Challenges in the management of geriatric obesity in high risk populations

Nutrients

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2016, Pages

  Porter Starr, Kathryn N ^a,b   McDonald, Shelley R ^a,b   Weidner, Julia A ^a   Bales, Connie W ^a,b  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b DURHAM VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Frailty; Obesity; Older adults

Indexed keywords

BODY MASS; BODY SIZE; BODY WEIGHT; CALORIC RESTRICTION; DIETARY INTAKE; EXERCISE; GERIATRIC DISORDER; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LONG TERM CARE; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; MORTALITY; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; OBESITY; PHYSICAL DISABILITY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; WEIGHT REDUCTION; WOUND HEALING; AGED; HEALTH;

AGED; GLOBAL HEALTH; HUMANS; OBESITY; RISK FACTORS; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 84965179483     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/nu8050262     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Mathus-Vliegen, E. M. Obesity and the elderly. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2012, 46, 533-544. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. Ng, M.; Fleming, T.; Robinson, M.; Thomson, B.; Graetz, N.; Margono, C.; Mullany, E. C.; Biryukov, S.; Abbafati, C.; Abera, S. F.; et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet 2014, 384, 766-781. [CrossRef]
3. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Ageing 2013. Avaiable online: http: //www. un. org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/ WorldPopulationAgeing2013. pdf (accessed on 15 February 2016).
4. Dey, D. K.; Lissner, L. Obesity in 70-year-old subjects as a risk factor for 15-year coronary heart disease incidence. Obes. Res. 2003, 11, 817-827. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. Fagot-Campagna, A.; Bourdel-Marchasson, I.; Simon, D. Burden of diabetes in an aging population: Prevalence, incidence, mortality, characteristics and quality of care. Diabetes Metab. 2005, 31, 35-52. [CrossRef]
6. Rolland, Y.; Lauwers-Cances, V.; Cristini, C.; van Abellan Kan, G.; Janssen, I.; Morley, J. E.; Vellas, B. Difficulties with physical function associated with obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic-obesity in community-dwelling elderly women: The epidos (epidemiologie de l'osteoporose) study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 89, 1895-1900. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. Johnson, M. A.; Bales, C. W. Is there a best body mass index for older adults? Moving closer to evidence-based recommendations regarding "overweight", health, and mortality. J. Nutr. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2014, 33, 1-9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. Flegal, K. M.; Kit, B. K.; Graubard, B. I. Overweight, obesity, and all-cause mortality-Reply. JAMA 2013, 309, 1681-1682. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. Brown, R. E.; Kuk, J. L. Consequences of obesity and weight loss: A devil's advocate position. Obes. Rev. 2015, 16, 77-87. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. Zajacova, A.; Ailshire, J. Body mass trajectories and mortality among older adults: A joint growth mixture-discrete-time survival analysis. Gerontologist 2014, 54, 221-231. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. Jensen, G. L.; Hsiao, P. Y. Systematic review and meta-analysis: Systematic review finds modest weight loss at 1 year but a lack of high-quality evidence to support the efficacy of programmes encouraging weight loss in older people. Evid. Based Med. 2010, 15, 41-42. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Waters, D. L.; Ward, A. L.; Villareal, D. T. Weight loss in obese adults 65 years and older: A review of the controversy. Exp. Gerontol. 2013, 48, 1054-1061. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Decaria, J. E.; Sharp, C.; Petrella, R. J. Scoping review report: Obesity in older adults. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 2012, 36, 1141-1150. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Darmon, P. Intentional weight loss in older adults: Useful or wasting disease generating strategy? Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2013, 16, 284-289. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. Weinheimer, E. M.; Sands, L. P.; Campbell, W. W. A systematic review of the separate and combined effects of energy restriction and exercise on fat-free mass in middle-aged and older adults: Implications for sarcopenic obesity. Nutr. Rev. 2010, 68, 375-388. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. Fabbri, E.; Tanaka, T.; An, Y.; Zoli, M.; Bandinelli, S.; Guralnik, J. M.; Simonsick, E. M.; Boyd, C. M.; Studenski, S. A.; Harris, T. B.; et al. Loss of weight in obese older adults: A biomarker of impending expansion of multimorbidity? J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2015, 63, 1791-1797. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. Villareal, D. T.; Chode, S.; Parimi, N.; Sinacore, D. R.; Hilton, T.; Armamento-Villareal, R.; Napoli, N.; Qualls, C.; Shah, K. Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011, 364, 1218-1229. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. National Instiute on Aging. Exercise and Physical Activity: Your Everyday Guide from the National Institute on Aging. Available online: http: //www. nia. nih. gov/HealthInformation/Publications/ExerciseGuide/ (accessed on 19 February 2016).
