The re-eutrophication of Lake Erie: Harmful algal blooms and hypoxia

Harmful Algae

Volumn 56, Issue , 2016, Pages 44-66

  Watson, Susan B ^a   Miller, Carol ^b   Arhonditsis, George ^c   Boyer, Gregory L ^d   Carmichael, Wayne ^e   Charlton, Murray N ^f   Confesor, Remegio ^g   Depew, David C ^a   Höök, Tomas O ^h   Ludsin, Stuart A ⁱ   Matisoff, Gerald ^j   McElmurry, Shawn P ^b   Murray, Michael W ^k   Peter Richards, R ^f   Rao, Yerubandi R ^a   Steffen, Morgan M ^l   Wilhelm, Steven W ^m  

^a ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

^b Wayne State University   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^d STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^e WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f Heidelberg University ^*  (United States)

^g HEIDELBERG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^h PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^j CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^k National Wildlife Federation   (United States)

^l JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^m UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Cladophora; Climate change; Cyanobacteria; Internal loading; Microcystis; Nutrient management models

Indexed keywords

NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS;

ALGAL BLOOM; ANAEROBIC GROWTH; ANIMAL; CANADA; CYANOBACTERIUM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EUTROPHICATION; LAKE; MICROBIOLOGY;

ANAEROBIOSIS; ANIMALS; CANADA; CYANOBACTERIA; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EUTROPHICATION; HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM; LAKES; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS;

EID: 84968919402     PISSN: 15689883     EISSN: 18781470     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.04.010     Document Type: Review

References (322)

1. Albert D.A., Wilcox D.A., Ingram J.W., Thompson T.A. Hydrogeomorphic classification for Great Lakes coastal wetlands. J. Great Lakes Res. 2005, 31(S1):129-146.
2. Alfera L.K., Weismiller R.A. U.S. Experiences With Nutrient Management and Good Management Practices to Control Non-point Pollution From Agriculture 2002, ESSD Unit, The World Bank, Washington, DC, 62 pp.
3. Allinger L.E., Reavie E.D. The ecological history of Lake Erie as recorded by the phytoplankton community. J. Great Lakes Res. 2013, 39(3):365-382.
4. Anderson T.R. Plankton functional type modelling: running before we can walk?. J. Plankton Res. 2005, 27(11):1073-1081.
5. Andraski B.J., Mueller D.H., Daniel T.C. Phosphorus losses in runoff as affected by tillage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1985, 49(6):1523-1527.
6. Angel J.R., Kunkel K.E. The response of Great Lakes water levels to future climate scenarios with an emphasis on Lake Michigan-Huron. J. Great Lakes Res. 2009, 36:51-58.
7. Ardon M., Montanari S., Morse J.L., Doyle M.W., Bernhardt E.S. Phosphorus export from a restored wetland ecosystem in response to natural and experimental hydrologic fluctuations. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:G04031.
8. Arend K.K., Beletsky D., DePinto J.V., Ludsin S.A., Roberts J.J., Rucinski D.K., Scavia D., Schwab D.J., Hook T.O. Seasonal and interannual effects of hypoxia on fish habitat quality in central Lake Erie. Freshw. Biol. 2011, 56:366-383.
9. Arhonditsis G.B., Brett M.T. Evaluation of the current state of mechanistic aquatic biogeochemical modeling. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2004, 271:13-26.
10. Arhonditsis G.B., Qian S.S., Stow C.A., Lamon E.C., Reckhow K.H. Eutrophication risk assessment using Bayesian calibration of process-based models: application to a mesotrophic lake. Ecol. Model. 2007, 208(2-4):215-229.
11. Auer M.T., Tomlinson L.M., Higgins S.N., Malkin S.Y., Howell E.T., Bootsma H.A. Great Lakes Cladophora in the 21st century: same algae - different ecosystem. J. Great Lakes Res. 2010, 36:248-255.
12. Azcue J.M., Rosa F., Mudroch A. Distribution of major and trace elements in sediments and pore water of Lake Erie. J. Great Lakes Res. 1996, 22(2):389-402.
13. Baker D.B., Confesor R., Ewing D.E., Johnson L.T., Kramer J.W., Merryfield B.J. Phosphorus loading to Lake Erie from the Maumee, Sandusky and Cuyahoga rivers: the importance of bioavailability. J. Great Lakes Res. 2014, 40(3):502-517.
14. Barbiero R.P., Rockwell D.C., Warren G.J., Tuchman M.L. Changes in spring phytoplankton communities and nutrient dynamics in the eastern basin of Lake Erie since the invasion of Dreissena spp. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 2006, 63:1549-1563.
15. Bartolai A.M., He L., Hurst A.E., Mortsch L., Paehlke R., Scavia D. Climate change as a driver of change in the Great Lakes St. Lawrence River basin. J. Great Lakes Res. 2015, 41:45-58.
16. Bell W., Stokes L., Gavan L.J., Nguyen T.N. Assessment of the Pollutant Removal Efficiencies of Delaware Sand Filter BMPs 1995, City of Alexandria, Department of Transportation and Environmental Services, Alexandria, VA.
17. Bennington V., McKinley G.A., Kimura N., Wu C.H. General circulation of Lake Superior: mean, variability, and trends from 1979-2006. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:C12015.
18. Berezina N.A., Golubkov S.M. Effect of drifting macroalgae Cladophora glomerata on benthic community dynamics in the easternmost Baltic Sea. J. Mar. Syst. 2008, 74(S1):80-85.
19. Berndtsson J.C. Green roof performance towards management of runoff water quantity and quality: a review. Ecol. Eng. 2010, 36(4):351-360.
20. Bertram P.E. Total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen trends in the central basin of Lake Erie, 1970-1991. J. Great Lakes Res. 1993, 19(2):224-236.
21. Bierman V.J., Kaur J., DePinto J.V., Feist T.J., Dilks D.W. Modeling the role of zebra mussels in the proliferation of blue-green algae in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. J. Great Lakes Res. 2005, 31(1):32-55.
22. Binational.net Recommended Phosphorus Loading Targets for Lake Erie. Annex 4 Objectives and Targets Development Task Team Final Report to the Nutrients Annex Subcommittee 2015, http://binational.net/2015/06/30/draftptargets-ciblesproposeesdep/.
23. Binding C.E., Greenberg T.A., Bukata R.P. An analysis of MODIS-derived algal and mineral turbidity in Lake Erie. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38(1):107-116.
24. Bishop P.L., Hively W.D., Stedinger J.R., Rafferty M.R., Lojpersberger J.L., Bloomfield J.A. Multivariate analysis of paired watershed data to evaluate agricultural best management practice effects on stream water phosphorus. J. Environ. Qual. 2005, 34(3):1087-1101.
25. Bižić-Ionescu M., Amann R., Grossart H.-P. Massive regime shifts and high activity of heterotrophic bacteria in an ice-covered lake. PLOS ONE 2014, 9(11):e113611. 10.1371/journal.pone.0113611.
26. Bosch I., Makarewicz J.C., Lewis T.W., Bonk E.A., Finiguerra M., Groveman B. Management of agricultural practices results in declines of filamentous algae in the lake littoral. J. Great Lakes Res. 2009, 35:90-98.
27. Bosch N.S., Allan J.D., Selegean J.P., Scavia D. Scenario-testing of agricultural best management practices in Lake Erie watersheds. J. Great Lakes Res. 2013, 39(3):429-436.
28. Bosch N.S., Evans M.A., Scavia D., Allan J.D. Influence of climate change on the effectiveness of agricultural best management practices. J. Great Lakes Res. 2014, 40:581-589.
29. Boström B., Andersen J.M., Fleischer S., Jansson M. Exchange of phosphorus across the sediment-water interface. Hydrobiologia 1998, 170:229-244.
30. Bouchard V. Export of organic matter from a coastal freshwater wetland to Lake Erie: an extension of the outwelling hypothesis. Aquat. Ecol. 2007, 41:1-7.
31. Boudreau B.P. Diagenetic Models and Their Implementation: Modelling Transport and Reactions in Aquatic Sediments 1997, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 430 pp.
32. Boyer G.L. The occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins in New York lakes: lessons for the MERHAB-Lower Great lakes program. Lake Res. Manage. 2007, 23(2):153-160.
33. Brandt S., Costantini M., Kolesar S., Ludsin S.A., Mason D.M., Rae C.M., Zhang H. Does hypoxia reduce habitat quality for Lake Erie walleye (Sander vitreus)? A bioenergetics perspective. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 2011, 68:857-879.
34. Brietburg D.L. Effects of hypoxia and the balance between hypoxia and enrichment on coastal fishes and fisheries. Estuaries 2002, 25:767-781.
35. Breitburg D.L., Loher T., Pacey C.A., Gerstein A. Varying effects of low dissolved oxygen on trophic interactions in an estuarine food web. Ecol. Monogr. 1997, 67:489-507.
36. Breitburg D.L., Hondorp D.W., Davias L.W., Diaz R.J. Hypoxia, nitrogen and fisheries: Integrating effects across local and global landscapes. Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2009, 1:329-350.
