 2005;33: 729-747
75. Moradi B, Subich LM: Feminist identity development measures comparing the psychometrics of three instrumentS Counsel Psychol 2002;30:66-86. (Pubitemid 36656973
76. Krane V, Choi PY, Baird SM, et al.: Living the paradox: Female athletes negotiate femininity and muscularity. Sex Roles 2004;50:315-329. (Pubitemid 38545848
77. Sartore ML, Cunningham GB: The lesbian stigma in the sport context: Implications for women of every sexual orientation. Quest 2009;61:289-305
78. LaVeist TA: Race, Ethnicity, and Health, 1st ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2002
79. Krieger N, Smith GD: ''Bodies count,'' and body counts: Social epidemiology and embodying inequality. Epid Rev 2004;26:92-103. (Pubitemid 38856479
80. Adler NE, Rehkopf DH: US disparities in health: Descriptions, causes, and mechanismS Annu Rev Public Health 2008;29:235-252. (Pubitemid 351600407
81. Link BG, Phelan JC: Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. J Health Soc Behav 1995;Spec No:80-94
82. Williams DR, Jackson PB. Social sources of racial disparities in health. Health Affairs 2005;24:325-334. (Pubitemid 40532946
83. Krieger N, Williams DR, Moss NE: Measuring social class in US public health research: Concepts, methodologies, guidelineS Ann Rev Public Health 1997;18:341-378. (Pubitemid 27194075
84. Wilson PA, Yoshikawa H: Improving access to healthcare among African-American, Asian, and Pacific Islander, and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual populationS In: The Health of Sexual MinoritieS Edited by Meyer IH and Northridge ME. New York: Mailman School of Public Health, 2007, pp. 607-632
85. Katznelson I: When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America. New York: W.W. Norton, 2005
86. Massey DS: Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007
87. Packard GM: American Nightmare: The History of Jim Crow. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2002
88. Braveman P. Health disparities and health equity: Concepts and measurement. Annu Rev Public Health 2006;27:167-194
89. Veenstra G: Race, gender, class, sexuality (RGCS) and hypertension. Soc Sci Med 2013;89:16-24