19. Porter Starr, K. N.; McDonald, S. R.; Bales, C. W. Obesity and physical frailty in older adults: A scoping review of lifestyle intervention trials. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2014, 15, 240-250. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. Bales, C.; Buhr, G. Is obesity bad for older persons? A systematic review of the pros and cons of weight reduction in later life. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2008, 9, 302-312. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21. Miller, S. L.; Wolfe, R. R. The danger of weight loss in the elderly. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2008, 12, 487-491. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. Kalantar-Zadeh, K.; Streja, E.; Kovesdy, C. P.; Oreopoulos, A.; Noori, N.; Jing, J.; Nissenson, A. R.; Krishnan, M.; Kopple, J. D.; Mehrotra, R.; et al. The obesity paradox and mortality associated with surrogates of body size and muscle mass in patients receiving hemodialysis. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2010, 85, 991-1001. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. Lavie, C. J.; Alpert, M. A.; Arena, R.; Mehra, M. R.; Milani, R. V.; Ventura, H. O. Impact of obesity and the obesity paradox on prevalence and prognosis in heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Found. 2013, 1, 93-102. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. Carnethon, M. R.; De Chavez, P. J.; Biggs, M. L.; Lewis, C. E.; Pankow, J. S.; Bertoni, A. G.; Golden, S. H.; Liu, K.; Mukamal, K. J.; Campbell-Jenkins, B.; et al. Association of weight status with mortality in adults with incident diabetes. JAMA 2012, 308, 581-590. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25. Gonzalez, M. C.; Pastore, C. A.; Orlandi, S. P.; Heymsfield, S. B. Obesity paradox in cancer: New insights provided by body composition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 99, 999-1005. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. Park, J.; Ahmadi, S. F.; Streja, E.; Molnar, M. Z.; Flegal, K. M.; Gillen, D.; Kovesdy, C. P.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K. Obesity paradox in end-stage kidney disease patients. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2014, 56, 415-425. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. Brownie, S. Why are elderly individuals at risk of nutritional deficiency? Int. J. Nurs. Pract. 2006, 12, 110-118. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. Porter Starr, K. N.; Pieper, C. F.; Orenduff, M. C.; McDonald, S. R.; McClure, L. B.; Zhou, R.; Payne, M. E.; Bales, C. W. Improved function with enhanced protein intake per meal: A pilot study of weight reduction in frail, obese older adults. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2016. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. Mojtahedi, M. C.; Thorpe, M. P.; Karampinos, D. C.; Johnson, C. L.; Layman, D. K.; Georgiadis, J. G.; Evans, E. M. The effects of a higher protein intake during energy restriction on changes in body composition and physical function in older women. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2011, 66, 1218-1225. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The State of Aging and Health in America 2013. Available online: http: //www. cdc. gov/features/agingandhealth/state_of_aging_and_health_in_america_2013. pdf (accessed on 13 February 2016).
31. World Health Organization, National Intsitute of Aging. Global Health and Aging. Available online: http: //www. who. int/ageing/publications/global_health. pdf (accessed on 10 February 2016).
