Neuropsychiatric Issues in Parkinson’s Disease

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports

Volumn 16, Issue 5, 2016, Pages

  Cooney, Jeffrey W ^a   Stacy, Mark ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognitive impairment; Depression; Impulse control disorders; Non motor symptoms; Parkinson s disease; Psychosis

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; ATOMOXETINE; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; CLOZAPINE; DONEPEZIL; GALANTAMINE; PRAMIPEXOLE; QUETIAPINE; RIVASTIGMINE; VALPROIC ACID;

ANXIETY DISORDER; APATHY; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEMENTIA; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOPAMINE DYSREGULATION SYNDROME; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; HUMAN; IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDER; MENTAL DISEASE; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; MOOD DISORDER; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; PSYCHOSIS; PUNDING; REVIEW; SYMPTOM; VISUAL HALLUCINATION; ANIMAL; ANXIETY; COGNITION DISORDERS; COMPLICATION; DISRUPTIVE, IMPULSE CONTROL, AND CONDUCT DISORDERS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS;

ANIMALS; ANXIETY; APATHY; COGNITION DISORDERS; DEPRESSION; DISRUPTIVE, IMPULSE CONTROL, AND CONDUCT DISORDERS; HUMANS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS;

EID: 84964034446     PISSN: 15284042     EISSN: 15346293     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11910-016-0647-4     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. Pont-Sunyer C, Hotter A, Gaig C, et al. The onset of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (the ONSET PD study). Mov Disord. 2015;30(2):229–37.
2. Postuma RB, Aarsland D, Barone P, et al. Identifying prodromal Parkinson's disease: pre-motor disorders in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2012;27(5):617–26.
3. Gallagher DA, Schrag A. Psychosis, apathy, depression and anxiety in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2012;46(3):581–9.
4. Reijnders JS, Ehrt U, Weber WE, et al. A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2008;23(2):183–9.
5. Braak H, Del Tredici K. Neuroanatomy and pathology of sporadic Parkinson's disease. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. 2009;201:1–119.
6. Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rub U, et al. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2003;24(2):197–211.
7. Espay AJ, LeWitt PA, Kaufmann H. Norepinephrine deficiency in Parkinson's disease: the case for noradrenergic enhancement. Mov Disord. 2014;29(14):1710–9.
8. Lim SY, Fox SH, Lang AE. Overview of the extranigral aspects of Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(2):167–72.
9. Storch A, Schneider CB, Wolz M, et al. Nonmotor fluctuations in Parkinson disease: severity and correlation with motor complications. Neurology. 2013;80(9):800–9.
10. Nuti A, Ceravolo R, Piccinni A, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in a population of Parkinson's disease patients. Eur J Neurol. 2004;11(5):315–20.
11. Tan LC. Mood disorders in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18 Suppl 1:S74–6.
12. Egede LE. Major depression in individuals with chronic medical disorders: prevalence, correlates and association with health resource utilization, lost productivity and functional disability. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2007;29(5):409–16.
13. Bomasang-Layno E, Fadlon I, Murray AN, et al. Antidepressive treatments for Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21(8):833–42. This review provides a quantitative meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials for treatment of depression in PD. It includes evaluation of drug categories, evaluation ofeffect sizes, and critical assessment of the included articles.
14. Devos D, Dujardin K, Poirot I, et al. Comparison of desipramine and citalopram treatments for depression in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord. 2008;23(6):850–7.
15. Leentjens AF, Vreeling FW, Luijckx GJ, et al. SSRIs in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18(6):552–4.
16. Antonini A, Tesei S, Zecchinelli A, et al. Randomized study of sertraline and low-dose amitriptyline in patients with Parkinson's disease and depression: effect on quality of life. Mov Disord. 2006;21(8):1119–22.
17. Avila A, Cardona X, Martin-Baranera M, et al. Does nefazodone improve both depression and Parkinson disease? A pilot randomized trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;23(5):509–13.
18. Menza M, Dobkin RD, Marin H, et al. A controlled trial of antidepressants in patients with Parkinson disease and depression. Neurology. 2009;72(10):886–92.
19. Richard IH, McDermott MP, Kurlan R, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of antidepressants in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2012;78(16):1229–36. This study demonstrates efficacy of an SSRI and SNRI vs placebo in treating depression in PD.
20. Rios Romenets S. L. Creti, C. Fichten, et al., Doxepin and cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in patients with Parkinson's disease—a randomized study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19(7):670–5.
21. Werneck AL, Rosso AL, Vincent MB. The use of an antagonist 5-HT2a/c for depression and motor function in Parkinson's disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2009;67(2B):407–12.
22. Rektorova I, Rektor I, Bares M, et al. Pramipexole and pergolide in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease: a national multicentre prospective randomized study. Eur J Neurol. 2003;10(4):399–406.
23. Navan P, Findley LJ, Jeffs JA, et al. Randomized, double-blind, 3-month parallel study of the effects of pramipexole, pergolide, and placebo on Parkinsonian tremor. Mov Disord. 2003;18(11):1324–31.
24. Weintraub D, Mavandadi S, Mamikonyan E, et al. Atomoxetine for depression and other neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2010;75(5):448–55.
25. Ondo WG, Shinawi L, Davidson A, et al. Memantine for non-motor features of Parkinson's disease: a double-blind placebo controlled exploratory pilot trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17(3):156–9.
26. Raskin S, Durst R. Bupropion as the treatment of choice in depression associated with Parkinson's disease and it's various treatments. Med Hypotheses. 2010;75(6):544–6.
27. Goetz CG, Tanner CM, Klawans HL. Bupropion in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1984;34(8):1092–4.
28. Zaluska M, Dyduch A. Bupropion in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(2):325–7.
29. Grandas F, