Systemic and topical antibiotics for chronic rhinosinusitis

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2016, Issue 4, 2016, Pages

  Head, Karen ^a   Chong, Lee Yee ^a   Piromchai, Patorn ^b   Hopkins, Claire ^c   Philpott, Carl ^d   Schilder, Anne G M ^e   Burton, Martin J ^a  

^a UK COCHRANE CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^b KHON KAEN UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

^c GUY S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEPHALOSPORIN; CORTICOSTEROID; MACROLIDE; PLACEBO; SODIUM CHLORIDE; STEROID; TETRACYCLINE; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; NOSE SPRAY;

ALLERGIC REACTION; ANAPHYLAXIS; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ASSESSMENT OF HUMANS; CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENDOSCOPIC NASAL POLYP SCORE; ENDOSCOPY; FOLLOW UP; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HUMAN; NOSE POLYP; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RASH; REVIEW; SKIN IRRITATION; STANDARD; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; SYSTEMIC THERAPY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ADULT; CHILD; CHRONIC DISEASE; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; INTRANASAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; META ANALYSIS; NASAL POLYPS; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; RHINITIS; SINUSITIS; TIME FACTOR; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

ADMINISTRATION, INTRANASAL; ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ADMINISTRATION, TOPICAL; ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ADULT; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CHILD; CHRONIC DISEASE; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; HUMANS; NASAL POLYPS; NASAL SPRAYS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RHINITIS; SINUSITIS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84964501881     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011994.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Otten HW, Antvelink JB, Ruyter de Wildt H, Rietema SJ, Siemelink RJ, Hordijk GJ. Is antibiotic treatment of chronic sinusitis effective in children?. Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences 1994;19(3):215-7.
2. Gevaert P, Van Zele T, Hellings P, Mayr S, Beule A, Ebbens F, et al. Doxycycline reduces ECP, MMP9 and nasal polyp size, in a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled, multicenter trial. World Allergy Organization Journal 2007;1 Suppl 3:S322.
3. van Zele T, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Beule A, Wormald PJ, Mayr S, et al. Oral steroids and doxycycline: two different approaches to treat nasal polyps. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2010;125(5):1069-76.e4.
4. Videler WJ, Badia, L, Harvey RJ, Gane S, Georgalas C, van der Meulen FW, et al. Lack of efficacy of long-term, low-dose azithromycin in chronic rhinosinusitis: a randomized controlled trial. Allergy 2011;66:1457-68.
5. Wallwork B, Coman W, Mackay-Sim A, Greiff L, Cervin A. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of macrolide in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2006;116(2):189-93.
6. Zeng M, Long X-B, Cui Y-H, Liu Z. Comparison of efficacy of mometasone furoate versus clarithromycin in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps in Chinese adults. American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 2011;25(6):203-7.
7. Agbim OG. A comparison trial of doxycycline and ampicillin in the treatment of acute sinusitis. Chemotherapy 1975;21(Suppl 1):68-75.
8. Amali A, Saedi B, Rahavi-Ezabadi S, Ghazavi H, Hassanpoor N. Long-term postoperative azithromycin in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 2015;29(6):421-4.
9. Amini M, Yarmohammadi M, Izadi P. A comparing study of clarithromycin XL with co-amoxiclav for treatment of chronic sinusitis: a clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2009;4(4):197-201.
10. Ansari NN, Naghdi S, Fathali M, Bartley J, Rastak MS. A randomized clinical trial comparing pulsed ultrasound and erythromycin phonophoresis in the treatment of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Physiotherapy Theory & Practice 2015;31(3):166-72.
11. Artigas R, Iborra M, Ridao M, Ridao M. Study of the relative efficacy between amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate in chronic sinusitis in pediatric age. Revista Espanola de Alergologia e Inmunologia Clinica 1989;4 Suppl 1:59.
12. Beloborodova NV, Sorokin GV. Cost-effect clinical and pharmacological efficacy of amoxicillin clavulanate (Amoxyclav) in pediatric otorhinolaryngology. Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics 1998;5(43):49-56.
