Climate change as a driver of change in the Great Lakes St. Lawrence River Basin

Journal of Great Lakes Research

Volumn 41, Issue S1, 2015, Pages 45-58

  Bartolai, Alana M ^a   He, Lingli ^b   Hurst, Ardith E ^c   Mortsch, Linda ^d   Paehlke, Robert ^e   Scavia, Donald ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^c MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^e TRENT UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Adaptation; Climate change; Mitigation; Precipitation; Scenarios; Temperature increase

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE MODELS; ECOLOGY; ECONOMICS; INVESTMENTS; LAKES; LOSSES; POTABLE WATER; PRECIPITATION (CHEMICAL); WATER QUALITY; WATERSHEDS;

ADAPTATION; CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS; MITIGATION; PRECIPITATION EVENTS; REGIONAL CLIMATE MODELING; SCENARIOS; SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS; TEMPERATURE INCREASE;

CLIMATE CHANGE;

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT; AIR TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE MODELING; DEMOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; INVASIVE SPECIES; POLLUTANT; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); TEMPERATURE EFFECT; WATER QUALITY;

CANADA; LAKE UTOPIA; NEW BRUNSWICK; SAINT LAWRENCE BASIN;

EID: 84924024565     PISSN: 03801330     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jglr.2014.11.012     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. American Electric Power (AEP) AEP Places Carbon Capture Commercialization on Hold, Citing Uncertain Status of Climate Policy, Weak Economy. AEP Corporate News Releases Accessed online 27-09-2013 at. http://www.aep.com/newsroom/newsreleases/Default.aspx?id=1704.
2. Andresen J., Hilberg S., Kunkel K. Historical climate and climate trends in the midwestern USA. US National Climate Assessment Midwest Technical Input Report 2012, (Accessed online 18-01-2013 at: http://glisa.umich.edu/docs/NCA/MTIT_Historical.pdf). J. Winkler, J. Andresen, J. Hatfield, D. Bidwell, D. Brown (Eds.).
3. Angel J.R., Kunkel K.E. The response of Great Lakes water levels to future climate scenarios with an emphasis on Lake Michigan-Huron. J. Great Lakes Res. 2010, 36:51-58.
4. Argyilan E.P., Forman S.L. Lake level response to seasonal climatic variability in the Lake Michigan-Huron system from 1920 to 1995. J. Great Lakes Res. 2003, 29(3):488-500.
5. Assel R., Cronk K., Norton D. Recent trends in Laurentian Great Lakes ice cover. Clim. Chang. 2003, 57:185-204.
6. Assel R.A., Quinn F.H., Sellinger C.E. Hydroclimatic factors of the recent record drop in Laurentian Great Lakes water levels. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2004, 85:1143-1151.
7. Austin J., Affolter-Caine B. The Vital Center: A Federal-State Compact to Renew the Great Lakes Region 2006, The Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program, Washington, DC, (Accessed online 09-26-2014 at: http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2006/10/metropolitanpolicy%20austin/20061020_renewgreatlakes.pdf).
8. Austin J.A., Colman S.M. Lake Superior summer water temperatures are increasing more rapidly than regional air temperatures: a positive ice-albedo feedback. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L06604. 10.1029/2006GL029021.
9. Ballinger T.J., Allen M.J., Rohli R.V. Spatiotemporal analysis of the January Northern Hemisphere circumpolar vortex over the contiguous United States. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2014, 41:3602-3608. 10.1002/2014GL060285.
10. Climate Change and Water. Technical Paper VI of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008, 210. IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, (Accessed online 10-08-2014 at: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/technical-papers/climate-change-water-en.pdf). B.C. Bates, Z.W. Kundzewicz, S. Wu, J.P. Palutikof (Eds.).
11. Bird D.N., Boysen E. Climate Change Research Information Note 5: The Carbon Sequestration Potential from Afforestation in Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Accessed online 10-08-2014 at:. http://www.climateontario.ca/MNR_Publications/276909.pdf.
12. Bonsal B.R., Zhang X., Vincent L.A., Hogg W.D. Characteristics of daily and extreme temperatures over Canada. J. Clim. 2001, 14:1959-1976.