32. Prince, M. J.; Wu, F.; Guo, Y.; Gutierrez Robledo, L. M.; O'Donnell, M.; Sullivan, R.; Yusuf, S. The burden of disease in older people and implications for health policy and practice. Lancet 2015, 385, 549-562. [CrossRef]
33. Bernstein, M.; Munoz, N. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: Food and nutrition for older adults: Promoting health and wellness. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 2012, 112, 1255-1277. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
34. Buys, D. R.; Locher, J. L. Food insecurity and hunger among older adults. In Handbook of Clinical Nutrition and Aging, 3rd ed.; Bales, C., Locher, J., Saltzman, E., Eds.; Springer Science+Business Media: New York, NY, USA, 2014; pp. 147-159.
35. Brewer, D. P.; Catlett, C. S.; Porter, K. N.; Lee, J. S.; Hausman, D. B.; Reddy, S.; Johnson, M. A. Physical limitations contribute to food insecurity and the food insecurity-obesity paradox in older adults at senior centers in georgia. J. Nutr. Elder. 2010, 29, 150-169. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
36. Pruchno, R.; Wilson-Genderson, M.; Gupta, A. K. Neighborhood food environment and obesity in community-dwelling older adults: Individual and neighborhood effects. Am. J. Public Health 2014, 104, 924-929. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
37. Tanumihardjo, S. A.; Anderson, C.; Kaufer-Horwitz, M.; Bode, L.; Emenaker, N. J.; Haqq, A. M.; Satia, J. A.; Silver, H. J.; Stadler, D. D. Poverty, obesity, and malnutrition: An international perspective recognizing the paradox. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2007, 107, 1966-1972. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
38. King, A. C.; Sallis, J. F.; Frank, L. D.; Saelens, B. E.; Cain, K.; Conway, T. L.; Chapman, J. E.; Ahn, D. K.; Kerr, J. Aging in neighborhoods differing in walkability and income: Associations with physical activity and obesity in older adults. Soc. Sci. Med. 2011, 73, 1525-1533. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
39. Lee, J. S.; Fischer, J. G.; Johnson, M. A. Food insecurity, food and nutrition programs, and aging: Experiences from georgia. J. Nutr. Elder. 2010, 29, 116-149. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
40. Waxman, A. Who's global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. Response to a worldwide epidemic of non-communicable diseases. J. Food Nutr. Res. 2004, 58-60. [CrossRef]
41. National Council on Aging. The 2015 United States of Aging Survey. Available online: https: //www. ncoa. org/resources/usa15-full-report-pdf/ (accessed on 12 Februray 2016).
42. Kowlessar, N.; Robinson, K.; Schur, C. Older americans benefit from Older Americans Act Nutrition Programs. Available online: http: //nutritionandaging. org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2015_0928_AoA_Brief_September. pdf (accessed on 19 February 2016).
43. Penn, D. M.; Fischer, J. G.; Sun Lee, J.; Hausman, D. B.; Johnson, M. A. High bmi and waist circumference are associated with a high prevalence of comorbidities in older americans act programs in georgia senior centers. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2009, 13, 827-832. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
44. Porter Starr, K.; Fischer, J. G.; Johnson, M. A. Eating behaviors, mental health, and food intake are associated with obesity in older congregate meal participants. J. Nutr. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2014, 33, 340-356. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
45. Johnson, M. A.; Fischer, J. G.; Park, S. Vitamin d deficiency and insufficiency in the georgia older americans nutrition program. J. Nutr. Elder. 2008, 27, 29-46. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
46. West, D. S.; Bursac, Z.; Cornell, C. E.; Felix, H. C.; Fausett, J. K.; Krukowski, R. A.; Lensing, S.; Love, S. J.; Prewitt, T. E.; Beck, C. Lay health educators translate a weight-loss intervention in senior centers: A randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2011, 41, 385-391. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
47. Hendrix, S. J.; Fischer, J. G.; Reddy, R. D.; Lommel, T. S.; Speer, E. M.; Stephens, H.; Park, S.; Johnson, M. A. Fruit and vegetable intake and knowledge increased following a community-based intervention in older adults in georgia senior centers. J. Nutr. Elder. 2008, 27, 155-178. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