13. Bezerra T, Soter AC, Pezato R, Pinna F, Bachert C, van Zele T, et al. Long-term low-dose doxycycline for difficult-to-treat chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps. Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2014;151(1S):121-2.
14. Bobacheva TI. The treatment of chronic polypous rhinosinusitis in the postoperative period with low doses of clarithromycin. Vestnik Otorinolaringologii 2012;4:68-72.
15. Bonfils P, Escabasse V, Coste A, Gilain L, Louvrier C, Serrano E, et al. Efficacy of tobramycin aerosol in nasal polyposis. European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases 2015;132(3):119-23.
16. Chatzimanolis E, Marsan N, Lefatzis D, Pavlopoulos A. Comparison of roxithromycin with co-amoxiclav in patients with sinusitis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1998;41 Suppl B:81-4.
17. Dellamonica P, Choutet P, Lejeune JM, Lucht F, Morgon A, Pessey JJ, et al. Efficacy and tolerance of cefotiam hexetil in the super-infected chronic sinusitis. A randomized, double-blind study in comparison with cefixime. Annales d Oto-Laryngologie et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale 1994;111(4):217-22.
18. Desrosiers MY, Salas-Prato M. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis refractory to other treatments with topical antibiotic therapy delivered by means of a large-particle nebulizer: results of a controlled trial. Otolaryngology - Head and Heck Surgery 2001;125(3):265-9.
19. Edelstein DR, Avner SE, Chow JM, Duerksen RL, Johnson J, Ronis M, et al. Once-a-day therapy for sinusitis: a comparison study of cefixime and amoxicillin. Laryngoscope 1993;103(1 Pt 1):33-41.
20. El'kun GB. Effectiveness of maxaquin and tarivid in combined therapy of patients with chronic sinusitis. Vestnik Otorinolaringologii 1999;6:45-6.
21. Fan Y, Xu R, Hong H, Luo Q, Xia W, Ding M, et al. High and low doses of clarithromycin treatment are associated with different clinical efficacies and immunomodulatory properties in chronic rhinosinusitis. Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2014;128(3):236-41.
22. Hashiba M. Clinical effects of long-term administration of macrolide antibiotics to patients with chronic paranasal sinusitis: results of past reports. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 1997;50 Suppl A:5-7.
23. Haxel BR, Clemens M, Karaiskaki N, Dippold U, Kettern L, Mann WJ. Controlled trial for long-term low-dose erythromycin after sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2015;125(5):1048-55.
24. Hiratsuka Y, Takagi A, Tokuda Y, Oishi N, Nagata H. Effect of roxithromycin on chronic sinusitis after endonasal sinus surgery. Oto-Rhino-Laryngology Tokyo 1996;39(2 Suppl 1):112-6.
25. Huck W, Reed BD, Nielsen RW, Ferguson RT, Gray DW, Lund GK, et al. Cefaclor vs amoxicillin in the treatment of acute, recurrent, and chronic sinusitis. Archives of Family Medicine 1993;2(5):497-503.
26. Husfeldt P, Egede F, Nielsen PB. Antibiotic treatment of sinusitis in general practice. A double-blind study comparing ofloxacin and erythromycin. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 1993;250 Suppl 1:S23-5.
27. IRCT201312299014N . Effect of topical vancomycin versus placebo on prevention of sinonasal polyposis recurrence after FESS (Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery). apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201312299014N20 (accessed 28 January 2016).
28. Ishiura Y, Fujimura M, Saito M, Shibata K, Nomura M, Nakatsumi Y, et al. Additive effect of continuous low-dose ofloxacin on erythromycin therapy for sinobronchial syndrome. Respiratory Medicine 1995;89(10):677-84.
29. Jareoncharsri P, Bunnag C, Fooanant S, Tunsuriyawong P, Voraprayoon S, Srifuengfung S, et al. An open label, randomized comparative study of levofloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of purulent sinusitis in adult Thai patients. Rhinology 2004;42(1):23-9.
