Freedom and innovation: a country and state level analysis

Journal of Technology Transfer

Volumn 42, Issue 5, 2017, Pages 1009-1029

  Lehmann, Erik E ^a   Seitz, Nikolaus ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUGSBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Diversity; Economic geography; Entrepreneurship; National innovation systems

Indexed keywords

COSTS AND BENEFITS; CULTURAL ATTITUDES; DIVERSITY; ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY; ENTREPRENEURSHIP; NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS; RESEARCH TRADITIONS; SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS;

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER;

EID: 84964433385     PISSN: 08929912     EISSN: 15737047     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10961-016-9478-3     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Acemoglus, D., & Robinson, J. (2012). Why nations fail: The origins of power, prosperity, and poverty. New York: Crown Business.
2. Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B., & Lehmann, E. E. (2013). The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 41(4), 757–774.
3. Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B., Lehmann, E. E., & Licht, G. (2016). National systems of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics. doi:10.1007/s11187-016-9705-1.
4. Acs, Z. J., Szerb, L., & Autio, E. (2015). The global entrepreneurship and development index. New York: Springer.
5. Adam, F. (2008). Mapping social capital across Europe: Findings, trends and methodological shortcomings of cross-national surveys. Social Science Information, 47(2), 159–186.
6. Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S.-W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17–40.
7. Ahuja, G. (2000). Collaboration networks, structural holes, and innovation: A longitudinal study. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(3), 425–455.
8. Ahuja, G., & Katila, R. (2001). Technological acquisitions and the innovation performance of acquiring firms: A longitudinal study. Strategic Management Journal, 22(3), 197–220.
9. Akçomak, I. S., & Ter Weel, B. (2009). Social capital, innovation and growth: Evidence from Europe. European Economic Review, 53(5), 544–567.
10. Anselin, L., Varga, A., & Acs, Z. (1997). Local geographic spillovers between university research and high technology innovations. Journal of Urban Economics, 42(3), 422–448.
11. Audretsch, D. B., & Belitski, M. (2013). The missing pillar: The creativity theory of knowledge spillover entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 41(4), 819–836.
12. Audretsch, D. B., Dohse, D., & Niebuhr, A. (2010). Cultural diversity and entrepreneurship: A regional analysis for Germany. The Annals of Regional Science, 45(1), 55–85.
13. Audretsch, D. B., & Feldman, M. P. (1996). R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production. The American Economic Review, 86(3), 630–640.
14. Audretsch, D. B., & Lehmann, E. E. (2005). Does the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship hold for regions? Research Policy, 34(8), 1191–1202.
15. Audretsch, D. B., Lehmann, E. E., & Paleari, S. (2015). Academic policy and entrepreneurship: A European perspective. Journal of Technology Transfer, 40(3), 363–368.
16. Audretsch, D. B., Lehmann, E. E., Paleari, S., & Vismara, S. (2016). Entrepreneurial finance and technology transfer. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 41(1), 1–9.
17. Baltagi, B. (2008). Econometric analysis of panel data (Vol. 1). New York: Wiley.
18. Baron, S., Field, J., & Schuller, T. (2000). Social capital: Critical perspectives: Critical perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
19. Barro, R. J., & Lee, J. W. (2001). International data on educational attainment: Updates and implications. Oxford Economic Papers, 53(3), 541–563.
20. Barrutia, J. M., & Echebarria, C. (2010). Social capital, research and development, and innovation: An empirical analysis of Spanish and Italian regions. European Urban and Regional Studies, 17(4), 371–385.
21. Bathelt, H., Malmberg, A., & Maskell, P. (2004). Clusters and knowledge: Local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation. Progress in Human Geography, 28(1), 31–56.
22. Berggren, N., & Jordahl, H. (2006). Free to trust: Economic freedom and social capital. Kyklos, 59(2), 141–169.
23. Beugelsdijk, S., & Smulders, S. (2003). Bridging and bonding social capital: Which type is good for economic growth. In The cultural diversity of European unity, findings, explanations and reflections from the European values study (pp. 147–184). European Values Survey No. 6.
24. Beugelsdijk, S., & Van Schaik, T. (2005). Differences in social capital between 54 Western European regions. Regional Studies, 39(8), 1053–1064.
25. Boschma, R. A., & Fritsch, M. (2009). Creative class and regional growth: Empirical evidence from seven European countries. Economic Geography, 85(4), 391–423.
26. Bresnahan, T. F., & Trajtenberg, M. (1995). General purpose technologies ‘Engines of growth’? Journal of Econometrics, 65(1), 83–108.