37. Bridgeman T.B., Penamon W.A. Lyngbya wollei in western Lake Erie. J. Great Lakes Res. 2010, 36(1):167-171.
38. Bridgeman T.B., Schloesser D.W., Krause A.E. Recruitment of Hexagenia mayfly nymphs in western Lake Erie linked to environmental variability. Ecol. Appl. 2006, 16:601-611.
39. Bridgeman T.B., Chaffin J.D., Kane D.D., Conroy J.D., Panek S.E., Armenio P.M. From river to lake: phosphorus partitioning and algal community compositional changes in western Lake Erie. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38(1):90-97.
40. Brittain S.M., Wang J., Babcock-Jackson L., Carmichael W.W., Rinehart K.L., Culver D.A. Isolation and characterization of microcystins, cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins from a Lake Erie strain of Microcystis aeruginosa. J. Great Lakes Res. 2000, 26(3):241-249.
41. Burlakova L.E., Karatayev A.Y., Pennuto C., Mayer C. Changes in Lake Erie benthos over the last 50 years: historical perspectives, current status, and main drivers. J. Great Lakes Res. 2014, 40(3):560-573.
42. Burns N.M. Temperature, oxygen, and nutrient distribution patterns in Lake Erie, 1970. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 1976, 33(3):485-511.
43. Burns N.M., Ross C. Oxygen-nutrient relationships within the Central Basin of Lake Erie. Project Hypo. Paper No. 6, Canada Centre for Inland Waters 1972, 85-119. USEPA Tech. Rept.TS-05-71-208-24, Burlington, Ontario. N.M. Burns, C. Ross (Eds.).
44. Burns N.M., Williams J.D.H., Jaquet J.M., Kemp A.L.W., Lam D.C. A phosphorus budget for Lake Erie. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 1976, 33(3):564-573.
45. Burns N.M., Rockwell D.C., Bertram P.E., Dolan D.M., Ciborowski J.J.H. Trends in temperature, secchi depth, and dissolved oxygen depletion rates in the central basin of Lake Erie, 1983-2002. J. Great Lakes Res. 2005, 31(S2):35-49.
46. Burniston D., McCrea R., Klawunn P., Ellison R., Thompson A., Bruxer J. Detroit River Phosphorus Loading Determination. Internal Environment Canada, Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance report # WQMS09-006, Contribution # 09-757 2009, 44 pp.
47. Canavan R., Slomp C., Jourabchi P., Van Cappellen P., Laverman A., van den Berg G. Organic matter mineralization in sediment of a coastal freshwater lake and response to salinization. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70:2836-2855.
48. Carey C.C., Ibelings B.W., Hoffmann E.P., Hamilton D.P., Brookes J.D. Eco-physiological adaptations that favour freshwater cyanobacteria in a changing climate. Water Res. 2012, 46:1394-1407.
49. Carmichael W.W. A world overview - one-hundred-twenty-seven years of research on toxic cyanobacteria - where do we go from here?. Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms: State of the Science and Research Needs 2008, 105-125. Springer, New York. H.K. Hudnell (Ed.).
50. Carmichael W.W., Boyer G.L. Estimating health impacts from cyanobacteria harmful algae blooms: the North American Great Lakes. Harmful Algae 2016, (in press).
51. Carmichael W.W., Evans W.R., Yin Q.Q., Bell P., Moczydlowlski E. Evidence for paralytic shellfish poisons in the freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei (Farlow ex Gomont) comb. nov. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997, 63(8):3104-3110.
52. Carrick H.J., Schelske C.L. Have we overlooked the importance of small phytoplankton in productive waters?. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1997, 42(7):1613-1621.
53. Casper V.L. A phytoplankton bloom in western Lake Erie Proceedings of the 8th Conference of Great Lakes Research University of Michigan. Great Lakes Res. Div. 1965, 13:29-35.
54. Cestti R., Srivastava J., Jung S. Agriculture Non-point Source Pollution Control: Good Management Practices - The Chesapeake Bay Experience 2003, World Bank, Washington, DC, 49 pp.
55. Chaffin J., Bridgeman T. Organic and inorganic nitrogen utilization by nitrogen-stressed cyanobacteria during bloom conditions. J. Appl. Phycol. 2014, 26(1):299-309.
56. Charlton M.N. Hypolimnetic Oxygen Depletion in Central Lake Erie: Has There Been Any Change? Scientific Series No. 110 1979, Inland Waters Directorate, Burlington Ontario.
57. Charlton M.N. Oxygen depletion in Lake Erie: has there been any change?. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1980, 37(7):72-81.
58. Charlton M.N. Hypolimnion oxygen consumption in lakes: discussion of productivity and morphometry effects. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1980, 37:1531-1539.
59. Charlton M.N., Milne J.E., Booth W.G., Chiocchio F. Lake Erie Offshore in 1990 - restoration and resilience in the central basin. J. Great Lakes Res. 1993, 19(2):291-309.
60. Cheng V., Arhonditsis G.B., Brett M.T. A revaluation of lake-phosphorus loading models using a Bayesian hierarchical framework. Ecol. Res. 2010, 25(1):59-76.
61. Chun C.L., Oschner U., Byappanahalli M.N., Whitman R.L., Tepp W.H., Lin G., Johnson E.A., Peller J., Sadowsky M.J. Association of toxin producing Clostridium botulinum with the macroalgae Cladophora in the Great Lakes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 47(6):2587-2594.
62. City of Austin, Texas Removal Efficiencies of Storm Water Control Structures 1990, Environmental Resource Division, Environmental and Conservation Services Department, 36 pp.
63. City of Austin, Texas Characterization of Stormwater Pollution for the Austin, Texas Area 1995, Environmental Resources Management Division, Environmental and Conservation Services Department, City of Austin, Austin, TX.
64. Claytor R.A., Schueler T.R. Design of Stormwater Filtering Systems 1996, The Center for Watershed Protection, Silver Spring, MD.
65. Conroy J.D., Edwards W.J., Pontius R.A., Kane D.D., Zhang H., Shea J.F., Richey J.N., Culver D.A. Soluble nitrogen and phosphorus excretion of exotic freshwater mussels (Dreissena spp.): potential impacts for nutrient remineralisation in western Lake Erie. Freshw. Biol. 2005, 50(7):1146-1162.
66. Cornett R.J., Rigler F.H. Hypolimnion oxygen deficits: their prediction and interpretation. Science 1979, 205:580-581.
67. Cousino L.K., Becker R.H., Zmijewski K. Modeling the effects of climate change on water, sediment, and nutrient yields from the Maumee River watershed. J. Hydrol. 2015, 4(Part B):762-775.
68. Daloğlu I., Cho K.H., Scavia D. Evaluating causes of trends in long-term dissolved reactive phosphorus loads to Lake Erie. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46(19):10660-10666.
69. Davies J.M., Hecky R.E. Initial measurements of benthic photosynthesis and respiration in Lake Erie. J. Great Lakes Res. 2005, 31(S2):195-207.
70. Davis T.W., Harke M.J., Marcoval M.A., Goleski J., Orano-Dawson C., Berry D.L., Gobler C.J. Effects of nitrogenous compounds and phosphorus on the growth of toxic and non-toxic strains of Microcystis during cyanobacterial blooms. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2010, 61(2):149-162.
71. Davis T.W., Koch W., Marcoval M.A., Wilhelm S.W., Gobler C. Mesozooplankton and microzooplankton grazing during cyanobacterial blooms in the western basin of Lake Erie. Harmful Algae 2012, 15:26-35.
72. Davis T.W., Watson S.B., Rozmarynowycz M.J., Ciborowski J.J.H., McKay R.M., Bullerjahn G.S. Phylogenies of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in the Lower Laurentian Great Lakes suggest extensive genetic connectivity. PLOS ONE 2014, 9(9):e106093. 10.1371/journal.pone.0106093.
73. Davis T.W., Bullerjahn G.S., Tuttle T., McKay R.M., Watson S.B. Effects of increasing nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on phytoplankton community growth and toxicity during Planktothrix blooms in Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49(12):7197-7207.
74. Dayton A.I., Auer M.T., Atkinson J.F. Cladophora, mass transport, and the near shore phosphorus shunt. J. Great Lakes Res. 2014, 40(3):790-799.
75. De Stasio B.T., Schrimpf M.B., Cornwell B.H. Phytoplankton communities in Green Bay, Lake Michigan after invasion by dreissenid mussels: increased dominance by cyanobacteria. Diversity 2014, 6:681-704.
76. Delorme L.D. Lake Erie oxygen: the prehistoric record. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1982, 39(7):1021-1029.
77. Depew D.C., Stevens A.W., Smith R.E.H., Hecky R.E. Detection and characterization of benthic filamentous algal stands (Cladophora sp.) on rocky substrata using a high frequency echo sounder. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 2009, 7(10):693-705.
78. Depew D.C., Houben A.J., Guildford S.J., Hecky R.E. Distribution of nuisance Cladophora in the lower Great Lakes: Patterns with land use, near shore water quality and dreissenid abundance. J. Great Lakes Res. 2011, 37(4):656-671.
79. Dietz M.E., Clausen J.C., Filchak K.K. Education and changes in residential nonpoint source pollution. Environ. Manage. 2004, 34(5):684-690.