30. Jervis-Bardy J, Boase S, Psaltis A, Foreman A, Wormald P. A randomized trial of mupirocin sinonasal rinses versus saline in surgically recalcitrant staphylococcal chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2012;122(10):2148-53.
31. Jiang R-S, Liang K-L, Yang K-Y, Shiao J-Y, Su M-C, Hsin C-H, et al. Postoperative antibiotic care after functional endoscopic sinus surgery. American Journal of Rhinology 2008;22(6):608-12.
32. Kita H, Takezawa H, Isobe M, Kataura A. Long-term low dose erythromycin (EM) and roxithromycin (RXM) therapy for chronic sinusitis. Practica Otologica, Supplement 1995;84:62-9.
33. Korkmaz H, Ocal B, Tatar EC, Tatar I, Ozdek A, Saylam G, et al. Biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps: is eradication possible?. European Archives of Oto-rhino-laryngology 2014;271(10):2695-702.
34. Kunel'skaya NL, Gurov AV, Kudriavtseva IS, Kafarskaia LI, Izotova GN. Study of the efficacy of cefixime (suprax) in patients with acute and recurrent chronic purulent sinusitis. Vestnik Otorinolaringologii 2008;6:55-8.
35. Legent F, Bordure P, Beauvillain C. Comparative study of ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in the treatment of chronic sinusitis [Etude comparative de la ciprofloxacine et de l'amoxicilline/acide clavulanique dans le traitement des sinusites chroniques]. Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses 1993;23(6):8-13.
36. Legent F, Bordure P, Beauvillain C, Berche P. A double-blind comparison of ciprofloxacin and amoxycillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Chemotherapy 1994;40 Suppl 1:8-15.
37. Li XP, Qin ZM, Zheng RH, Tan QL, Zhou YY, Zhu L, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of levofloxacin and cefuroxime for the treatment of sinusitis. Lin Chuang Erh Pi Yen Hou Ko Tsa Chih [Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology] 2000;14(12):573-5.
38. Li ZY, Liang YL. Comparison of effect of metronidazole combined with lincomycin and gentamycin combined with dexamethasone in treatment of chronic maxillary sinusitis. Zhongguo Xin Yao Yu Lin Chuang Za Zhi [Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies] 2002;1:28-9.
39. Li Y, Wu T. A randomized controlled study of treating chronic rhinosinusitis with macrolides. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi [Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery] 2014;28(17):1289-91.
40. Mannhardt J, Held J. Randomized comparative study of the therapeutic action of amoxicillin and doxycycline in sinusitis. Die Therapiewoche 1980;30(12):2087-9.
41. Namyslowski G, Misiolek M, Czecior E, Malafiej E, Orecka B, Namyslowski P, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid 875 mg b.i.d. with cefuroxime 500 mg b.i.d. in the treatment of chronic and acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis in adults. Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy) 2002;14(5):508-17.
42. Namyslowski G, Misiolek M, Malafiej E, Czecior E, Orecka B, Woch G, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of Augmentin versus cefuroxime in the treatment of chronic sinusitis in adult patients. Medical Science Monitor 1998;4(3):551-4.
43. NCT01825408 . Duration of antibiotic therapy as part of maximal medical therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01825408 (accessed 28 January 2016).
44. NCT02307825 . Azithromycin for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis failing medical and surgical therapy (AZI-CRS). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02307825 (accessed 28 January 2016).
45. Otten FW, Grote JJ. Otitis media with effusion and chronic upper respiratory tract infection in children: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study. Laryngoscope 1990;100(6):627-33.
46. Otten FWA. Conservative treatment of chronic maxillary sinusitis in children. Long-term follow-up. Acta Oto-rhino-laryngologica Belgica 1997;51(3):173-5.
47. Otten FWA, Grote JJ. Treatment of chronic maxillary sinusitis in children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 1988;15(3):269-78.
48. Peric A, Vojvodic D, Vukomanovic-Durdevic B. Nasal polyps with more intense epithelial eosinophil infiltration respond worse to long-term low-dose treatment by clarithromycin. Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2011;20(3):325-34.