13. Boxall A.B., Hardy A., Beulke S., Boucard T., Burgin L., Falloon P.D., Haygarth P.M., Hutchinson T., Kovats R.S., Leonardi G., Levy L.S., Nichols G., Parsons S.A., Potts L., Stone D., Topp E., Turley D.B., Walsh K., Wellington E.M.H., Williams R.J. Impacts of climate change on indirect human exposure to pathogens and chemicals from agriculture. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:508-514.
14. Brown E.A., Wu C.H., Mickelson D.M., Edil T.B. Factors controlling rates of bluff recession at two sites on Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res. 2005, 31:306-321.
15. Brown P.J., Bradley R.S., Keimig F.T. Changes in extreme climate indices for the northeastern United States, 1870-2005. J. Clim. 2010, 23:6555-6572.
16. Cherkauer K.A., Sinha T. Hydrologic impacts of projected future climate change in the Lake Michigan region. J. Great Lakes Res. 2010, 36:33-50.
17. Cline T.J., Bennington V., Kitchell J.F. Climate change expands the spatial extent and duration of preferred thermal habitat for Lake Superior fishes. PLoS ONE 2013, 8(4):e62279.
18. Daloglu I., Cho K.H., Scavia D. Evaluating causes of trends in long-term dissolved reactive phosphorus loads to Lake Erie. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46(19):10660-10666.
19. Davis R.E., Lowit M.B., Knappenberger P.C., Legates D.R. A climatology of snowfall-temperature relationships in Canada. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 1999, 104:11985-11994.
20. DeGaetano A.T. Time-dependent changes in extreme-precipitation return-period amounts in the continental United States. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 2009, 48:2086-2099.
21. Dempsey D., Elder J., Scavia D. Great Lakes Restoration and the Threat of Global Warming. Prepared for the Healing our Waters-Great Lakes Coalition Accessed online 10-08-2014 at:. http://online.nwf.org/site/DocServer/Great_Lakes_Report.pdf?docID=3901.
22. Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) Water Levels Great Lakes and Montreal Harbour, Monthly Water Level Bulletin, September 2007 2007, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) - Canadian Hydrographic Service, (Accessed online 16-03-2014 at: http://www.waterlevels.gc.ca/C&A/bulletin_e.html).
23. Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) Central and Arctic Region Historical Water Level Data 2013, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) - Canadian Hydrographic Service, (Accessed online 16-03-2014 at: http://www.waterlevels.gc.ca/C&A/network_means.html).
24. Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) Water Levels Great Lakes and Montreal Harbour, Monthly Water Level Bulletin, January, 2013 2013, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) - Canadian Hydrographic Service, (Accessed online 16-03-2014 at: http://www.waterlevels.gc.ca/C&A/bulletin_e.html).
25. Desai A.R., Austin J.A., Bennington V., McKinley G.A. Stronger winds over a large lake in response to weakening air-to-lake temperature gradient. Nat. Geosci. 2009, 2:855-858.
26. Diethelm P., McKee M. Denialism: what is it and how should scientists respond?. Eur. J. Pub. Health 2009, 19:2-4.
27. Ding D., Maibach E., Zhao X., Roser-Renouf C., Leiserowitz A. Support for climate policy and societal action are linked to perceptions about scientific agreement. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2011, 1:462-466.
28. Eagle A.J., Olander L.P. Greenhouse gas mitigation with agricultural land management activities in the United States-a side-by-side comparison of biophysical potential. Advances in Agronomy 2012, vol. 115:79-139. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. D.L. Sparks (Ed.).
29. Easterling D.R., Meehl G.A., Parmesan C., Changnon S.A., Karl T.R., Mearns L.O. Climate extremes: observations, modeling, and impacts. Science 2000, 289:2068-2074.
30. Environment Canada (EC) National Inventory Report 1990-2010: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada. Environment Canada Accessed online 10-08-2014 at. http://unfccc.int/national_reports/annex_i_ghg_inventories/national_inventories_submissions/items/6598.php.
31. Environment Canada (EC) Great Lakes-St. Lawrence river water levels, Michigan-Huron sets two new recorded lows in January 2013. Environment Canada: LEVEL news 2013, 21(2). (Accessed online 10-08-2014 at: http://www.ec.gc.ca/eau-water/default.asp?lang=En&n=7AD8D7A7-1).