80. Dobson H.H., Gilbertson M. Oxygen depletion in the central basin of Lake Erie, 1929-1970. Proc. Conf. Great Lakes Res. 1971, 12:743-748.
81. Dodds W.K., Gudder D.A. The ecology of Cladophora. J. Phycol. 1992, 28(4):415-427.
82. Domenici P., Herbert N.A., Lefrançois C., Steffensen J.F., McKenzie D.J. The effect of hypoxia on fish swimming performance and behaviour. Swimming Physiology of Fish: Towards Using Exercise to Farm a Fit Fish in Sustainable Aquaculture 2013, 129-159. Springer, Berlin. A.P. Palstra, J.V. Planas (Eds.).
83. Dolan D.M., McGunagle K.P. Lake Erie total phosphorus loading analysis and update: 1996-2002. J. Great Lakes Res. 2005, 31(S2):11-22.
84. Dolan D.M., Chapra S.C. Great Lakes total phosphorus revisited: 1. Loading analysis and update (1994-2008). J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38:730-740.
85. Dolman A.M., Rücker J., Pick F.R., Fastner J., Rohrlack T., Mischke U., Wiedner C. Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins: the influence of nitrogen versus phosphorus. PLoS ONE 2012, 7(6):e38757. 10.1371/journal.pone.0038757.
86. Donald D.B., Bogard M.J., Finlay K., Bunting L., Leavitt P.R. Phytoplankton-specific response to enrichment of phosphorus-rich surface waters with ammonium, nitrate, and urea. PLOS ONE 2013, 8(1):e53277. 10.1371/journal.pone.0053277.
87. Downing J.A., Watson S.B., McCauley E. Predicting cyanobacteria dominance in lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2001, 58(10):1905-1908.
88. D'Souza N.A., Kawarasaki Y., Gantz J.D., Lee R.E., Beall B.F.N., Shtarkman Y.M., Kocer Z.A., Rogers S.O., Wildschutte H., Bullerjahn G.S., McKay R.M.L. Diatom assemblages promote ice formation in large lakes. ISME J. 2013, 7(8):1632-1640.
89. Dyble J., Fahnenstiel G.L., Litaker R.W., Millie D.F., Tester P.A. Microcystin concentrations and genetic diversity of Microcystis in the lower Great Lakes. Environ. Toxicol. 2008, 23:507-516.
90. Eby L.A., Crowder L.B. Hypoxia-based habitat compression in the Neuse River estuary: context-dependent shifts in behavioral avoidance thresholds. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2002, 59:952-965.
91. Ekau W., Auel H., Pörtner H.-O., Gilbert D. Impacts of hypoxia on the structure and processes in pelagic communities (zooplankton, macro-invertebrates and fish). Biogeosciences 2010, 7:1669-1699.
92. Elser J.J. The pathway to noxious cyanobacteria blooms in lakes: the food web as the final turn. Freshw. Biol. 1999, 42(3):537-543.
93. Environment Canada and U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EC-USEPA) State of the Great Lakes 2011. Cat No. En161-3/1-2011E-PDF. EPA 950-R-13-002 2014, Available at http://binational.net.
94. Erickson J.E., Cisar J.L., Snyder G.H., Volin J.C. Phosphorus and potassium leaching under contrasting residential landscape models established on a sandy soil. Crop Sci. 2005, 45(2):546-552.
95. Euliss N.H., Smith L.M., Wilcox D.A., Browne B.A. Linking ecosystem processes with wetland management goals: charting a course for a sustainable future. Wetlands 2008, 28(3):553-562.
96. Fang X., Stefan H.G. Simulations of climate effects on water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and ice and snow covers in lakes of the contiguous United States under past and future climate scenarios. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2009, 54(6):2359-2370.
97. Ficke A.D., Myrick C.A., Hansen L.J. Potential impacts of global climate change on freshwater fisheries. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 2007, 17:581-613.
98. Finlay K., Patoine A., Donald D.B., Bogard M.J., Leavitt P.R. Experimental evidence that pollution with urea can degrade water quality in phosphorus-rich lakes of the Northern Great Plains. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2010, 55(3):1213-1230.
99. Gächter R., Müller B. Why the phosphorus retention of lakes does not necessarily depend on the oxygen supply to their sediment surface. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2003, 48(2):929-933.
100. Gain S.W. The Effects of Flow-Path Modifications on Urban Water-Quality Constituent Retention in Urban Stormwater Detention Pond and Wetland System 1996, Florida Department of Transportation, Orlando, FL, 49 pp.
101. Galloway H.M., Griffith D.R., Mannering J.V. Adaptability of various tillage-planting systems to Indiana soils. Coop. Ext. Serv. Bulletin AY210 1981, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
102. Gibb A., Kelly H., Schueler T., Horner R., Simmler J., Knutson J. Best Management Practices Guide for Stormwater 1999, Greater Vancouver Sewerage and Drainage District, Durnaby, BC, 240 pp. Available at: http://www.gvrd.bc.ca/sewerage/managment_guide.htm.
103. Gitau M.W. LMAV BMP Tool II 2013, http://www.box.net/shared/xuvt811rqa.
104. Gomberg A. Sewage Overflow Billions of Gallons of Sewage Contaminate Lake Erie 2007, Environment Ohio and Environmental Ohio Research and Policy Center, Columbus, OH, 18 pp.
105. Graham J.M., Auer M.T., Canale R.P., Hoffman J.P. Ecological studies and mathematical modeling of Cladophora in Lake Huron 4: photosynthesis and respiration as functions of light and temperature. J. Great Lakes Res. 1982, 8(1):100-111.
106. Gronewald A.D., Stow C.A. Unprecedented seasonal water level dynamics on one of the Earth's largest lakes. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2014, 95(1):15-17.
107. Gubelit Y.I., Berezina N.A. The causes and consequences of algal blooms: the Cladophora glomerata bloom in the Neva estuary (eastern Baltic Sea). Mar. Poll. Bull. 2010, 61(4-6):183-188.
108. Ha J.H., Hidaka T., Tsuno H. Quantification of toxic Microcystis and evaluation of its dominance ratio in blooms using real-time PCR. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 43(3):812-818.
109. Han H., Allan J.D., Bosch N.S. Historical pattern of phosphorus loading to the Lake Erie watersheds. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38(2):289-298.
110. Harke M.J., Davis T.W., Watson S.B., Gobler C.J. Nutrient-controlled niche differentiation of western Lake Erie cyanobacterial populations revealed via metatranscriptomic surveys. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 10.1021/acs.est.5b03931.
111. Harper H.H., Herr J.L. Treatment Efficiencies of Detention With Filtration Systems 1993, Environmental Research and Design, Inc., Orlando, FL.
112. State of the Strait: Status and Trends of Key Indicators 2007, 1715-3980. Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, Occasional Publication No. 5, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada. J.H. Hartig, M.A. Zarull, J.J.H. Ciborowski, J.E. Gannon, E. Wilke, G. Norwood, A. Vincent (Eds.).
113. Hasler A.D. Cultural eutrophication is reversible. J. Biosci. 1969, 19:425-431.
114. Hathaway A.M., Hunt W.F., Jennings G.D. A field study of green roof hydrologic and water quality performance. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Biol. Eng. 2008, 51:37-44.
115. Hawley N., Johengen T.H., Rao Y.R., Ruberg S.A., Beletsky D., Ludsin S.A., Eadie B.J., Schwab D.J., Croley T.E., Brandt S.B. Lake Erie hypoxia prompts Canada-US study. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 2006, 87(32):313-319.
116. Hayhoe K., VanDorn J., Croley T., Schlegal N., Wuebbles D. Regional climate change projections for Chicago and the US Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res. 2010, 36(S2):7-21.
117. Healey F.P., Hendzel L.L. Physiological indicators of nutrient deficiency in lake phytoplankton. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1980, 37:442-453.
118. Heath R.T. Nutrient dynamics in Great Lakes coastal wetlands - future directions. J. Great Lakes Res. 1992, 18(4):590-602.
119. Hecky R.E., Smith R.E.H., Barton D.R., Guildford S.J., Taylor W.D., Charlton M.N., Howell E.T. The nearshore phosphorus shunt: a consequence of ecosystem engineering by dreissenids in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2004, 61(7):1285-1293.
120. Herdendorf C.E. Lake Erie coastal wetlands: an overview. J. Great Lakes Res. 1992, 18(4):533-551.
121. Higgins S.N., Howell E.T., Hecky R.E., Guildford S.J., Smith R.E.H. The wall of green: the status of Cladophora glomerata on the northern shores of Lake Erie's eastern basin, 1995-2002. J. Great Lakes Res. 2005, 31(4):547-563.
122. Higgins S.N., Malkin S.Y., Howell E.T., Guildford S.J., Campbell L., Hiriart-Baer V., Hecky R.E. An ecological review of Cladophora glomerata (Chlorophyta) in the Laurentian Great Lakes. J. Phycol. 2008, 44(4):839-854.
123. Higgins S.N., Pennuto C.M., Howell E.T., Lewis T.W., Makarewicz J. Urban influences on Cladophora blooms in Lake Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38(S4):116-123.
