Measuring Multiple Minority Stress: The LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale

Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 163-174

  Balsam, Kimberly F ^a   Molina, Yamile ^a   Beadnell, Blair ^a   Simoni, Jane ^a   Walters, Karina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Ethnicity; Gay; Lesbian; Minority stress; Race

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; ASIAN AMERICAN; BISEXUALITY; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; COMMUNITY; CONSTRUCT VALIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DISTRESS SYNDROME; EMPIRICAL RESEARCH; ETHNIC GROUP; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFORMATION RETRIEVAL; INTERNAL CONSISTENCY; LESBIAN; MALE; MALE HOMOSEXUAL; PSYCHOMETRY; RACE; RATING SCALE; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL STRESS;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGGRESSION; BISEXUALITY; ETHNIC GROUPS; FEMALE; FOCUS GROUPS; HOMOSEXUALITY; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREJUDICE; QUESTIONNAIRES; SELF REPORT; SEX FACTORS; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY; STEREOTYPING; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; WASHINGTON; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79957638645     PISSN: 10999809     EISSN: 19390106     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0023244     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Andresen E.B., Malmgren J.A., Carter W.B., Patrick D.L. Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1994, 10:77-84.
2. Balsam K.F., Mohr J.J. Adaptation to sexual orientation stigma: A comparison of bisexual and lesbian/gay adults. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2007, 54:306-319.
3. Boehmer U. Twenty years of public health research: Inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations. American Journal of Public Health 2002, 92:1125-1130.
4. Bowleg L. When black + lesbian + woman ≠ black lesbian woman: The methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research. Sex Roles 2008, 59:312-325.
5. Bridges S.K., Selvidge M.M.D., Matthews C.R. Lesbian women of color: Therapeutic issues and challenges. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 2003, 31:113-130.
6. Brooks K.D., Quina K. Women's sexuality identity patterns: Differences among lesbians, bisexuals, and unlabeled women. Journal of Homosexuality 2009, 56:1030-1045.
7. Ceballos-Capitaine A., Szapocznik J., Blaney N.T., Morgan R.O., Millon C., Eisdorfer C. Ethnicity, emotional distress, stress-related disruption, and coping among HIV seropositive gay males. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 1990, 112:135-152.
8. Chapela I.B., de Snyder N.S. Psychometric characteristics of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), 20-item and 10-item versions, in women from a Mexican rural area. Salud Mental 2009, 32:299-307.
9. Cochran S.D. Emerging issues in research on lesbians' and gay men's mental health: Does sexual orientation really matter?. American Psychologist 2001, 56:931-947.
10. Cochran S.D., Mays V.M., Alegria M., Ortega A.N., Takeuchi D. Mental health and substance use disorders among Latina/o and Asian American lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2007, 75:785-794.
11. Cohen S., Kamarck T., Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 1983, 24:385-396.
12. Consolacion T.B., Russell S.T., Sue S. Sex, race/ethnicity, and romantic attractions: Multiple minority status adolescents and mental health. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 2004, 10:200-214.
13. Constantine M.G. Racial microaggressions against African American clients in cross- racial counseling relationships. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2007, 54:1-16.
14. Constantine M.G., Sue D.W. Perceptions of racial microaggressions among Black supervisees in cross-racial dyads. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2007, 54:142-153.
15. Diaz R.M., Ayala E.B., Henne J., Marin B.V. The impact of homophobia, poverty, and racism on the mental health of gay and bisexual Latino men: Findings from 3 US cities. American Journal of Public Health 2001, 91:927-932.
16. Dubé E.M., Savin-Williams R.C. Sexual identity development among ethnic sexual-minority male youths. Developmental Psychology 1999, 35:1389-1399.
17. Fish J. Navigating queer street: Researching the intersections of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) identities in health research. Sociological Research Online 2008, 13. Retrieved from http://www.socresonline.org/uk/cgibin/perlfect/search/search.pl?q=ethnicity&showurl=%F13%2F1%F12.html.
18. Friedman E.M., Williams D.R., Singer B.H., Ryff C.D. Chronic discrimination predicts higher circulating levels of E-selectin in a national sample: The MIDUS study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2009, 23:684-692.
19. Greene B. Lesbian women of color: Triple jeopardy. Journal of Lesbian Studies-Special issue: Classics in Lesbian Studies 1994, 1:49-60.
20. Grov C., Bimbi D.S., Parsons J.T., Nanín J.E. Layer upon layer: The coming out process as it relates to generations, race and gender. Journal of Sex Research 2006, 43:115-121.
21. Han C. They don't want to cruise your type: Gay men of color and the racial politics of exclusion. Social Identities 2007, 13:51-67.