32. Gotham D.J., Angel J.R., Pryor S.C. Vulnerability of the electricity and water sectors to climate change in the Midwest. Climate Change in the Midwest: Impacts, Risks, Vulnerability and Adaptation 2012, 192-211. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. S.C. Pryor (Ed.).
33. Great Lakes and St.Lawrence Cities Initiative (GLSLCI) 10th Anniversary - Annual Report Accessed online 10-09-2014 at:. http://www.glslcities.org/annual-meetings/2013/2012-13%20Annual%20Report%20Final.pdf.
34. Great Lakes Commission (GLC) The Economics of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation in the Great Lakes Basin. Prepared for the US Army Corps of Engineers Great Lakes & Ohio River Division Accessed online 10-08-2014 at:. http://projects.glc.org/tributary/pubs/documents/Economics_of_Soil_Erosion_Final.pdf.
35. Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) Great Lakes Restoration Initiative Projects. US Environmental Protection Agency Accessed online 12-08-2012 at:. http://greatlakesrestoration.us/projects.html.
36. Groisman P.Y., Easterling D.R. Variability and trends of total precipitation and snowfall over the United States and Canada. J. Clim. 1994, 7:184-205.
37. Gula J., Peltier R.W. Dynamical downscaling over the Great Lakes basin of North America using the WRF regional climate model: the impact of the Great Lakes system on regional greenhouse gases. J. Clim. 2012, 25:7723-7742.
38. Hall K. Climate change in the Midwest: impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems. US National Climate Assessment, Midwest Technical Input Report 2012, (Accessed online 10-08-2014 at: http://glisa.umich.edu/media/files/NCA/MTIT_Biodiversity.pdf). J. Winkler, J. Andresen (Eds.).
39. Hall N.D., Stuntz B.B., Schweiger L. Climate Change and Great Lakes Water Resources. National Wildlife Federation Accessed online 10-08-2014 at. https://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/Media-Center/Reports/Archive/2007/Great-Lakes-Water-Resources.aspx.
40. Hayhoe K. Development and dissemination of a high-resolution national climate change dataset. Final Report for United States Geological Survey, USGS G10AC00248 2013, (Accessed online 10-08-2014 at: https://nccwsc.usgs.gov/display-project/5050cc22e4b0be20bb30eacc/4f833ee9e4b0e84f608680df).
41. Hayhoe K., VanDorn J., Croley T., Schlegal N., Wuebbles D. Regional climate change projections for Chicago and the US Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res. 2010, 36:7-21.
42. Hodgkins G.A., Dudley R.W., Aichele S.S. Historical changes in precipitation and streamflow in the U.S. Great Lakes Basin, 1915-2004. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report, 2007-5118 Accessed online 10-08-2014 at:. http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5118/pdf/SIR2007-5118.pdf.
43. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: A Special Report of Working Group III, Section 4.2 SRES Scenario Taxonomy. IPCC Accessed online 11-26-2012 at:. http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/emission/index.php?idp=91.
44. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2001, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, (Accessed online 10-08-2014 at: http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/pdf/WG1_TAR-FRONT.PDF).
45. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, (Accessed online 10-08-2014 at: http://www.ipcc-wg2.gov/).
46. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Summary for policymakers. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2013, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, P.M. Midgley (Eds.).
47. International Joint Commission (IJC) Climate change and water quality in the Great Lakes Region. Great Lakes Quality Board of the International Joint Commission 2003, 135.
48. International Maritime Organization (IMO) Prevention of air pollution from ships, second IMO GHG study 2009, update of the 2000 IMO GHG study, executive summary. Maritime Environment Protection Committee, 59th Session, Agenda item 4 2009.
49. International Upper Great Lakes Study (IUGLS) Impacts on Upper Great Lakes Water Levels 2009, St. Clair River Final Report to the International Joint Commission by the International Upper Great Lakes Study Board. International Joint Commission, Clair River.
50. International Upper Great Lakes Study (IUGLS) Lake Superior regulation: addressing uncertainty in Upper Great Lakes Water Levels. Final Report to the International Joint Commission by the International Upper Great Lakes Study Board 2012, International Joint Commission.
51. Jensen O.P., Benson B.J., Magnuson J.J., Card V.M., Futter M.N., Soranno P.A., Stewart K.M. Spatial analysis of ice phenology trends across the Laurentian Great Lakes region during a recent warming period. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2007, 52:2013-2026.