124. Hoffmann C.C., Heiberg L., Audet J., Schonfeldt B., Fuglsang A., Kronvang B., Ovesen N.B., Kjaergaard C., Hansen H.C.B., Jensen H.S. Low phosphorus release but high nitrogen removal in two restored riparian wetlands inundated with agricultural drainage water. Ecol. Eng. 2012, 46:75-87.
125. Hogan D.M., Walbridge M.R. Best management practices for nutrient and sediment retention in urban stormwater runoff. J. Environ. Qual. 2007, 36(2):386-395.
126. Hogland W., Niemczynowice J., Wahlan T. The unit superstructure during the construction period. Sci. Total Environ. 1987, 59:411-424.
127. Horner R.R., Horner C.R. Design, construction, and evaluation of a sand filter storm water treatment system. Part II. Performance monitoring 1995, Report to Alaska Marine Lines, Seattle, WA.
128. Horner R.R., Skupien J.J., Livingston E.H., Shaver H.E. Fundamentals of Urban Runoff Management: Technical and Institutional Issues 1994, Terrence Institute and United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
129. Horst G.P., Sarnelle O., White J.D., Hamilton S.K., Kaul R.B., Bressie J.D. Nitrogen availability increases the toxin quota of a harmful cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa. Water Res. 2014, 54:188-198.
130. Huang A., Rao Y.R., Zhang W. On recent trends in atmosphere and lake variables in Lake Ontario. J. Climate 2012, 25:5807-5816. 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00495.1.
131. Hudon C., Cattaneo A., Tourville Poirier A.-M., Brodeur P., Dumont P., Mailhot Y., Amyot J.-P., Despatie S.-P., de Lafontaine Y. Oligotrophication from wetland epuration alters the riverine trophic network and carrying capacity for fish. Aquat. Sci. 2012, 74(3):495-511.
132. Hummel S. Sediment resuspension of phosphorus flux to Lake Erie 2014, (B.A. thesis), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 71 pp.
133. International Joint Commission (IJC) A Balanced Diet for Lake Erie: Reducing Phosphorus Loadings and Harmful Algal Blooms. Report of the Lake Erie Ecosystem Priority 2014, International Joint Commission, 96 pp.
134. International Upper Great Lakes Study Board (IUGLS) Impacts on Upper Great Lakes Water Levels: St. Clair Rive, Final Report to the International Joint Commission 2009, Available from: http://www.iugls.org/Final_Reports (accessed 20.05.13).
135. James W.F. Estimation of internal phosphorus loading contributions to the Lake of the Woods, Minnesota. Report 2012, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, 42 pp. Available from: http://www.lakeofthewoodsswcd.org/projects/lowtmdl/intpload.pdf.
136. Jeppesen E., Søndergaard M., Meerjoff M., Lauridsen T.L., Jensen J.P. Shallow lake restoration by nutrient loading reduction - some recent findings and challenges ahead. Hydrobiologia 2007, 584:239-252.
137. Jiang L.P., Fang X., Stefan H.G., Jacobson P.C., Pereira D.L. Oxythermal habitat parameters and identifying cisco refuge lakes in Minnesota under future climate scenarios using variable benchmark periods. Ecol. Model. 2012, 232:14-27.
138. Jiang L., Xia M., Ludsin S.A., Rutherford E.S., Mason D.M., Jarrin J.M., Pangle K.L. Biophysical modeling assessment of the drivers for plankton dynamics in dreissenid-colonized western Lake Erie. Ecol. Model. 2015, 308:18-33.
139. Jiao P.J., Xu D., Wang S.L., Zhang T.Q. Phosphorus loss by surface runoff from agricultural field plots with different cropping systems. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 2011, 90(1):23-32.
140. Johnson P.D., Pitt R., Durrans S.R., Urrutia M., Clark S. Metals Removal Technologies for Urban Stormwater. Water Environment Research Foundation 2003, WERF 97-IRM-2, Alexandria, VA, ISBN 1-94339682-3. 701 pp.
141. Kane D.D., Gordon S.I., Munawar M., Charlton M.N., Culver D.A. The Planktonic Index of Biotic Integrity (P-IBI): an approach for assessing lake ecosystem health. Ecol. Indic. 2009, 9:1234-1247.
142. Kane D.D., Conroy J.D., Peter Richards R., Baker D.B., Culver D.A. Re-eutrophication of Lake Erie: correlations between tributary nutrient loads and phytoplankton biomass. J. Great Lakes Res. 2014, 40(3):496-501.
143. Katsev S., Tsandev I., L'Heureux I., Rancourt D.G. Factors controlling long-term phosphorus efflux from lake sediments: exploratory reactive-transport modeling. Chem. Geol. 2006, 234(1-2):127-147.
144. Keough J.R., Thompson T.A., Guntenspergen G.R., Wilcox D.A. Hydrogeomorphic factors and ecosystem responses in coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes. Wetlands 1999, 19(4):821-834.
145. Kim D.-K., Zhang W., Rao Y.R., Watson S., Mugalingam S., Labenchi T., Dittrich M., Morley A., Arhonditsis G.B. Improving the representation of internal nutrient recycling with phosphorus mass balance models: a case study in the Bay of Quinte, Ontario, Canada. Ecol. Model. 2013, 256:53-68.
146. Kim D.-K., Zhang, Watson S., Arhonditsis G.B. A commentary on the modelling of the causal linkages among nutrient loading, harmful algal blooms, and hypoxia patterns in Lake Erie. J. Great Lakes Res. 2014, 4(3):117-129.
147. King K.W., Fausey N.R., Williams M.R. Effect of subsurface drainage on streamflow in an agricultural headwater watershed. J. Hydrol. 2014, 519(PA):438-445.
148. Kirby M.K., Dunford W.E. Attached algae of the Lake Erie shoreline near Nanticoke Generating Station. J. Great Lakes Res. 1982, 7(3):249-257.
149. Khan Z., Thrush C., Cohen P., Kulzer L., Franklin R., Field D., Koon J., Horner R. Biofiltration Swale Performance, Recommendations, and Design Considerations 1992, Publication 657, Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, Water Pollution Control Department, Seattle, WA, 16 pp.
150. Kling G.W., Hayhoe K., Johnson L.B., Magnuson J.J., Polasky S., Robinson S.K., Shuter B.J., Wander M.M., Wuebbles D.J., Zak D.R., Lindroth R.L., Moser S.C., Wilson M.L. Confronting Climate Change in the Great Lakes Region: Impacts on our Communities and Ecosystems 2003, Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Ecological Society of America, Washington, DC. http://www.ucsusa.org/greatlakes.
151. Koslow M., Lillard E., Benka V. Taken by Storm: How Heavy Rain is Worsening Algal Blooms in Lake Erie With a Focus on the Maumee River in Ohio 2013, 23. National Wildlife Federation, Ann Arbor, MI.
152. Krieger K.A. Effectiveness of a coastal wetland in reducing pollution of a Laurentian Great Lake: hydrology, sediment, and nutrients. Wetlands 2003, 23(4):778-791.
153. Krieger A.K., Bur M.T., Ciborowski J.J.H., Barton D.B., Schloesser D.W. Distribution and abundance of burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia spp.) in Lake Erie, 1997-2005. J. Great Lakes Res. 2007, 33(S1):20-33.
154. Kroger R., Moore M.T., Farris J.L., Gopalan M. Evidence for the use of low-grade weirs in drainage ditches to improve nutrient reductions from agriculture. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2011, 221(1-4):223-234.
155. Kunkel K.E., Andsager K., Easterling D.R. Long-term trends in extreme precipitation events over the conterminous United States and Canada. J. Climate 1999, 12:2515-2527.
156. Kutovaya O.A., Watson S.B. Development and application of a molecular assay to detect and monitor geosmin-producing cyanobacteria and actinomycetes in the Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res. 2014, 40(2):404-414.
157. Kutovaya O.A., McKay R.M., Beall B., Wilhelm S.W., Kane D., Chaffin J., Bridgeman T., Bullerjahn G.S. Evidence against fluvial seeding of recurrent toxic blooms of Microcystis spp. in Lake Erie's western basin. Harmful Algae 2012, 15:71-77.
158. Kutovaya O.A., McKay R.M.L., Bullerjahn G.S. Detection and expression of genes for phosphorus metabolism in picocyanobacteria from the Laurentian Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res. 2013, 39:612-621.
159. Lajeunesse A., Segura P.A., Gélinas M., Hudon C., Thomas K., Quilliam M.A., Gagnona G. Detection and confirmation of saxitoxin analogues in freshwater benthic Lyngbya wollei algae collected in the St. Lawrence River (Canada) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2012, 1219:93-103.
160. Lehman J., Bell D., McDonald K. Reduced river phosphorus following implementation of a lawn fertilizer ordinance. Lake Res. Manage. 2009, 25(3):307-312.
161. LEIA Sustaining Healthy Waters for Lake Erie's Economy. Lake Erie Improvement Association Strategic Plan for Lake Erie Partners. Unpublished report 2012, 57 pp. www.lakeerieimprovement.org.
162. Leisenring M., Clary J., Stephenson J., Hobson P. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database Pollutant Category Summary: Nutrients 2010, Geosyntec Consultants, Wright Water Engineers, International Stormwater BMP Database. http://bmpdatabase.org/BMPPerformance.htm.