27. Burt, R. S. (2000). The network structure of social capital. Research in Organizational Behavior, 22, 345–423.
28. Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi, P. K. (1986). Econometric models based on count data. Comparisons and applications of some estimators and tests. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 1(1), 29–53.
29. Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi, P. K. (2005). Microeconometrics: Methods and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi, P. K. (2013). Regression analysis of count data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. Coates, D., & Heckelman, J. C. (2003). Interest groups and investment: A further test of the Olson hypothesis. Public Choice, 117(3–4), 333–340.
32. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2013). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. London: Routledge.
33. Coleman, J. S. (1994). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
34. Cooke, P., Clifton, N., & Oleaga, M. (2005). Social capital, firm embeddedness and regional development. Regional Studies, 39(8), 1065–1077.
35. Cowling, M. (2016). You can lead a firm to R&D but can you make it innovate? UK Evidence from SMEs. Small Business Economics. doi:10.1007/s11187-016-9704-2.
36. Cushing, R., Florida, R., & Gates, G. (2002). When social capital stifles innovation. Harvard Business Review, 80(8), 20.
37. Daizadeh, I. (2009). An intellectual property-based corporate strategy: An R&D spend, patent, trademark, media communication, and market price innovation agenda. Scientometrics, 80(3), 731–746.
38. Dakhli, M., & De Clercq, D. (2004). Human capital, social capital, and innovation: A multi-country study. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16(2), 107–128.
39. De Haan, J., & Sturm, J.-E. (2000). On the relationship between economic freedom and economic growth. European Journal of Political Economy, 16(2), 215–241.
40. Donegan, M., Drucker, J., Goldstein, H., Lowe, N., & Malizia, E. (2008). Which indicators explain metropolitan economic performance best? Traditional or creative class. Journal of the American Planning Association, 74(2), 180–195.
41. Dubini, P., & Aldrich, H. (1991). Personal and extended networks are central to the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(5), 305–313.
42. Eagle, N., Macy, M., & Claxton, R. (2010). Network diversity and economic development. Science, 328(5981), 1029–1031.
43. Fagerberg, J., & Srholec, M. (2008). National innovation systems, capabilities and economic development. Research Policy, 37(9), 1417–1435.
44. Fleming, L., & Marx, M. (2006). Managing creativity in small worlds. California Management Review, 48(4), 6.
45. Flikkema, M. J., de Man, A.-P., & Wolters, M. (2010). New trademark registration as an indicator of innovation: Results of an explorative study of Benelux trademark data. Research Memorandum, 9, 1–53.
46. Florida, R. (1995). Toward the learning region. Futures, 27(5), 527–536.
47. Florida, R. (2002a). Bohemia and economic geography. Journal of Economic Geography, 2(1), 55–71.
48. Florida, R. (2002b). The rise of the creative class. The Washington Monthly, 34(5), 15–25.
49. Florida, R. (2003). Cities and the creative class. City & Community, 2(1), 3–19.
50. Florida, R. (2004). The rise of the creative class and how it’s transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life (Paperback Ed.). New York: Basic Books.
51. Florida, R. (2005). Cities and the creative class. London: Routledge.
52. Florida, R. (2014). The creative class and economic development. Economic Development Quarterly, 28(3), 196–205.
53. Florida, R., Cushing, R., & Gates, G. (2002). When social capital stifles innovation. Retrieved from August 2002.
54. Florida, R., & Gates, G. (2003). Technology and tolerance: The importance of diversity to high-technology growth. Research in Urban Policy, 9(1), 199–219.
55. Florida, R., Mellander, C., & Stolarick, K. (2008). Inside the black box of regional development—Human capital, the creative class and tolerance. Journal of Economic Geography, 8(5), 615–649.
56. Fox, J. (2012). The economics of well-being. Harvard Business Review, 90(1/2), 78–83.
57. Franke, R. H., Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1991). Cultural roots of economic performance: A research note. Strategic Management Journal, 12(S1), 165–173.
58. Friedman, M. (2009). Capitalism and freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
59. Fritsch, M., & Stuetzer, M. (2008). The geography of creative people in Germany. International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy, 5(1–3), 7–23.
60. Fujita, M., Krugman, P. R., & Venables, A. J. (2001). The spatial economy: Cities, regions, and international trade. Cambridge: MIT Press.
61. Fukuyama, F. (1999). Social capital and civil society. Third World Quarterly, 22(1), 7–20.
62. Furman, J. L., Porter, M. E., & Stern, S. (2002). The determinants of national innovative capacity. Research Policy, 31(6), 899–933.