48. Fitzpatrick, S. E.; Reddy, S.; Lommel, T. S.; Fischer, J. G.; Speer, E. M.; Stephens, H.; Park, S.; Johnson, M. A. Physical activity and physical function improved following a community-based intervention in older adults in georgia senior centers. J. Nutr. Elder. 2008, 27, 135-154. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
49. Porter, K. N.; Johnson, M. A. Obesity is more strongly associated with inappropriate eating behaviors than with mental health in older adults receiving congregate meals. J. Nutr. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2011, 30, 403-415. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
50. Speer, E. M.; Reddy, S.; Lommel, T. S.; Fischer, J. G.; Heather, S.; Park, S.; Johnson, M. A. Diabetes self-management behaviors and a1c improved following a community-based intervention in older adults in georgia senior centers. J. Nutr. Elder. 2008, 27, 179-200. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
51. Turconi, G.; Rossi, M.; Roggi, C.; Maccarini, L. Nutritional status, dietary habits, nutritional knowledge and self-care assessment in a group of older adults attending community centres in Pavia, Northern Italy. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 2013, 26, 48-55. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
52. Hanibuchi, T.; Kondo, K.; Nakaya, T.; Nakade, M.; Ojima, T.; Hirai, H.; Kawachi, I. Neighborhood food environment and body mass index among Japanese older adults: Results from the aichi gerontological evaluation study (ages). Int. J. Health Geogr. 2011, 10, 43-43. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
53. Taylor, D. Physical activity is medicine for older adults. Postgrad. Med. 2014, 90, 26-32. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
54. Moran, M.; Van Cauwenberg, J.; Hercky-Linnewiel, R.; Cerin, E.; Deforche, B.; Plaut, P. Understanding the relationships between the physical environment and physical activity in older adults: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2014, 11, 79-79. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
55. Nagamine, M.; Jiang, H.; Merrill, C. Trends in elderly hospitalizations, 1997-2004: HCUP statistical brief #14. Available online: http: //www. hcup-us. ahrq. gov/reports/statbriefs/sb14. pdf (accessed on 12 February 2016).
56. World Health Organization. The Top 10 Causes of Death. Available online: http: //www. who. int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/ (accessed on 12 February 2016).
57. Huxley, R. Metabolic mediators of the effects of body-mass index, overweight, and obesity on coronary heart disease and stroke: A pooled analysis of 97 prospective cohorts with 1. 8 million participants. Lancet 2014, 383, 970-983.
58. Etzioni, D. A.; Liu, J. H.; Maggard, M. A.; Ko, C. Y. The aging population and its impact on the surgery workforce. Ann. Surg. 2003, 238, 170-177. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
59. Pi-Sunyer, X. The medical risks of obesity. Postgrad. Med. 2009, 121, 21-33. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
60. Turrentine, F. E.; Wang, H.; Simpson, V. B.; Jones, R. S. Surgical risk factors, morbidity, and mortality in elderly patients. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2006, 203, 865-877. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
61. Quante, M.; Dietrich, A.; ElKhal, A.; Tullius, S. Obesity-related immune responses and their impact on surgical outcomes. Int. J. Obes. 2015, 39, 877-883. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
62. Pashikanti, L.; von Ah, D. Impact of early mobilization protocol on the medical-surgical inpatient population: An integrated review of literature. Clin. Nurse Spec. 2012, 26, 87-94. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
63. Inouye, S. K.; Bogardus, S. T.; Charpentier, P. A.; Leo-Summers, L.; Acampora, D.; Holford, T. R.; Cooney, L. M. A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999, 340, 669-676. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
64. Hoch, C.; Reynolds, C. F., III; Monk, T.; Buysse, D.; Yeager, A.; Houck, P.; Kupfer, D. Comparison of sleep-disordered breathing among healthy elderly in the seventh, eighth, and ninth decades of life. Sleep 1990, 13, 502-511. [PubMed]
65. Young, T.; Peppard, P. E.; Taheri, S. Excess weight and sleep-disordered breathing. J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 99, 1592-1599. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