163. Lenhart H.A., Hunt W.F. Evaluating four storm-water performance metrics with a North Carolina coastal plain storm-water wetland. J. Environ. Eng. 2011, 137(2):155-162.
164. Leon L.F., Smith R.E.H., Hipsey M.R., Bocaniov S.A., Higgins S.N., Hecky R.E., Antenucci J.P., Imberger J.A., Guildford S.J. Application of a 3D hydrodynamic-biological model for seasonal and spatial dynamics of water quality and phytoplankton in Lake Erie. J. Great Lakes Res. 2011, 37(1):41-53.
165. Loh P.S., Molot L.A., Nürnberg G.K., Watson S.B., Ginn B. Evaluating relationships between sediment chemistry and anoxic phosphorus and iron release across three different water bodies. Inland Waters 2013, 3:105-118.
166. Louati I., Pascuault N., Debroas D., Bernard C., Humber J.-H., Luloup J. Structural diversity of bacterial communities associated with bloom-forming freshwater cyanobacteria differs according to the cyanobacterial genus. PLOS ONE 2015, 10(11):e0140614.
167. Ludsin S.A., Kershner M.W., Blocksom K.A., Knight R.L., Stein R.A. Life after death in Lake Erie: nutrient controls drive fish species richness, rehabilitation. Ecol. Appl. 2001, 11:731-746.
168. Ludsin S.A., Zhang X.S., Brandt S.B., Roman M.R., Boicourt W.C., Mason D.M., Costantini M. Hypoxia-avoidance by planktivorous fish in Chesapeake Bay: implications for food web interactions and fish recruitment. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2009, 381:S121-S131.
169. MacKay M., Seglenicks F. On the simulation of Laurentian Great lakes water levels under projections of global climate change. Climat. Change 2013, 117:55-67.
170. Makarewicz J.C., Bertram P. Restoration of the Lake Erie ecosystem. Bioscience 1991, 41(4):216-223.
171. Malkin S.Y., Guildlford S.J., Hecky R.E. Modeling the growth response of Cladophora in a Laurentian Great Lake to the exotic invader Dreissena and to lake warming. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2008, 53(3):1111-1124.
172. Maniquiz M.C., Lee S.Y., Kim L.H. Multiple linear regression models of urban runoff pollutant load and EMC considering rainfall variables. J. Environ. Sci. 2010, 22(6):946-952.
173. Mantai K.E., Garwood P.E., Peglowski L.E. Environmental factors controlling physiological changes in Cladophora in Lake Erie. J. Great Lakes Res. 1982, 8(1):61-65.
174. Martin E.H., Smoot J.L. Constituent load changes in urban stormwater runoff routed through a detention pond-wetlands system in central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4310 1986, 78 pp.
175. Martin G. Nutrient sources for excessive growth of benthic algae in Lake Ontario as inferred by the distribution of SRP 2010, (M.Sc. thesis), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, 91 pp.
176. Matisoff G., Carson M. Sediment resuspension in the Lake Erie nearshore. J. Great Lakes Res. 2014, 40(3):532-540.
177. Matisoff G., Kaltenberg E.M., Steely R.L., Hummel S.K., Seo J., Gibbons K., Bridgeman T.B., Seo Y., Behbahani M., James W.F., Johnson L.T., Doan P., Dittrich M., Evans M.A., Chaffin J.D. Internal loading of phosphorus in western Lake Erie. J. Great Lakes Res. 2016.
178. Maynard L., Wilcox D. Coastal Wetlands. State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conference, 1996 Background Paper 1997, 103 pp.
179. McCulloch J., Gudimov A., Arhonditsis G., Chesnyuk A., Dittrich M. Dynamics of P-binding forms in sediments of a mesotrophic hard-water lake: insights from non-steady state reactive-transport modeling, sensitivity and identifiability analysis. Chem. Geol. 2013, 354:216-232.
180. McDowell R.W., Sharpley A.N., Bourke W. Treatment of drainage water with industrial by-products to prevent phosphorus loss from tile-drained land. J. Environ. Qual. 2008, 37(4):1575-1582.
181. McElmurry S.P., Confesor R., Richards R.P. Reducing phosphorus loads to Lake Erie: best management practices literature review, Draft review paper 3, for International Joint Commission, Taking Action on Lake Erie 2013, 52 pp. http://www.ijc.org/files/tinymce/uploaded/BMP%20Review-FINAL.pdf.
182. McNett J.K., Hunt W.F., Davis A.P. Influent pollutant concentrations as predictors of effluent pollutant concentrations for mid-atlantic bioretention. J. Environ. Eng. 2011, 137(9):790-799.
183. Meals D.W., Budd L.F. Lake Champlain Basin nonpoint source phosphorus assessment. J. Am. Water Res. Assoc. 1998, 34(2):251-265.
184. Meile C., Van Cappellen P. Global estimates of enhanced solute transport in marine sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2003, 48(2):777-786.
185. Merriman K.R., Gitau M.W., Chaubey I. Tool for estimating Best Management Practice effectiveness in Arkansas. Appl. Eng. Agric. 2009, 25(2):199-213.
186. Michalak A.M., Anderson E.J., Beletsky D., Boland S., Bosch N.S., Bridgeman T.B., Chaffin J.D., Cho K., Confesor R., Daloglu I., DePinto J.V., Evans M.A., Fahnenstiel G.L., He L., Ho J.C., Jenkins L., Johengen T.H., Kuo K.C., LaPorte E., Steiner A.L., Verhamme E., Wright D.M., Zagorski M.A. Record-setting algal blooms in Lake Erie caused by agricultural and meteorological trends consistent with expected future conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110:6448-6452.
187. Millie D., Fahnenstiel G., Dyble Bressie J., Pigg R., Rediske R., Klarer D., Tester P., Litaker R.W. Late-summer phytoplankton in western Lake Erie (Laurentian Great Lakes): bloom distributions, toxicity, and environmental influences. Aquat. Ecol. 2009, 43:915-934.
188. Miller T.P., Peterson J.R., Lenhart C.F., Nomura Y. The Agricultural BMP Handbook for Minnesota 2012, Minnesota Department of Agriculture.
189. Millner G.C., Sweeney R.A., Ray-Frederick V. Biomass and distribution of Cladophora glomerata in relation to some physical-chemical variables at two sites in Lake Erie. J. Great Lakes Res. 1982, 8(1):35-41.
190. Mioni C.E., Howard A.M., DeBruyn J.M., Bright N.G., Twiss M.R., Applegate B.M., Wilhelm S.W. Characterization and field trials of a bioluminescent bacterial reporter of iron bioavailability. Mar. Chem. 2003, 83:31-46.
191. Mitsch W.J. Combining ecosystem and landscape approaches to Great Lakes wetlands. J. Great Lakes Res. 1992, 18(4):552-570.
192. Mitsch W.J., Reeder B.C. Nutrient and hydrologic budgets of a Great Lakes coastal freshwater wetland during a drought year. Wetl. Ecol. Manage. 1992, 1(4):211-222.
193. Mitsch W.J., Gosselink J.G. Wetlands 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 920 pp. 3rd ed.
194. Mitsch W.J., Wang N.M. Large-scale coastal wetland restoration on the Laurentian Great Lakes: determining the potential for water quality improvement. Ecol. Eng. 2000, 15(3-4):267-282.
195. Mitsch W.J., Reeder B.C., Klarer D.M. The role of wetlands in the control of nutrients with a case study of western Lake Erie. Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to Ecotechnology 1989, 129-158. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, NY. W.J. Mitsch, S.E. Jorgensen (Eds.).
196. Molot L.A., Watson S.B., Creed I.F., Trick C.G., McCabe S.K., Verschoor M.J., Sorichetti R.J., Powe C., Venkiteswaran J.J., Schiff S.L. A novel model for cyanobacteria bloom formation: the critical role of anoxia and ferrous iron. Freshw. Biol. 2014, 59(6):1323-1340.
197. Moosmann L., Gächter R., Müller B., Wüest A. Is phosphorus retention in autochthonous lake sediments controlled by oxygen or phosphorus?. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2006, 51(1):763-771.
198. Morrice J.A., Kelly J.R., Trebitz A.S., Cotter A.M., Knuth M.L. Temporal dynamics of nutrients (N and P) and hydrology in a Lake Superior coastal wetland. J. Great Lakes Res. 2004, 30(S1):82-96.
199. Mortimer C.H. The exchange of dissolved substances between mud and water in lakes. J. Ecol. 1941, 29:280-329.
200. Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Communities: Vulnerability to Climate Change and Response to Adaptation Strategies. Final report submitted to the Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Program, Natural Resources Canada 2006, Environment Canada and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Toronto, Ontario, 251 pp. + appendices. http://environment.uwaterloo.ca/research/aird/aird_pub/Great_Lakes_Coastal_Wetlands_Report_2006.pdf. L. Mortsch, J. Ingram, A. Hebb, S. Doka (Eds.).
201. Mostaghimi S., Dillaha T.A., Shanholtz V.O. Influence of tillage systems and residue levels on runoff, sediment, and phosphorus losses. Trans. ASAE 1988, 31(1):128-132.
202. Mueller B., Bryant L.D., Matzinger A., Wue A. Hypolimnetic oxygen depletion in eutrophic lakes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46:9964-9971.