63. Ghio, N., Guerini, M., Lehmann, E. E., & Rossi, L. (2015). The emergence of the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 44(1), 1–18. doi:10.1007/s11187-014-9588-y.
64. Glaeser, E. L. (2005). Edward L. Glaeser, Review of Richard Florida’s The Rise of the Creative Class. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 35(5), 593–596.
65. Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380.
66. Granovetter, M. S. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481–510.
67. Griliches, Z. (1998). Patent statistics as economic indicators: A survey part 1. National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper No. 3301 (pp. 1–62).
68. Hansen, M. T. (1999). The search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(1), 82–111.
69. Hauser, C., Tappeiner, G., & Walde, J. (2007). The learning region: The impact of social capital and weak ties on innovation. Regional Studies, 41(1), 75–88.
70. Hausman, J. A., Hall, B. H., & Griliches, Z. (1984). Econometric models for count data with an application to the patents-R&D relationship. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research.
71. Hertog, P. D. (2000). Knowledge-intensive business services as co-producers of innovation. International Journal of Innovation Management, 4(04), 491–528.
72. Hipp, C., & Grupp, H. (2005). Innovation in the service sector: The demand for service-specific innovation measurement concepts and typologies. Research Policy, 34(4), 517–535.
73. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and organizations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 10(4), 15–41.
74. Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural constraints in management theories. The Academy of Management Executive, 7(1), 81–94.
75. Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D. D., & Sanders, G. (1990). Measuring organizational cultures: A qualitative and quantitative study across twenty cases. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(2), 286–316.
76. Hoyman, M., & Faricy, C. (2009). It takes a village a test of the creative class, social capital, and human capital theories. Urban Affairs Review, 44(3), 311–333.
77. Inglehart, R., Foa, R., Peterson, C., & Welzel, C. (2008). Development, freedom, and rising happiness: A global perspective (1981–2007). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(4), 264–285.
78. Jaffe, A. B., Trajtenberg, M., & Henderson, R. (1993). Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 577–598.
79. Johnson, J. P., & Lenartowicz, T. (1999). Culture, freedom and economic growth: do cultural values explain economic growth? Journal of World Business, 33(4), 332–356.
80. Knack, S., & Keefer, P. (1997). Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country investigation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), 1251–1288.
81. Knack, S., & Zak, P. J. (2003). Building trust: Public policy, interpersonal trust, and economic development. Supreme Court Economic Review, 10, 91.
82. Landry, R., Amara, N., & Lamari, M. (2002). Does social capital determine innovation? To what extent? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 69(7), 681–701.
83. Lee, S. M., & Peterson, S. J. (2001). Culture, entrepreneurial orientation, and global competitiveness. Journal of World Business, 35(4), 401–416.
84. Letki, N. (2008). Does diversity erode social cohesion? Social capital and race in British neighbourhoods. Political Studies, 56(1), 99–126.
85. Leyden, D. (2016). Public-sector entrepreneurship and the creation of a sustainable innovative economy. Small Business Economics. doi:10.1007/s11187-016-9706-0.
86. Lin, N. (2002). Social capital: A theory of social structure and action (Vol. 19). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
87. Lin, N., Cook, K. S., & Burt, R. S. (2001). Social capital: Theory and research. Piscataway: Transaction Publishers.
88. Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3–42.
89. Malmberg, C. (2005). Trademark statistics as innovation indicators?-a micro study. CIRCLE Electronic Working Paper Series, 25(17), 1–47.
90. Maskell, P. (2001a). Knowledge creation and diffusion in geographic clusters. International Journal of Innovation Management, 5(02), 213–237.
91. Maskell, P. (2001b). Towards a knowledge-based theory of the geographical cluster. Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(4), 921–943.
92. Maskell, P., & Malmberg, A. (1999). Localised learning and industrial competitiveness. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 23(2), 167–185.
93. McFadyen, M. A., & Cannella, A. A. (2004). Social capital and knowledge creation: Diminishing returns of the number and strength of exchange relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 47(5), 735–746.
94. Mendonça, S., Pereira, T. S., & Godinho, M. M. (2004). Trademarks as an indicator of innovation and industrial change. Research Policy, 33(9), 1385–1404.
95. Morgan, K. (2007). The learning region: Institutions, innovation and regional renewal. Regional Studies, 41(S1), S147–S159.
96. Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242–266.