49. Portier H, Bonfils P, Chobaut JC, Lallemant JG, Martin C, Pessey JJ, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of cefotiam hexetil for over infected chronic sinusitis. Comparison with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. [French]. Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses 1996;26(12):1188-93.
50. Rachelefsky GS, Katz RM, Siegel SC. Chronic sinusitis in children with respiratory allergy: the role of antimicrobials. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1982;69(4):382-7.
51. Schalek P, Petrás P, Klement V, Hahn A. Short-term antibiotics treatment in patients with nasal polyps and enterotoxins producing Staphylococcus aureus strains. European Archives of Oto-rhino-laryngology 2009;266(12):1909-13.
52. Sreenath SB, Taylor RJ, Miller JD, Ambrose EC, Rawal RB, Ebert CS, et al. A prospective randomized cohort study evaluating 3 weeks vs 6 weeks of oral antibiotic treatment in the setting of "maximal medical therapy" for chronic rhinosinusitis. International Forum of Allergy and Rhinology 2015;5(9):820-8.
53. Sykes DA, Wilson R, Chan KL, Mackay IS, Cole PJ. Relative importance of antibiotic and improved clearance in topical treatment of chronic mucopurulent rhinosinusitis. A controlled study. Lancet 1986;2(8503):359.
54. Varvianskaia AV, Lopatin AS. The effectiveness of long-term treatment of polypous rhinosinusitis with low doses of macrolides. Vestnik Otorinolaringologii 2013;5:22-7.
55. Videler WJM, van Drunen CM, Reitsma JB, Fokkens W J. Nebulized bacitracin/colimycin: a treatment option in recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis with Staphylococcus aureus? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over pilot study. Rhinology 2008;46(2):92-8.
56. Watanabe T, Ichinomiya K, Suzuki M. Combined therapy for patients with chronic paranasal sinusitis using a macrolide antibiotic and YAMIK catheter. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 2003;56 Suppl A:154-7.
57. NCT00465530 . Comparing the use of saline or saline plus gentamycin in nasal irrigation to treat chronic sinusitis in children. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00465530 (accessed 28 January 2016).
58. Wei JL, Sykes KJ, Johnson P, He J, Mayo MS. Safety and efficacy of once-daily nasal irrigation for the treatment of pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2011;121(9):1989-2000.
59. Behm J, Corcoran G. Health resource utilization: moxifloxacin compared to levofloxacin and amoxicillin clavulanate in reducing "practice time use" in the treatment of sinusitis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002;165(8 Suppl):A107.
60. Jiang RS, Wang JW. Bacteriology of chronic sinusitis after amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium therapy. Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2001;124(6):683-6.
61. Kataoka S, Ogasawara K, Ishimitsu R, Tagami H, Iwamoto J, Kawauchi H. Combined drug therapy for patients with intractable paranasal sinusitis complicating allergic rhinitis. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 2003;56 Suppl A:158-61.
62. Kim BG, Lee D-M, Jo J-H, Jung D-G, Kang J-M, Kim S-W. Effect of roxithromycin and intranasal fluticasone spray in reducing symptoms of chronic sinusitis, polyp size and IL-4 in allergic patients. Journal of Rhinology 2003;10(1):37-41.
63. Ziuzio S, Sakson B. Results of conservative treatment of chronic purulent sinusitis. Otolaryngologia Polska 1995;49 Suppl 23:178-82.
64. EUCTR 2005 (2005-004736-51). Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled multinational, multicentre-trial on prolonged macrolide treatment in patients with moderate/severe chronic rhinosinusitis. clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2005-004736-51 accessed 28 January 2016.
65. Balk EM, Earley A, Patel K, Trikalinos TA, Dahabreh IJ. Empirical assessment of within-arm correlation imputation in trials of continuous outcomes [Internet]. Report No.: 12(13)-EHC141-EF. AHRQ Methods for Effective Health Care. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2012.
66. Bewick JC, Egro FM, Masterson LM, Philpott CM. Preliminary findings: the feasibility study for a randomized controlled trial of clarithromycin in chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2014;15(Suppl 1):P25.