203. Mullen R., Diedrick K., Henry D. Best Management Practices for Mitigating Phosphorus Loss from Agricultural Soils. Fact sheet, Agriculture and Natural Resources. AGF-509-09 2009, The Ohio State University Extension.
204. Munawar M., Munawar I.F., Fitzpatrick M., Niblock H., Bowen K., Lorimer J. An intensive assessment of planktonic communities in the Canadian waters of Lake Erie, 1998. Checking the Pulse of Lake 2008, 297-346. Schweizerbart, Champaign, IL. M. Munawar, R. Heath (Eds.).
205. MWCOG Urban Runoff in the Washington Metropolitan Area: Final Report, Urban Runoff Project 1983, EPA Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, Washington, DC, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments. http://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/sw_nurp_vol_1_finalreport.pdf.
206. Nicholls K.H. Effects of temperature and other factors on summer phosphorus in the Inner Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario: implications for climate warming. J. Great Lakes Res. 1999, 25(2):250-262.
207. Nicholls K.H. Detection of regime shifts in multi-species communities: the Bay of Quinte phytoplankton example. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2011, 2(4):416-426.
208. Nistor A.P., Lowenberg-DeBoer J. The profitability factor of controlled drainage implementation. J. Soil Water Conserv. 2007, 62(6):156a.
209. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Tides and Currents, Water Levels, Station 9063063, Cleveland, OH 2015, http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/stations.html?type=Water+Levels (accessed 21.12.15).
210. Noffke A., Hensen C., Sommer S., Scholz F., Bohle L., Mosch T., Graco M., Wallmann K. Benthic iron and phosphorus fluxes across the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2012, 57. 10.4319/lo.2012.57.3.0851.
211. North R.L., Guildford S.J., Smith R.E.H., Havens S.M., Twiss M.R. Evidence for phosphorus, nitrogen, and iron co-limitation of phytoplankton communities in Lake Erie. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2007, 52(1):315-328.
212. North R.L., Johansson J., Vandergucht D., Doig L.E., Liber K., Lindenschmidt K.-E., Baulch H., Hudson J.J. Evidence for internal phosphorus loading in a large prairie reservoir (Lake Diefenbaker, Saskatchewan). J. Great Lakes Res. 2015, 41(Suppl. 2):91-99.
213. Nürnberg G.K., LaZerte B.D., Loh P.S., Molot L.A. Quantification of internal phosphorus load in large, partially polymictic and mesotrophic Lake Simcoe, Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res. 2013, 39(2):271-279.
214. Orihel D.M., Schindler D.W., Ballard N.C., Graham M.D., O'Connell D.W., Wilson L.R., Vinebrooke R.D. The "nutrient pump:" iron-poor sediments fuel low nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios and cyanobacterial blooms in polymictic lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2015, 60(3):856-871.
215. Obenour D.R., Gronewold A.D., Stow C.A., Scavia D. Using a Bayesian hierarchical model with a gamma error distribution to improve Lake Erie cyanobacteria bloom forecasts. Water Resour. Res. 2014, 50:7847-7860.
216. Ohio EPA Ohio Lake Erie Phosphorus Task Force Final Report 2010, Division of Surface Water, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Columbus, OH. http://epa.ohio.gov/portals/35/lakeerie/ptaskforce/Task_Force:Final_Report_April_2010.pdf.
217. Ozersky T., Malkin S.Y., Barton D.R., Hecky R.E. Dreissenid phosphorus excretion can sustain C. glomerata growth along a portion of Lake Ontario shoreline. J. Great Lakes Res. 2009, 35(3):321-328.
218. Paerl H.W., Otten T.G. Harmful cyanobacterial blooms: causes, consequences and controls. Microb. Ecol. 2013, 10.1007/s00248-012-0159-y.
219. Paerl H.W., Valdes L.M., Joyner A.R., Peierls B.L., Buzzelli C.P., Piehler M.F., Riggs S.R., Christian R.R., Ramus J.S., Clesceri E.J., Eby L.A., Crowder L.W., Luettich R.A. Ecological response to hurricane events in the Pamlico Sound System, NC, and implications for assessment and management in a regime of increased frequency. Estuar. Coast 2006, 29(6):1033-1045.
220. Pandit S.N., Zhao Y., Ciborowski J.J.H., Gorman A.M., Knight C.T. Suitable habitat model for walleye (Sander vitreus) in Lake Erie: implications for inter-jurisdictional harvest quota allocations. J. Great Lakes Res. 2013, 39(4):591-601.
221. Perri K.A., Sullivan J.M., Boyer G.L. Harmful algal blooms in Sodus Bay, Lake Ontario: a comparison of nutrients, marina presence, and cyanobacterial toxins. J. Great Lakes Res. 2015, 41(2):326-337.
222. Pieters A.J. The plants of western Lake Erie, with observations on their distribution. Bull. US Fish. Comm. 1902, 21:57-79.
223. Pinowska A., Stevenson R.J., Sickman J.O., Albertin A., Anderson M. Integrated Interpretation of Survey for Determining Nutrient Thresholds for Macroalgae in Florida Springs. Laboratory Experiments and Disturbance Study 2007, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, FL, 97 pp.
224. Pörtner H.O. Oxygen- and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance: a matrix for integrating climate-related stressor effects in marine ecosystems. J. Exp. Biol. 2010, 213:881-893.
225. Pothoven S.A., Vanderploeg H.A., Ludsin S.A., Höök T.O., Brandt S.B. Feeding ecology of rainbow smelt and emerald shiner in Lake Erie's central basin. J. Great Lakes Res. 2009, 35:190-198.
226. Powell G.E., Ward A.D., Mecklenburg D.E., Jayakaran A.D. Two-stage channel systems: Part 1, a practical approach for sizing agricultural ditches. J. Soil Water Conserv. 2007, 62(4):277-286.
227. Qin B., Li W., Zhu G., Zhang Y., Wu T., Gao G. Cyanobacterial bloom management through integrated monitoring and forecasting in large shallow eutrophic Lake Taihu (China). J. Hazard. Mater. 2015, 287:356-363.
228. Quinn F.H. Secular changes in Great Lakes water level seasonal cycles. J. Great Lakes Res. 2002, 28(3):451-465.
229. Rao Y.R., Hawley N., Charlton M.N., Schertzer W.M. Physical processes and hypoxia in the central basin of Lake Erie. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2008, 52(5):2007-2020.
230. Rao Y.R., Howell T., Watson S.B., Abernethy S. On hypoxia and fish kills along the north shore of Lake Erie. J. Great Lakes Res. 2014, 40(2):187-191.
231. Reeves D.W. Cover crops and rotations. Crops Residue Management. Advances in Soil Science 1994, 125-172. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. J.L. Harfield, B.A. Stewart (Eds.).
232. Richards C.E., Munster C.L., Vietor D.M., Arnold J.G., White R. Assessment of a turfgrass sod best management practice on water quality in a suburban watershed. J. Environ. Manage. 2008, 86(1):229-245.
233. Rinta-Kanto J.M., Wilhelm S.W. Diversity of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in spatially isolated regions of Lake Erie. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72:5083-5085.
234. Rinta-Kanto J.M., Ouellette A.J.A., Boyer G.L., Twiss M.R., Bridgeman T.B., Wilhelm S.W. Quantification of toxic Microcystis spp. during the 2003 and 2004 blooms in western Lake Erie using quantitative real-time PCR. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:4198-4205.
235. Rinta-Kanto J.M., Konopko E.A., DeBruyn J.M., Bourbonniere R.A., Boyer G.L., Wilhelm S.W. Lake Erie Microcystis: relationship between microcystin production, dynamics of genotypes and environmental parameters in a large lake. Harmful Algae 2009, 8:665-673.
236. Rinta-Kanto J.M., Saxton M.A., DeBruyn J.M., Juliette L.S., Marvin C.H., Krieger K.A., Sayler G.S., Boyer G.L., Wilhelm S.W. The diversity and distribution of toxigenic Microcystis spp. in present day and archived pelagic and sediment samples from Lake Erie. Harmful Algae 2009, 8:385-394.
237. Roberts J.J., Höök T.O., Ludsin S.A., Pothoven S.A., Vanderploeg H.A., Brandt S.B. Effects of hypolimnetic hypoxia on foraging and distributions of Lake Erie yellow perch. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2009, 381:S132-S142.
238. Roberts J.J., Grecay P.A., Ludsin S.A., Pothoven S.A., Vanderploeg H.A., Höök T.O. Evidence of hypoxic foraging forays by yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and potential consequences for prey consumption. Freshw. Biol. 2012, 57:922-937.
239. Rogers J.S., Potter K.W., Hoffman A.R., Hoopes J.A., Wu C.H., Armstrong D.E. Hydrologic and water quality functions of a disturbed wetland in an agricultural setting. J. Am. Water Res. Assoc. 2009, 45(3):628-640.
240. Rosa F., Burns N.M. Lake Erie central basin oxygen depletion changes from 1929-1980. J. Great Lakes Res. 1987, 13(4):684-696.
241. Ross S. Molecular phylogeography and species discrimination of freshwater Cladophora (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) in North America 2006, (M.Sc. thesis), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 155 pp.