22. Harper G.W., Jernewall N., Zea M.C. Giving voice to emerging science and theory for lesbian, gay, and bisexual people of color. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 2004, 10:187-199.
23. Hatzenbuehler M.L. How does sexual minority stigma " get under the skin?" A psychological mediation framework. Psychological Bulletin 2009, 135:707-730.
24. Hausmann L.R., Jeong K., Bost J.E., Ibrahim S.A. Perceived discrimination in health care and health status in a racially diverse sample. Medical Care 2008, 46:905-914.
25. Heath M., Mulligan E. 'Shiny, happy same-sex attracted woman seeking same': How communities contribute to bisexual and lesbian women's well-being. Health Sociology Review 2008, 17:209-302.
26. Herek G.M. Heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: Correlates and gender differences. The Journal of Sex Research 1988, 25:451-477.
27. Herek G.M., Garnets L.D. Sexual orientation and mental health. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2007, 3:353-375.
28. Hughes T.L., Johnson T.P., Mathews A.K. Sexual orientation and smoking: Results from a multisite women's health study. Substance Use & Misuse 2008, 43:1218-1239.
29. Irwin M., Artin K.H.H., Oxman M.N. Screening for depression in the older adult-Criterion validity of the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Archives of Internal Medicine 1999, 159:1701-1704.
30. Jacobs S., Thomas W., Sang L. Two-spirit people: Native American gender identity, sexuality, and spirituality 1997, University of Illinois Press, Chicago.
31. Krieger N., Chen J.T., Waterman P.D., Hartman C., Stoddard A.M., Quinn M., Barbeau E.M. The inverse hazard law: Blood pressure, sexual harassment, racial discrimination, workplace abuse and occupational exposures in US low-income Black, White and Latino workers. Social Science & Medicine 2008, 67:1970-1981.
32. Kudler, B. A. (2007). Confronting race and racism: Social identity in African American gay men (Master's thesis). Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, MA.
33. Lewis N.M. Mental health in sexual minorities: Recent indicators, trends, and their relationships to place in North America and Europe. Health & Place 2009, 15:1029-1045.
34. Lord A. I am your sister: Black women organizing across sexualities. Women & Therapy 1988, 6:25-30. Muthén & Muthén, Los Angeles, Mplus (version 6.0). [Computer software].
35. Malebranche D.J., Fields E.L., Bryant L.O., Harper S.R. Masculine socialization and sexual risk behaviors among Black men who have sex with men: A qualitative exploration. Men and Masculinities 2009, 12:90-112.
36. Mays V.M., Cochran S.D. Mental health correlates of perceived discrimination among lesbian, gay and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 2001, 91:1869-1876.
37. Mays V.M., Cochran S.D., Rhue S. The impact of perceived discrimination on the intimate relationships of Black lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality 1993, 25:1-14.
38. McQueeney K. " We are God's Children, Y'All:" Race, gender, and sexuality in lesbian and gay-affirming congregations. Social Problems 2009, 56:151-173.
39. Meng X.L., Rosenthal R., Rubin D.B. Comparing correlated correlation coefficients. Psychological Bulletin 1992, 111:172-175.
40. Meyer I.H. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin 2003, 129:674-697.
41. Meyer I.H., Dietrich J., Schwartz S. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders and suicide attempts in diverse lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. American Journal of Public Health 2008, 98:1004-1006.
42. Meyer I.L. Identity, stress, and resilience in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals of color. Counseling Psychologist 2010, 38:442-454.
43. Mohr J., Fassinger R. Measuring dimensions of lesbian and gay male experience. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development 2000, 33:66-90.
44. Moradi B., Wiseman M.C., DeBlaere C., Goodman M.B., Sarkees A., Brewster M.E., Huang Y.-P. LGB of color and White individuals' perceptions of heterosexist stigma, internalized homophobia, and outness: Comparison of levels and links. The Counseling Psychologist 2010, 38:397-424.
45. Nabors N.A., Hall R.L., Miville M.L., Nettles R., Pauling M.L., Ragsdale B.L. Multiple minority group oppression: Divided we stand?. Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association 2001, 5:101-105.
46. Nadal K.L. Preventing racial, ethnic, gender, sexual minority, disability, and religious microaggressions: Recommendations for promoting positive mental health. Prevention in Counseling Psychology: Theory, Research, Practice and Training 2008, 2:22-27.
47. Nishiyama T., Ozaki N., Iwata N. Practice-based depression screening for psychiatry outpatients: Feasibility comparison of two-types of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scales. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2009, 63:632-638.
48. Noh S., Kaspar V., Wickrama K.A.S. Overt and subtle racism discrimination and mental health: Preliminary findings for Korean immigrants. American Journal of Public Health 2007, 97:1267-1274.