67. Bucher HC, Tschudi P, Young J, Périat P, Welge-Lüussen A, Züst H, et al. Effect of amoxicillin-clavulanate in clinically diagnosed acute rhinosinusitis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial in general practice. Archives of Internal Medicine 2004;163(15):1793-8.
68. Cho SH, Hong SJ, Han B, Lee SH, Suh L, Norton J, et al. Age-related differences in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012;129(3):858-60.e2.
69. Chong LY, Head K, Hopkins C, Philpott C, Burton MJ, Schilder AGM. Different types of intranasal steroids for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011993.pub2]
70. Chong LY, Head K, Hopkins C, Philpott C, Schilder AGM, Burton MJ. Intranasal steroids versus placebo or no intervention for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011996.pub2]
71. Chong LY, Head K, Hopkins C, Philpott C, Glew S, Scadding G, et al. Saline irrigation for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011995.pub2]
72. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis in the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd Edition. Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1988.
73. DeMarcantonio MA, Han JK. Nasal polyps: pathogenesis and treatment implications. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 2011;44(3):685-95, ix.
74. Donath E, Chaudhry A, Hernandez-Aya LF, Lit L. A meta-analysis on the prophylactic use of macrolide antibiotics for the prevention of disease exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory Medicine 2013;107:1385-92.
75. Ebbens FA, Toppila-Salmi SK, Renkonen JA, Renkonen RL, Mullol J, van Drunen CM, et al. Endothelial L-selectin ligand expression in nasal polyps. Allergy 2010;65(1):95-102.
76. Ebbens FA, Toppila-Salmi S, de Groot EJ, Renkonen J, Renkonen R, van Drunen CM, et al. Predictors of post-operative response to treatment: a double blind placebo controlled study in chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Rhinology 2011;49(4):413-9.
77. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 1997;315(7109):629-34. [PUBMED: 9310563]
78. Fokkens W, Lund V, Mullol J. European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps. Rhinology. Supplement 2007;20:1-136.
79. Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Mullol J, Bachert C, Alobid I, Baroody F, et al. European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2012. Rhinology. Supplement 2012;50 Suppl 23:1-298.
80. Fokkens W, Lund V, Mullol J. European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2007. Rhinology 2007;45(Suppl 20):1-139.
81. Genoway KA, Philpott CM, Javer AR. Pathogen yield and antimicrobial resistance patterns of chronic rhinosinusitis patients presenting to a tertiary rhinology centre. Journal of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery 2011;40(3):232-7.
82. Gliklich RE, Metson R. The health impact of chronic sinusitis in patients seeking otolaryngologic care. Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 1995;113(1):104-9.
83. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
84. Haruna S, Shimada C, Ozawa M, Fukami S, Moriyama H. A study of poor responders for long-term, low-dose macrolide administration for chronic sinusitis. Rhinology 2009;47(1):66-71.
85. Harvey RJ, Wallwork BD, Lund VJ. Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides: applications in chronic rhinosinusitis. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 2009;29(4):689-703.
86. 2LEN study. Allergy 2011;66(9):1216-23.
87. Hatipoglu U, Rubinstein I. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with low-dose, long-term macrolide antibiotics: an evolving paradigm. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 2005;5:491-4.
88. Head K, Chong LY, Hopkins C, Philpott C, Burton MJ, Schilder AGM. Short-course oral steroids alone for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011991.pub2]
89. Head K, Chong LY, Hopkins C, Philpott C, Schilder AGM, Burton MJ. Short-course oral steroids as an adjunct therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011992.pub2]
90. Hopkins C, Gillett S, Slack R, Lund VJ, Browne JP. Psychometric validity of the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test. Clinical Otolaryngology 2009;34(5):447-54.
91. Hopkins C, Philpott C, Crowe S, Regan S, Degun A, Papachristou I, et al. Identifying the most important outcomes for systematic reviews of interventions for rhinosinusitis in adults: working with Patients, Public and Practitioners. Rhinology 2016; Vol. 54, issue 1:20-6. [DOI: 10.4193/Rhin15.199]
92. Inamura K, Ohta N, Fukase S, Kasajima N, Aoyagi M. The effect of erythromycin on human peripheral neutrophil apoptosis. Rhinology 2000;38:124-9.