52. Karl T.R., Melillo J.M., Peterson T.C. Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States 2009, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
53. Kennedy C. Great Lakes Ice Cover Most Extensive Since Mid-90s. NOAA Accessed online 05-31-2014 at:. http://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/great-lakes-ice-cover-most-extensive-mid-90s.
54. Kling G.W., Hayhoe K., Johnson L.B., Magnuson J.J., Polasky S., Robinson S.K., Shuter B.J., Wander M.M., Wuebbles D.J., Zak D.R. Confronting climate change in the Great Lakes region. A report of the Union of Concerned Scientists and the Ecological Society of America 2003, (Accessed online 10-08-2014 at: http://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/legacy/assets/documents/global_warming/greatlakes_final.pdf).
55. Kunkel K.E., Ensor L., Palecki M., Easterling D., Robinson D., Hubbard K.G., Redmond K. A new look at lake-effect snowfall trends in the Laurentian Great Lakes using a temporally homogeneous data set. J. Great Lakes Res. 2009, 35:23-29.
56. Lamon E.C., Stow C.A. Lake Superior water level fluctuation and climatic factors: a dynamic linear model analysis. J. Great Lakes Res. 2010, 36:172-178.
57. Laurent K.L., Scavia D., Friedman K.B., Krantzberg G., Creed I.F. Critical forces directing the future: how two highly important and highly uncertain axes of analysis can frame alternate futures for the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin. J. Great Lakes Res. 2015, 41(Supplement 1):131-138.
58. Lenters J.D. Trends in the Lake Superior water budget since 1948: a weakening seasonal cycle. J. Great Lakes Res. 2004, 30:20-40.
59. Lloyd's Register MARPOL Annex VI. An update on the entry into effect of the North American Emission Control Area for SOx and particulate matter (ECA-SOx) 2012, International Maritime Organization.
60. Lofgren B., Gronewold A. Water Resources. US National Climate Assessment Midwest Technical Input Report Accessed online 10-08-2014 at:. http://glisa.msu.edu/docs/NCA/MTIT_WaterResources.pdf.
61. Mackey S.D. Great Lakes nearshore and coastal systems. US National Climate Assessment, Midwest Technical Input Report 2012, Great Lakes Integrated Sciences and Assessments (GLISA) Center. J. Winkler, J. Andresen, J. Hatfield, D. Bidwell, D. Brown (Eds.).
62. Magnuson J.J., Webster K.E., Assel R.A., Bowser C.J., Dillon P.J., Eaton J.G., Evans H.E., Fee E.J., Hall R.I., Mortsch L.R., Schindler D.W., Quinn F.H. Potential effects of climate changes on aquatic systems: Laurentian Great Lakes and preCambrian shield region. Hydrol. Process. 1997, 11(8):825-871.
63. Mao D., Cherkauer K.A. Impacts of land-use change on hydrologic responses in the Great Lakes region. J. Hydrol. 2009, 374:71-82.
64. McLellan S.L., Hollis E.J., Depas M.M., Van Dyke M., Harris J., Scopel C.O. Distribution and fate of Escherichia coli in Lake Michigan following contamination with urban stormwater and combined sewer overflows. J. Great Lakes Res. 2007, 33:66-580.
65. Michalak A.M., Anderson E.J., Beletsky D., Boland S., Bosch N.S., Bridgeman T.B., Chaffrin J.D., Cho K., Confesor R., Daloglu I., Definto J.V., Evans M.A., Fahnenstiel G.L., He L., Ho J.C., Johengen T.H., Kuo K.C., LaPorte E., Liu X., McWilliams M.R., Moore M.R., Posselt D.J., Richards R.P., Scavia D., Steiner A.L., Verhamme E., Wright D.M., Zagorski M.A. Record-setting algal bloom in Lake Erie caused by agricultural and meteorological trends consistent with expected future conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110(16):6448-6452.
66. Millar C.I., Stephenson N.L., Stephens S.L. Climate change and forests of the future: managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecol. Appl. 2007, 17:2145-2151.
67. Millerd F. The economic impact of climate change on Canadian commercial navigation on the Great Lakes. Can. Water Resour. J. 2005, 30(4):269-280.
68. Millerd F. The potential impact of climate change on Great Lakes international shipping. Clim. Chang. 2011, 104(3-4):629-652.
69. Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et des Parcs (MDDEP) The Québec Cap and Trade System for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Allowances. Gouvernement du Québec, Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et des Parcs Accessed online 09-02-2013 at:. http://www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/changements/carbone/Systeme-plafonnement-droits-GES-en.htm.
70. Multihazard Mitigation Council (MMC) Hazard Mitigation Saves: An Independent Study to Assess the Future Savings from Mitigation Activities. National Institute of Building Sciences, Multihazard Mitigation Council Accessed online 09-29-2013 at. http://www.nibs.org/?page=mmc_projects#nhms.
71. Musall E., Weiss T., Lenoir A., Voss K., Garde F., Donn M. Net Zero energy solar buildings: an overview and analysis on worldwide building projects. Proceedings of EuroSun 2010, (Accessed online 10-08-2014 at: http://www.enob.info/fileadmin/media/Projektbilder/EnOB/Thema_Nullenergie/EuroSun_Conference:Graz_2010_Net_Zero_Energy_Solar_Buildingsx.pdf).
72. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) Climate Smart Communities, Local Action to Combat Climate Change. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Accessed online 18-09-2013 at:. http://www.dec.ny.gov/energy/50845.html#Climate.
73. Ontario Ministry of the Environment (OMoE) Ontario's Long-term Energy Plan. Ontario Ministry of Energy Accessed online 08-11-2012 at:. http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/en/ltep/energy-in-ontarios-economy-capital-investments/.
74. Ontario Power Authority (OPA) Feed-in Tariff Program Overview. Ontario Power Authority Accessed online 11-15-2012 at:. http://fit.powerauthority.on.ca/Storage/11160_FIT_Program_Overview_August_new_price:version_1.3.1_final_for_posting-oct_27.pdf.
75. Ouyang D., Bartholic J., Selegean J. Assessing sediment loading from agricultural croplands in the Great Lakes Basin. J. Am. Sci. 2005, 1:14-21.
76. Paehlke R.C. Environmental Policy: New Directions for the Twenty-First Century; Sustainable Development and Urban Life in North America 2010, 420. CQ Press, Washington, DC. 7th ed.
77. Paerl H.W., Huisman J. Blooms like it hot. Science 2008, 320:57-58.
78. Painter J., Ashe T. Cross-national comparison of the presence of climate scepticism in the print media in six countries, 2007-10. Environ. Res. Lett. 2012, 7:8.
79. Pan Z.T., Arritt R.W., Takle E.S., Gutowski W.J., Anderson C.J., Segal M. Altered hydrologic feedback in a warming climate introduces a "warming hole". Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31. L17109.
80. Patz J.A., Vavrus S.J., Uejio C.K., McLellan S.L. Climate change and waterborne disease risk in the Great Lakes region of the US. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2008, 35:451-458.
81. State of the Climate in 2008. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 2009, 90:S1-S196. T.C. Peterson, M.O. Baringer (Eds.).
82. Scott D., Jones B., Lemieus G., McBoyle B., Mills S.S., Wall G. The vulnerability of winter recreation to climate change in Ontario's Lakeland's tourism region. Department of Geography Publication Series, Occasional Paper No. 18 2002, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, (87pp.).
83. Selin H., VanDeveer S.D. Environmental Policy: New Directions for the Twenty-First Century; Global Climate Change 2010, CQ Press, Washington, DC.
84. Sellinger C.E., Stow C.A., Lamon E.C., Qian S.S. Recent water level declines in the Lake Michigan-Huron system. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:367-373.
85. Sharma S., Vander Zanden M.J., Magnuson J.J., Lyons J. Comparing climate change and species invasions as drivers of coldwater fish population extirpations. PLoS ONE 2011, 6(8):e22906.
86. Sousounis P., Bisanz J. Preparing for a Changing Climate: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change. A Summary by the Great Lakes Regional Assessment Group. US Environmental Protection Agency, US Global Change Research Program Accessed online 09-10-2014 at:. http://www.nrel.colostate.edu/projects/gpa/gpa_report.pdf.
87. Statistics Canada (SC) Tillage Practices used to Prepare Land for Seeding, Canada and Provinces, Census Years 1991 to 2006. Statistics Canada Accessed online 01-02-2013 at:. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/95-632-x/2007000/t/4129758-eng.htm.