242. Roy-Poirier A., Champagne P., Filion Y. Review of bioretention system research and design: past, present, and future. J. Environ. Eng. 2010, 136(9):878-889.
243. Rucinski D., Scavia D., DePinto J., Beletsky D. Modeling Lake Erie's hypoxia response to nutrient loads and meteorological variability. J. Great Lakes Res. 2014, 40(3):151-161.
244. Saxton M.A., Arnold R.J., Bourbonniere R.A., Mckay R.M., Wilhelm S.W. Plasticity of total and intracellular phosphorus quotas in Microcystis aeruginosa cultures and Lake Erie algal assemblages. Front. Microbiol. 2012, 3(3):1-8.
245. Scavia D., Allan J.D., Arend K.K., Bartell S., Beletsky D., Bosch N.S., Brandt S.B., Briland R.D., Daloğlu I., DePinto J.V., Dolan D.M., Evans M.A., Farmer T.M., Goto D., Han H., Höök T.O., Knight R., Ludsin S.A., Mason D., Michalak A.M., Peter Richards R., Roberts J.J., Rucinski D.K., Rutherford E., Schwab D.J., Sesterhenn T.M., Zhang H., Zhou Y. Assessing and addressing the re-eutrophication of Lake Erie: central basin hypoxia. J. Great Lakes Res. 2014, 40(2):226-246.
246. Schertzer W.M., Sawchuk A.M. Thermal structure of the lower Great Lakes in a warm year: implications for occurrence of hypolimnetic anoxia. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 1990, 119:195-209.
247. Schreiber J.D., Cullum R.F. Tillage effects on surface and groundwater quality in loessial upland soybean watersheds. Trans. ASAE 1998, 41(3):607-614.
248. Schueler T. Microbes and urban watersheds. Watershed Prot. Tech. 1999, 3(1):551-596.
249. Sharpley A.N., Daniel T., Gibson G., Bundy L., Cabrera M., Sims T., Stevens R., Lemunyon J., Kleinman P., Parr R. Best Management Practices To Minimize Agricultural Phosphorus Impacts on Water Quality 2006, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. ARS-163, 50 pp.
250. Shaver E., Maxted I. Construction of wetlands for stormwater treatment. Proceedings, Symposium on Stormwater Runoff And Quality Management 1994, 53-90. Penn State University, University Park, PA. C.Y. Kuo (Ed.).
251. Shuchman R.A., Sayers M.J., Brooks C.N. Mapping and monitoring the extent of submerged aquatic vegetation in the Laurentian Great Lakes with multi-scale satellite remote sensing. J. Great Lakes Res. 2013, 39(S1):78-89.
252. Slomp C., Malschaert J.F.P., Van Raaphorst W. The role of adsorption in sediment-water exchange of phosphate in North Sea continental margin sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1998, 43(5):832-846.
253. Smith L.M., Euliss N.H., Wilcox D.A., Brinson M.M. Application of a geomorphic and temporal perspective to wetland management in North America. Wetlands 2008, 28(3):563-577.
254. Smith R., Sawyer D., Bass B. Algal Blooms: Estimating Costs to the Lake Erie Basin Economy. Internal Report, Environment Canada 2015, 87 pp. Available from brad.bass@canada.ca.
255. Smith V.H. Low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios favor dominance by blue green algae in lake phytoplankton. Science 1983, 221(4611):669-671.
256. SØndergaard M., Jensen J.P., Jeppesen E. Role of sediment and internal loading of phosphorus in shallow lakes. Hydrobiologia 2003, 506(1-3):135-145.
257. Spears B.M., Carvalho L., Perkins R., Kirika A., Patterson D.M. Sediment phosphorus cycling in a large shallow lake: spatio-temporal variation in phosphorus pools and release. Hydrobiologia 2007, 584(1):37-48.
258. Speziale B.J., Dyck L.A. Lyngbya infestations: comparative taxonomy of Lyngbya wollei comb. nov. (cyanobacteria). J. Phycol. 1992, 28(5):693-706.
259. Ståhl-Delbanco A., Hansson L.-A., Gyllström M. Recruitment of resting stages may induce blooms of Microcystis at low n:P ratios. J. Plankton Res. 2003, 25:1099-1106.
260. Steffen M.M., Li Z., Effler T.C., Hauser L.J., Boyer G.L., Wilhelm S.W. Comparative metagenomics of toxic freshwater cyanobacteria bloom communities on two continents. PLoS ONE 2012, 7(8):e44002. 10.1371/journal.pone.0044002.
261. Steffen M.M., Belisle S., Watson S.B., Boyer G.L., Wilhelm S.W. Status, causes and controls of cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Erie. J. Great Lakes Res. 2014, 40(2):215-225.
262. Steffen M.M., Belisle S.B., Watson S.B., Boyer G.L., Bourbonniere R.A., Wilhelm S.A. Metatranscriptomic evidence for co-occurring top-down and bottom-up controls on toxic cyanobacterial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2015, 81(9):3268-3276.
263. Steffensen D.A. Economic cost of cyanobacterial blooms. Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms: state of the science and research needs. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2008, 619:855-865.
264. Steinman A.D., Ogdahl M.E. Does converting agricultural fields to wetlands retain or release P?. J. North Am. Benth. Soc. 2011, 30(3):820-830.
265. Steinman A.D., Ogdahl M.E., Weinert M., Thompson K., Cooper M.J., Uzarski D.G. Water level fluctuation and sediment-water nutrient exchange in Great Lakes coastal wetlands. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38(4):766-775.
266. Stewart T.W., Lowe R.L. Benthic algae of Lake Erie (1865-2006): a review of assemblage composition, ecology and causes and consequences of changing abundance. Ohio J. Sci. 2008, 108:82-94.
267. Stewart W.S. Compost Storm Water Treatment System 1992, W&H Pacific Consultants, Portland, OR, Final Report.
268. Stormwater Management Three Year Performance Summary of Stormwater Pollutant and Treatment - 185th Avenue, Hillsboro, Oregon. Technical Memorandum 1994, Stormwater Management, Portland, OR.
269. Stow C.A., Reckhow K.H., Qian S.S., Lamon E.C., Arhonditsis G.B., Borsuk M.E., Seo D. Approaches to evaluate water quality model parameter uncertainty for adaptive TMDL implementation. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 2007, 43:1499-1507.
270. Stow C.A., Cha Y., Johnson L.T., Confesor R., Richards R.P. Long-term and seasonal trend decomposition of Maumee River nutrient inputs to Western Lake Erie. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49(6):3392-3400.
271. Stumpf R.P., Wynne T.T., Baker D.B., Fahnenstiel G.L. Interannual variability of cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Erie. PLoS ONE 2012, 7(8):e42444. 10.1371/journal.pone.0042444.
272. Sweeney R.A. "Dead" sea of North America?-Lake Erie in the 1960s and 70s. J. Great Lakes Res. 1993, 19:198-199.
273. Taft C.E. Additions to the algae of the west end of Lake Erie. Ohio J. Sci. 1942, 42:251-256.
274. Taft C.E., Kischler W.J. Cladophora as Related to Pollution and Eutrophication in Western Lake Erie, No 332X, 339X 1973, Water Resources Center, Ohio State University, and US Department of the Interior, Columbus, OH, 103 pp.
275. Tang X.M., Gao G., Chao J.Y., Wang X.D., Zhu G.W., Qin B.Q. Dynamics of organic-aggregate-associated bacterial communities and related environmental factors in Lake Taihu, a large eutrophic shallow lake in China. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2010, 55(2):469-480.
276. Trebitz A.S. Characterizing seiche and tide-driven daily water level fluctuations affecting coastal ecosystems of the Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res. 2006, 32(1):102-116.
277. Twiss M.R., McKay R.M.L., Bourbonniere R.A., Bullerjahn G.S., Carrick H.J., Smith R.E.H., Winter J.G., D'Souza N.A., Furey P.C., Lashaway A.R., Saxton M.A., Wilhelm S.W. Diatoms abound in ice-covered Lake Erie: an investigation of offshore winter limnology in Lake Erie over the period 2007 to 2010. J. Great Lakes Res. 2012, 38(1):18-30.
278. USDA-NRCS National Handbook of Conservation Practices, Conservation Practice Standard Code 412 (Grassed Waterway) 2010, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/national/technical/cp/ncps/?cid=nrcs143_026849.
279. US EPA Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters. EPA 840-B-92-002 1993, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 822 pp.
280. US EPA Guidance for Federal Land Management in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. EPA841-R-10-002 2010, EPA, Washington, DC, 848 pp.
281. Van de Moortel A., Rousseau D., Tack F., Pauw N. A comparative study of surface and subsurface flow constructed wetlands for treatment of combined sewer overflows: a greenhouse experiment. Ecol. Eng. 2009, 35:175-183.
282. Vanderploeg H.A., Ludsin S.A., Ruberg S.A., Höök T.O., Pothoven S.A., Brandt S.B., Lang G.A., Liebig J.R., Cavaletto J.F. Hypoxia affects spatial distribution of pelagic fish, zooplankton, and phytoplankton in Lake Erie. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2009, 381:S92-S107.