93. Iyer G, Alexander GC. Cardiovascular risks associated with clarithromycin. BMJ 2016;352:i23. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i23]
94. Jaeschke R, Singer J, Guyatt GH. Measurement of health status. Ascertaining the minimal clinically important difference. Controlled Clinical Trials 1989;10(4):407-15. [PUBMED: 2691207]
95. Kern RC, Conley DB, Walsh W, Chandra R, Kato A, Tripathi-Peters A, et al. Perspectives on the etiology of chronic rhinosinusitis: an immune barrier hypothesis. American Journal of Rhinology 2008;22(6):549-59.
96. Keswani A, Chustz RT, Suh L, Carter R, Peters AT, Tan BK, et al. Differential expression of interleukin-32 in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps. Allergy 2012;67(1):25-32.
97. Lanza DC, Kennedy DW. Adult rhinosinusitis defined. Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 1997;117:S1-7.
98. Larsen P, Tos M. Origin of nasal polyps: an endoscopic autopsy study. Laryngoscope 2004;114(4):710-9.
99. MacLaughlin EJ, Saseen JJ, Malone DC. Costs of beta-lactam allergies: selection and costs of antibiotics for patients with a reported beta-lactam allergy. Archives of Family Medicine 2000;9(8):722-6.
100. Miyanohara T, Ushikai M, Matsune S, Ueno K, Katahira S, Kurono Y. Effects of clarithromycin on cultured human nasal epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Laryngoscope 2000;110:126-31.
101. Piromchai P, Thanaviratananich S, Laopaiboon M. Systemic antibiotics for chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 5. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008233.pub2]
102. Pynnonen MA, Venkatraman G, Davis G. Macrolide therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis: a meta-analysis. Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2013;148(3):366-73.
103. Ragab SM, Lund VJ, Scadding G. Evaluation of the medical and surgical treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis: a prospective, randomised, controlled trial. Laryngoscope 2004;114(5):923-30.
104. Ragab SM, Lund VJ, Scadding G, Saleh HA, Khalifa MA. Impact of chronic rhinosinusitis therapy on quality of life: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Rhinology 2010;48(3):305-11.
105. Revicki D, Hays RD, Cella D, Sloan J. Recommended methods for determining responsiveness and minimally important differences for patient-reported outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2008;61(2):102-9. [PUBMED: 18177782]
106. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
107. Shi ZL, Peng H, Hu XW, Hu JG. Effectiveness and safety of macrolides in bronchiectasis patients: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2014;28(2):171-8.
108. Soler ZM, Smith TL. Quality-of-life outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery: how long is long enough?. Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2010;143(5):621-5.
109. Tamaoki J, Kadota J, Takizawa H. Clinical implications of the immunomodulatory effects of macrolides. American Journal of Medicine 2004;117:5S-11S.
110. Tan BK, Li QZ, Suh L, Kato A, Conley DB, Chandra RK, et al. Evidence for intranasal antinuclear autoantibodies in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011;128(6):1198-206.e1.
111. Tomassen P, Van Zele T, Zhang N, Perez- Novo C, Van Bruaene N, Gevaert P, et al. Pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 2011;8(1):115-20.
112. van Drunen CM, Reinartz SM, Wigman J, Fokkens W. Inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 2009;29(4):621-9.
113. Wozniak DJ, Keyser R. Effects of subinhibitory concentrations of macrolide antibiotics on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chest 2004;125:62S-9S.
114. Zhang N, Van Zele T, Perez-Novo C, Van Bruaene N, Holtappels G, DeRuyck N, et al. Different types of T-effector cells orchestrate mucosal inflammation in chronic sinus disease. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008;122(5):961-8.
115. Zhang XH, Lu X, Long XB, You XJ, Gao QX, Cui YH, et al. Chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps is associated with decreased expression of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2009;39(5):647-54.
116. Chong LY, Head K, Hopkins C, Philpott C, Burton MJ. Systemic and topical antibiotics for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 12. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011994]