66. Vasu, T. S.; Doghramji, K.; Cavallazzi, R.; Grewal, R.; Hirani, A.; Leiby, B.; Markov, D.; Reiter, D.; Kraft, W. K.; Witkowski, T. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and postoperative complications: Clinical use of the stop-bang questionnaire. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2010, 136, 1020-1024. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
67. Hulzebos, E. H.; Helders, P. J.; Favié, N. J.; De Bie, R. A.; de la Riviere, A. B.; van Meeteren, N. L. Preoperative intensive inspiratory muscle training to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications in high-risk patients undergoing cabg surgery: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2006, 296, 1851-1857. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
68. Kulkarni, S.; Fletcher, E.; McConnell, A.; Poskitt, K.; Whyman, M. Pre-operative inspiratory muscle training preserves postoperative inspiratory muscle strength following major abdominal surgery-A randomised pilot study. Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl. 2010, 92, 700. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
69. Mertz, D.; Kim, T. H.; Johnstone, J.; Lam, P.-P.; Kuster, S. P.; Fadel, S. A.; Tran, D.; Fernandez, E.; Bhatnagar, N.; Loeb, M. Populations at risk for severe or complicated influenza illness: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2013, 347, f5061. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
70. Falagas, M. E.; Kompoti, M. Obesity and infection. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2006, 6, 438-446. [CrossRef]
71. Zerr, K. J.; Furnary, A. P.; Grunkemeier, G. L.; Bookin, S.; Kanhere, V.; Starr, A. Glucose control lowers the risk of wound infection in diabetics after open heart operations. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1997, 63, 356-361. [CrossRef]
72. Pomposelli, J. J.; Baxter, J. K.; Babineau, T. J.; Pomfret, E. A.; Driscoll, D. F.; Forse, R. A.; Bistrian, B. R. Early postoperative glucose control predicts nosocomial infection rate in diabetic patients. J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. 1998, 22, 77-81. [CrossRef]
73. Ambiru, S.; Kato, A.; Kimura, F.; Shimizu, H.; Yoshidome, H.; Otsuka, M.; Miyazaki, M. Poor postoperative blood glucose control increases surgical site infections after surgery for hepato-biliary-pancreatic cancer: A prospective study in a high-volume institute in Japan. J. Hosp. Infect. 2008, 68, 230-233. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
74. McCowen, K. C.; Friel, C.; Sternberg, J.; Chan, S.; Forse, R. A.; Burke, P. A.; Bistrian, B. R. Hypocaloric total parenteral nutrition: Effectiveness in prevention of hyperglycemia and infectious complications-A randomized clinical trial. Crit. Care Med. 2000, 28, 3606-3611. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
75. Choban, P.; Dickerson, R.; Malone, A.; Worthington, P.; Compher, C. A. S. P. E. N. Clinical guidelines: Nutrition support of hospitalized adult patients with obesity. J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. 2013, 37, 714-744. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
76. Kaiser, M. J.; Bauer, J. M.; Ramsch, C.; Uter, W.; Guigoz, Y.; Cederholm, T.; Thomas, D. R.; Anthony, P.; Charlton, K.; Maggio, M. Validation of the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form (MNA®-SF): A practical tool for identification of nutritional status. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2009, 13, 782-788. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
77. Awad, S.; Varadhan, K. K.; Ljungqvist, O.; Lobo, D. N. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials on preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment in elective surgery. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 32, 34-44. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
78. Smith, M. D.; McCall, J.; Plank, L.; Herbison, G. P.; Soop, M.; Nygren, J. Preoperative carbohydrate treatment for enhancing recovery after elective surgery. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014, 8, Cd009161. [PubMed]
79. Smith, I.; Kranke, P.; Murat, I.; Smith, A.; O'Sullivan, G.; Soreide, E.; Spies, C.; in't Veld, B. Perioperative fasting in adults and children: Guidelines from the european society of anaesthesiology. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. 2011, 28, 556-569. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