283. Vanderploeg H.A., Ludsin S.A., Cavaletto J.F., Höök T.O., Pothoven S.A., Brandt S.B., Liebig J.R., Lang G.A. Hypoxic zones as habitat for zooplankton in Lake Erie: refugees from predation or exclusions zones?. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2009, 381:S108-S120.
284. Vanderploeg H.A., Wilson A.E., Johengen T.H., Dyble Besssie J., Sarnelle O., Liebig J.R., Robinson S.D., Horst G.P. Role of selective grazing by dreissenid mussels in promoting toxic Microcystis blooms and other changes in phytoplankton composition in the Great Lakes. Quagga and Zebra Mussels: Biology, Impacts, and Control 2013, 509-523. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 2nd ed. T.F. Nalepa, D.W. Schlosser (Eds.).
285. Vollenweider R.A. Scientific fundamentals of the eutrophication of lakes and flowing waters, with particular reference to nitrogen and phosphorus as factors in eutrophication 1968, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Technology Report, 159 pp.
286. Vollenweider R.A., Munawar M., Stadelmann P. A comparative review of phytoplankton and primary production in the Laurentian Great Lakes. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 1974, 31:739-762.
287. Vijayavel K., Sadowsky M.J., Ferguson J.A., Kashian D.R. The establishment of the nuisance cyanobacteria Lyngbya wollei in Lake St. Clair and its potential to harbor fecal indicator bacteria. J. Great Lakes Res. 2013, 39(4):560-568.
288. Vis C., Cattaneo A., Hudon C. Shift from chlorophytes to cyanobacteria in benthic microalgae along a gradient of nitrate depletion. J. Phycol. 2008, 44(1):38-44.
289. Wacklin P., Hoffmann L., Komárek J. Nomenclatural validation of the genetically revised cyanobacterial genus Dolichospermum (Ralfs ex Bornet et Flahault) comb. nova. Fottea 2009, 9(1):59-64.
290. Wang N., Mitsch W.J. Estimating phosphorus retention of existing and restored coastal wetlands in a tributary watershed of the Laurentian Great Lakes in Michigan, USA. Wetl. Ecol. Manage. 1998, 6:69-82.
291. Wang W., Shen H., Shi P., Chen J., Ni L., Xie P. Experimental evidence for the role of heterotrophic bacteria in the formation of Microcystis colonies. J. Appl. Phycol. 2015, 1-13. 10.1007/s10811-015-0659-5.
292. Wannamaker C.M., Rice J.A. Effects of hypoxia on movements and behavior of selected estuarine organisms from the southeastern United States. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2000, 249(2):145-163.
293. Watson S.B., Boyer G.L. Harmful Algal Blooms (HABS) in the Great Lakes: current status and concerns. State of the Lakes Ecosystem (SOLEC) report 2014, http://binational.net/home_e.html.
294. Watson S.B., Boyer G.L., Ridal J. Algal and cyanobacterial taste and odour and toxins: a review of current impairment, prediction and management in the Great Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2008, 65:1779-1796.
295. Watson S.B., Boyer G.L., Newbold B., Matthews E., Yang R. Algal Bloom response and risk management: evaluation of on-site toxin kits in Hamilton Harbour. NWRI Report 2012, Canadian Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, ON, 24 pp.
296. Watson S.B., Carpenter D., Casselman J., Miller C., Murray M., Arhonditsis G., Bosch N., Boyer G.L., Charlton M., Confesor R., Depew D., Dolan D., DePinto J., Higgins S., Höök T., Howell T., Ludsin S., McElmurry S., Richards P., Scavia D., Smith R., Steffen M., Wilhelm S., Wang Z. Taking Action on Lake Erie (TAcLE). International Joint Commission Report 2013, 101 pp. http://ijc.org/en_/leep/Technical_Documents.
297. Watson S.B., Whitton B.A., Higgins S.N., Paerl H.W., Brooks B.W., Wehr J.D. Harmful Algal Blooms. Freshwater Algae of North America 2015, 873-920. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. J.D. Wehr, R.G. Sheath, J.P. Kociolek (Eds.).
298. Welborn C., Veenhuis J. Effects of runoff control on the quality and quantity of urban runoff in two locations in Austin, TX. USGS Water Resources Investigations Report 1987, 87-4004.
299. Wilcox D.A., Whillans T.H. Techniques for restoration of disturbed coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes. Wetlands 1999, 19(4):835-857.
300. Wilcox D.A., Nichols S.J. The effects of water-level fluctuations on vegetation in a Lake Huron wetland. Wetlands 2008, 28(2):487-501.
301. Wilson A.E., Sarnelle O., Neilan B.A., Salmon T.P., Gehringer M.M., Hay M.E. Genetic variation of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa within and among lakes: implications for harmful algal blooms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005, 71(10):6126-6133.
302. Wilcox D.A., Thompson T.A., Booth R.K., Nicholas J.R. Lake-Level Variability and Water Availability in the Great Lakes, U.S. Geological Survey 2007, Circular 1311, 25 pp.
303. Wilson K.A., Howell E.T., Jackson D.A. Replacement of zebra mussels by quagga mussels in the Canadian nearshore of Lake Ontario: the importance of substrate, round goby abundance, and upwelling frequency. J. Great Lakes Res. 2006, 32(1):11-28.
304. Wilhelm S.W., Bullerjahn G.S., Eldridge M.L., Rinta-Kanto J.M., Bourbonniere R.A. Seasonal hypoxia and the genetic diversity of prokaryote populations in the central basin hypolimnion of Lake Erie: evidence for abundant cyanobacteria and photosynthesis. J. Great Lakes Res. 2006, 32(4):657-671.
305. Wilhelm S.W., Farnsley S.E., LeCleir G.R., Layton A.C., Satchwell M.F., DeBruyn J.M., Boyer G.L., Zhu G.W., Paerl H.W. The relationships between nutrients, cyanobacterial toxins and the microbial community in Taihu (Lake Tai), China. Harmful Algae 2011, 10(2):207-215.
306. Wilhelm S.W., LeCleir G.R., Bullerjahn G.S., McKay R.M.L., Saxton M.A., Twiss M.R., Bourbonniere R.A. Seasonal changes in microbial community structure and activity imply winter production is linked to summer hypoxia in a large lake system. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2014, 87:475-485.
307. Winston R.J., Hunt W.F., Osmond D.L., Lord W.G., Woodward M.D. Field evaluation of four level spreader-vegetative filter strips to improve urban stormwater quality. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 2011, 137:170-182.
308. Winter J.G., Duthie H.C. Export coefficient modeling to assess phosphorus loading in an urban watershed. J. Am. Water Res. Assoc. 2000, 36(5):1053-1061.
309. Wu R.S. Hypoxia: from molecular responses to ecosystem responses. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2002, 45:35-45.
310. Young G.K., Stein S., Cole P., Kammer T., Graziano F., Bank F. Evaluation and Management of Highway Runoff Water Quality. Federal Highway Administration Report No. PD-96-032 1996, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.
311. Yousef Y.A., Wanielista M.P., Harper H.H. Removal of highway contaminants by roadside swales. Transp. Res. Rec. 1985, 1017:62-68.
312. Yu S.L., Kaighn R. The Control of Pollution in Highway Runoff Through Biofiltration. Vol. II: Testing of Roadside Vegetation 1995, Virginia Department of Transportation, Report No. FHWANA 95-R29, Richmond, VA.
313. Yu S.L., Benelmouffok D.E. Field testing of selected urban BMPs in critical water issues and computer applications. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Water Resources Conference 1988.
314. Yu S.L., Barnes S.L., Gerde V.W. Testing of Best Management Practices for Controlling Highway Runoff 1993, Virginia Department of Transportation, Report No. FHWA/VA-93-R16, Richmond, VA, 70 pp.
315. Yu S.L., Kaighn R.J., Liao S.L. Testing of Best Management Practices for Controlling Highway Runoff, Phase II 1994, Virginia Department of Transportation, Report No. FHWA/VA-94-R21, Richmond, VA, 62 pp.
316. Zhang H., Culver D.A., Boegman L. A two-dimensional ecological model of Lake Erie: application to estimate dreissenid impacts on large lake plankton populations. Ecol. Model. 2008, 214:219-241.
317. Zhang H., Culver D.A., Boegman L. Dreissenids in Lake Erie: an algal filter or a fertilizer?. Aquat. Invas. 2011, 6(2):175-194.
318. Zhang R., Zhou W.B., Field R., Tafuri A., Yu S.L., Jin K.L. Field test of best management practice pollutant removal efficiencies in Shenzhen, China. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. China 2009, 3(3):354-363.
319. Zhang R., Zhou W.B., Li J., Yu S.L. Field evaluation of an innovative stormwater treatment device-the Stormvault™ system. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2010, 169(1-4):113-123.
320. Zhao J., Ramin M., Cheng V., Arhonditsis G.B. Competition patterns among phytoplankton functional groups: how useful are the complex mathematical models?. Acta Oecol. 2008, 33:324-344.
321. Zhou Y., Obenour D.R., Scavia D., Johengen T.H., Michalak A.M. Spatial and temporal trends in Lake Erie hypoxia, 1987-2007. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47(2):899-905.
322. Zhou Y., Michalak A.M., Beletsky D., Rao Y.R., Richards R.P. Record-breaking Lake Erie hypoxia during 2012 drought. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49(2):800-807.