97. Nelson, R. R., & Rosenberg, N. (1993). Technical innovation and national systems. In R. R. Nelson (Ed.), National innovation systems: A comparative analysis (pp. 1–18). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
98. North, D. C. (1992). Institutions and economic theory. The American Economist, 36(1), 3–6.
99. North, D. C., & Thomas, R. P. (1973). The rise of the western world: A new economic history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
100. Oppenheim, F. E. (2004). Social freedom: Definition, measurability, valuation. Social Choice and Welfare, 22(1), 175–185.
101. Porter, M. E. (1998). Clusters and the new economics of competition (Vol. 76). Boston: Harvard Business Review Boston.
102. Porter, M. E. (2000). Location, competition, and economic development: Local clusters in a global economy. Economic Development Quarterly, 14(1), 15–34.
103. Portes, A. (2000). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24(1998), 1–24.
104. Portes, A., & Landolt, P. (1996). The downside of social capital. The American Prospect, 26(94), 18–21.
105. Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Jouenal of Democeacy, 6, 68.
106. Rausch, S., & Negrey, C. (2006). Does the creative engine run? A consideration of the effect of creative class on economic strength and growth. Journal of Urban Affairs, 28(5), 473–489.
107. Robert, L. P., Dennis, A. R., & Ahuja, M. K. (2008). Social capital and knowledge integration in digitally enabled teams. Information Systems Research, 19(3), 314–334.
108. Romer, P. M. (1990a). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), S71–S102.
109. Romer, P. M. (1990b). Human capital and growth: Theory and evidence. In Paper presented at the Carnegie-Rochester conference series on public policy.
110. Rotberg, R. I. (2014). Good governance means performance and results. Governance, 27(3), 511–518.
111. Roth, F. (2009). Does too much trust hamper economic growth? Kyklos, 62(1), 103–128.
112. Rutten, R., & Boekema, F. (2007). Regional social capital: Embeddedness, innovation networks and regional economic development. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 74(9), 1834–1846.
113. Schneider, G., Plümper, T., & Baumann, S. (2000). Bringing Putnam to the European regions on the relevance of social capital for economic growth. European Urban and Regional Studies, 7(4), 307–317.
114. Schumpeter, J. A. (2013). Capitalism, socialism and democracy. London: Routledge.
115. Scott, A. J., & Storper, M. (2007). Regions, globalization, development. Regional Studies, 41(S1), S191–S205.
116. Smith, A. (1776). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations e. Edwin Cannan (Ed.). Retrieved from http://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN.html.
117. Smith, P. A., Bakker, M., Leenders, R. T. A., Gabbay, S. M., Kratzer, J., & Van Engelen, J. M. (2006). Is trust really social capital? Knowledge sharing in product development projects. The Learning Organization, 13(6), 594–605.
118. Stimson, R. J., Stough, R. R., & Roberts, B. H. (2006). Regional economic development. New York: Springer.
119. Stolarickô, K., & Florida, R. (2006). Creativity, connections and innovation: A study of linkages in the MontreĻal Region. Environment and Planning A, 38(10), 1799–1817.
120. Storper, M., & Scott, A. J. (2009). Rethinking human capital, creativity and urban growth. Journal of Economic Geography, 9(2), 147–167.
121. Taylor, M. Z., & Wilson, S. (2012). Does culture still matter?: The effects of individualism on national innovation rates. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(2), 234–247.
122. Tiessen, J. H. (1997). Individualism, collectivism, and entrepreneurship: A framework for international comparative research. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(5), 367–384.
123. Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907–924.
124. Tura, T., & Harmaakorpi, V. (2005). Social capital in building regional innovative capability. Regional Studies, 39(8), 1111–1125.
125. Uzzi, B., & Spiro, J. (2005). Collaboration and creativity: The small world problem. American Journal of Sociology, 111(2), 447–504.
126. Waldinger, R. D. (1997). Social capital or social closure? Immigrant networks in the labor market. The Ralph and Goldy Lewis Center for Regional Policy Studies., 1997(26), 1–29.
127. Westlund, H., & Adam, F. (2010). Social capital and economic performance: A meta-analysis of 65 studies. European Planning Studies, 18(6), 893–919.
128. Whiteley, P. F. (2000). Economic growth and social capital. Political Studies, 48(3), 443–466.
129. Woolcock, M., & Narayan, D. (2000). Social capital: Implications for development theory, research, and policy. The World Bank Research Observer, 15(2), 225–249.
130. Zheng, W. (2010). A social capital perspective of innovation from individuals to nations: where is empirical literature directing us? International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(2), 151–183.
131. Zimmer, C. (1986). Entrepreneurship through social networks. In D. L. Sexton & R. W. Smilor (Eds.), The art and science of entrepreneurship (pp. 3–23). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Company.