80. Thorell, A.; MacCormick, A. D.; Awad, S.; Reynolds, N.; Roulin, D.; Demartines, N.; Vignaud, M.; Alvarez, A.; Singh, P. M.; Lobo, D. N. Guidelines for perioperative care in bariatric surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) society recommendations. World J. Surg. 2016, in press. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
81. Torgersen, Z.; Balters, M. Perioperative nutrition. Surg. Clin. North Am. 2015, 95, 255-267. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
82. Felix, H. C.; Bradway, C.; Chisholm, L.; Pradhan, R.; Weech-Maldonado, R. Prevalence of moderate to severe obesity among U. S. Nursing home residents, 2000-2010. Res. Gerontol. Nurs. 2015, 8, 173-178. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
83. Felix, H. C. Personal care assistance needs of obese elders entering nursing homes. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2008, 9, 319-326. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
84. Bradway, C.; DiResta, J.; Fleshner, I.; Polomano, R. C. Obesity in nursing homes: A critical review. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2008, 56, 1528-1535. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
85. Lapane, K. L.; Resnik, L. Obesity in nursing homes: An escalating problem. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2005, 53, 1386-1391. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
86. Elkins, J. S.; Whitmer, R. A.; Sidney, S.; Sorel, M.; Yaffe, K.; Johnston, S. C. Midlife obesity and long-term risk of nursing home admission. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006, 14, 1472-1478. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
87. Powell, L. S.; Felix, H. C.; Bradway, C.; Miller, E.; Heivly, A.; Fleshner, I. Additional research on the cost of caring for obese nursing home residents is critical to maintaining adequate resources in the long-term care industry. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2010, 11, 222. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
88. Buys, D. R.; Roth, D. L.; Ritchie, C. S.; Sawyer, P.; Allman, R. M.; Funkhouser, E. M.; Hovater, M.; Locher, J. L. Nutritional risk and body mass index predict hospitalization, nursing home admissions, and mortality in community-dwelling older adults: Results from the uab study of aging with 8. 5 years of follow-up. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2014, 69, 1146-1153. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
89. Felix, H. C.; Bradway, C.; Ali, M. M.; Li, X. Nursing home perspectives on the admission of morbidly obese patients from hospitals to nursing homes. J. Appl. Gerontol. 2014. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
90. Apelt, G.; Ellert, S.; Kuhlmey, A.; Garms-Homolova, V. Zeitliche und strukturelle Unterschiede in der Pflege adipöser und nicht-adipöser Bewohner(innen) vollstationärer Pflegeeinrichtungen. Pflege 2012, 25, 271-283. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
91. Marihart, C. L.; Brunt, A. R.; Geraci, A. A. The high price of obesity in nursing homes. Care Manag. J. 2015, 16, 14-19. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
92. Valiyeva, E.; Russell, L. B.; Miller, J. E.; Safford, M. M. Lifestyle-related risk factors and risk of future nursing home admission. Arch. Intern. Med. 2006, 166, 985-990. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
93. Daviglus, M. L.; Liu, K.; Yan, L. L.; Pirzada, A.; Manheim, L.; Manning, W.; Garside, D. B.; Wang, R.; Dyer, A. R.; Greenland, P.; et al. Relation of body mass index in young adulthood and middle age to medicare expenditures in older age. JAMA 2004, 292, 2743-2749. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
94. Yang, Z.; Zhang, N. The burden of overweight and obesity on long-term care and medicaid financing. Med. Care 2014, 52, 658-663. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
95. Grabowski, D. C.; Campbell, C. M.; Ellis, J. E. Obesity and mortality in elderly nursing home residents. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2005, 60, 1184-1189. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
96. Pizzato, S.; Sergi, G.; Bolzetta, F.; De Rui, M.; De Ronch, I.; Carraro, S.; Berton, L.; Orr, E.; Imoscopi, A.; Perissinotto, E.; et al. Effect of weight loss on mortality in overweight and obese nursing home residents during a 5-year follow-up. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2015, 69, 1113-1118. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