49. Parks C.A., Hughes T.L., Matthews A.K. Race/ethnicity and sexual orientation: Intersecting identities. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 2004, 10:241-254.
50. Phua V.C., Kaufmann G. The crossroads of race and sexuality. Journal of Family Issues 2003, 24:981-994.
51. Ragins B.R., Cornwell J.M., Miller J.S. Heterosexism in the workplace-Do race and gender matter?. Group & Organization Management 2003, 28:45-74.
52. Rosario M., Schrimsaw E.W., Hunter J. Ethnic/racial differences in the coming-out process of lesbian, gay and bisexual youths: A comparison of sexual identity development over time. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 2004, 10:215-228.
53. Rust P.C. The politics of sexual identity: Sexual attraction and behavior among lesbian and bisexual women. Social Problems 1992, 39:366-386.
54. Sharp L.K., Kimmel L.G., Kee R., Saltoun C., Chang C.H. Assessing the perceived stress scale for African American adults with asthma and low literacy. Journal of Asthma 2007, 44:311-316.
55. Sherbourne C.D., Stewart A.L. The MOS social support survey. Social Science & Medicine 1991, 32:705-714.
56. Siegel K., Epstein J.A. Ethnic-racial differences in psychological stress related to gay lifestyle among HIV-positive men. Psychological Reports 1996, 79:303-312.
57. Smith W.A., Allen W.R., Danley L.L. " Assume the position... you fit the description": Psychosocial experiences and racial battle fatigue among African American male college students. American Behavioral Scientist 2007, 51:551-578.
58. Stirrat M.J., Meyer I.H., Ouellette S.C., Gara M.A. Measuring identity multiplicity and intersectionality: Hierarchical class analysis (HICLAS) of sexual, racial, and gender identities. Self and Identity 2008, 7:89-111.
59. Sue D.W., Bucceri J., Lin A.I., Nadal K.L., Torino G.C. Racial microaggressions and the Asian American experience. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 2002, 13:72-81.
60. Sue D.W., Capodilupo C.M., Torino G.C., Bucceri J.M., Holder A.M.B., Nadal K.L., Esquilin M. Racial microaggressions in everyday life-Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist 2007, 62:271-286.
61. Sue D.W., Nadal K.L., Capodilupo C.M., Lin A.I., Torino G.C., Rivera D.P. Racial microaggressions against Black Americans: Implications for counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development 2008, 86:330-340.
62. Sue D.W., Torino G.C., Capodilupo C.M., Rivera D.P., Lin A.I. How White faculty perceive and react to difficult dialogues on race: Implications for education and training. The Counseling Psychologist 2009, 37:1090-1115.
63. Szymanski D.M., Gupta A. Examining the relationship between multiple internalized oppressions and African American lesbian, gay, bisexual and questioning persons' self-esteem and psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2009, 56:110-118.
64. Teunis N. Sexual objectification and the construction of Whiteness in the gay male community. Culture Health and Sexuality 2007, 9:263-275.
65. Thompson B., Daniel L.G. Factor analytic evidence for the construct validity of scores: A historical overview and some guidelines. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1996, 56:197-208.
66. Torres L. Attributes to discrimination and depression among Latino/as: The mediating role of competence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2009, 79:118-124.
67. LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender) Fact Sheet (2000) June 20, 2010, U.S. Census Bureau, Retrieved from http://2010.census.gov/partners/pdffactsheet_General_LGBT.pdf.
68. Vincent W., Peterson J.L., Parrott D.J. Differences in African American and White women's attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Sex Roles 2009, 61:599-606.
69. Ward E.G. Homophobia, hypermasculinity, and the US Black church. Culture, Health & Sexuality 2005, 7:493-504.
70. Ward J. White normativity: The cultural dimensions of Whiteness in a racially diverse LGBT organization. Sociological Perspectives 2008, 51:563-586.
71. Williams D.R., Mohammed S.A. Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2009, 32:20-47.
72. Williams D.R., Williams-Morris R. Racism and mental health: The African American experience. Ethnicity & Health 2000, 5:243-268.
73. Wilson P.A., Valera P., Ventuneac A., Balan I., Rowe M., Carballo-Diéguez A. Race-based sexual stereotyping and sexual partnering among men who use the internet to identify other men for bareback sex. Journal of Sex Research 2009, 46:399-413.
74. Yosso T.J., Smith W.A., Ceja M., Solóranzo D.G. Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate for Latino/a undergraduates. Harvard Educational Review 2009, 79:659-690.
75. Zamboni B.D., Crawford I. Minority stress and sexual problems among African- American gay and bisexual men. Archives of Sexual Behavior 2007, 36:569-578.