88. Stone D.A., Weaver A.J., Zwiers F.W. Trends in Canadian precipitation intensity. Atmosphere-Ocean 2000, 38:321-347.
89. Stoner A.M.K., Hayhoe K., Yang X., Wuebbles D.J. An asynchronous regional regression model for statistical downscaling of daily climate variables. Int. J. Climatol. 2013, 33:2473-2494.
90. Trumpickas J., Shuter B.J., Minns C.K. Forecasting impacts of climate change on Great Lakes surface water temperatures. J. Great Lakes Res. 2009, 35:454-463.
91. Tsireme A.I., Nikolaou E.I., Georgantzis N., Tsagarakis K.P. The influence of environmental policy on the decisions of managers to adopt G-SCM practices. Clean Techn. Environ. Policy 2012, 14:953-964.
92. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Copenhagen Accord Accessed online 05-12-2012 at:. http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/l07.pdf.
93. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Background on the UNFCCC: The international response to climate change. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Accessed online 05-11-2012 at:. http://unfccc.int/essential_background/items/6031.php.
94. United States Conference of Mayors (USCM) US Conference of Mayors Climate Protection Agreement. Washington, DC 2008, (Accessed online 08-12-2012 at: http://www.usmayors.org/climateprotection/agreement.htm).
95. United States Department of State (USDS) US Climate Action Report 2010 2010, Global Publishing Services, Washington, DC.
96. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Climate change and air quality. Our Nation's Air: Status and Trends Through 2010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards 2012, 22-24.
97. Vavrus S., Van Dorn J. Projected future temperature and precipitation extremes in Chicago. J. Great Lakes Res. 2010, 36:22-32.
98. Wahlström Å., Käck K., Permer A., Åhman P. What is needed for a market breakthrough in the construction of passive houses, and the conversion of existing buildings to passive houses - analysis from a series of seminars. PassivhusNorden 2012 2012, Akademika forlag, Tapir Akademisk Forlag, Trondheim, Norway. L. Postmyr (Ed.).
99. Wang J., Bai X., Leshkevich G., Colton M., Cutes A., Lofgren B. Severe ice cover on Great Lakes during winter 2008-2009. EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 2010, 91:41-42.
100. Wang J., Bai X.Z., Hu H.G., Clites A., Colton M., Lofgren B. Temporal and spatial variability of Great Lakes ice cover, 1973-2010. J. Clim. 2012, 25:1318-1329.
101. Whitehead P.G., Wilby R.L., Battarbee R.W., Kernan M., Wade A.J. A review of the potential impacts of climate change on surface water quality. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2009, 54:101-123.
102. Wilcox D.A., Thompson T.A., Booth R.K., Nicholas J.R. Lake-Level Variability and Water Availability in the Great Lakes. Virginia, USGS. National Water Availability and Use Program, Circular 1311 Accessed online 10-08-2014 at:. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2007/1311/pdf/circ1311_web.pdf.
103. Winkler J.A., Arrit R.W., Pryor S.C. Climate projections for the Midwest: availability, interpretation and synthesis. US National Climate Assessment Midwest Technical Input Report 2012, (Accessed online 10-08-2014 at: http://glisa.msu.edu/docs/NCA/MTIT_Future.pdf). J. Winkler, J. Andresen, J. Hatfield, D. Bidwell, D. Brown (Eds.).
104. Wolfe D., Ziska L., Petzoldt C., Seaman A., Chase L., Hayhoe K. Projected change in climate thresholds in the Northeastern US: implications for crops, pests, livestock, and farmers. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang. 2008, 13:555-575.
105. Wormstead S., Zuccarino-Crowe C., Han M. Forest Lands - Conservation of Biological Diversity. State of the Great Lakes Accessed online 10-08-2014 at:. http://www.epa.gov/solec/sogl2009/8503forestsoil.pdf.
106. Zhang X.B., Vincent L.A., Hogg W.D., Niitsoo A. Temperature and precipitation trends in Canada during the 20th century. Atmosphere-Ocean 2000, 38:395-429.
107. Zubrycki K., Roy D., Venema H.D., Brooks D. Water Security in Canada: Responsibilities of the Federal Government 2011, International Institute for Sustainable Development, Water Innovation Centre, (Accessed online 10-08-2014 at: http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2011/water_security_canada.pdf).