97. Veronese, N.; Cereda, E.; Solmi, M.; Fowler, S. A.; Manzato, E.; Maggi, S.; Manu, P.; Abe, E.; Hayashi, K.; Allard, J. P.; et al. Inverse relationship between body mass index and mortality in older nursing home residents: A meta-analysis of 19, 538 elderly subjects. Obes. Rev. 2015, 16, 1001-1015. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
98. Lee, J. S.; Auyeung, T. W.; Chau, P. P.; Hui, E.; Chan, F.; Chi, I.; Woo, J. Obesity can benefit survival-A 9-year prospective study in 1614 Chinese nursing home residents. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2014, 15, 342-348. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
99. Kaiser, R.; Winning, K.; Uter, W.; Volkert, D.; Lesser, S.; Stehle, P.; Kaiser, M. J.; Sieber, C. C.; Bauer, J. M. Functionality and mortality in obese nursing home residents: An example of 'risk factor paradox'? J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2010, 11, 428-435. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
100. Mitchell, R. J.; Lord, S. R.; Harvey, L. A.; Close, J. C. Obesity and falls in older people: Mediating effects of disease, sedentary behavior, mood, pain and medication use. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2015, 60, 52-58. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
101. Meyer, H. E.; Willett, W. C.; Flint, A. J.; Feskanich, D. Abdominal obesity and hip fracture: Results from the nurses' health study and the health professionals follow-up study. Osteoporos. Int. 2016, in press. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
102. Sogaard, A. J.; Holvik, K.; Omsland, T. K.; Tell, G. S.; Dahl, C.; Schei, B.; Falch, J. A.; Eisman, J. A.; Meyer, H. E. Abdominal obesity increases the risk of hip fracture. A population-based study of 43, 000 women and men aged 60-79 years followed for 8 years. Cohort of Norway. J. Intern. Med. 2015, 277, 306-317. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
103. Hamer, M.; Batty, G. D.; Kivimaki, M. Sarcopenic obesity and risk of new onset depressive symptoms in older adults: English longitudinal study of ageing. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 2015, 39, 1717-1720. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
104. Zanandrea, V.; Barreto de Souto, P.; Cesari, M.; Vellas, B.; Rolland, Y. Obesity and nursing home: A review and an update. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 32, 679-685. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
105. Darmon, P.; Kaiser, M. J.; Bauer, J. M.; Sieber, C. C.; Pichard, C. Restrictive diets in the elderly: Never say never again? Clin. Nutr. 2010, 29, 170-174. [PubMed]
106. Garcia-Ptacek, S.; Kareholt, I.; Farahmand, B.; Cuadrado, M. L.; Religa, D.; Eriksdotter, M. Body-mass index and mortality in incident dementia: A cohort study on 11, 398 patients from svedem, the Swedish Dementia Registry. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2014, 15, e441-e447. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
107. De Souto Barreto, P.; Cadroy, Y.; Kelaiditi, E.; Vellas, B.; Rolland, Y. The prognostic value of body-mass index on mortality in older adults with dementia living in nursing homes. Clin. Nutr. 2015. [CrossRef]
108. Luppino, F. S.; de Wit, L. M.; Bouvy, P. F.; Stijnen, T.; Cuijpers, P.; Penninx, B. W.; Zitman, F. G. Overweight, obesity, and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2010, 67, 220-229. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
109. Kivimaki, M.; Batty, G. D.; Singh-Manoux, A.; Nabi, H.; Sabia, S.; Tabak, A. G.; Akbaraly, T. N.; Vahtera, J.; Marmot, M. G.; Jokela, M. Association between common mental disorder and obesity over the adult life course. Br. J. Psychiatry 2009, 195, 149-155. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
110. Jackson, S. E.; Beeken, R. J.; Wardle, J. Obesity, perceived weight discrimination, and psychological well-being in older adults in England. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015, 23, 1105-1111. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
111. Kim, S.; Kim, Y.; Park, S. M. Body mass index and decline of cognitive function. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0148908. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
112. Locher, J. L.; Wellman, N. S. "Never the twain shall meet: " Dual systems exacerbate malnutrition in older adults recently discharged from hospitals. J. Nutr. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2011, 30, 24-28. [CrossRef] [PubMed]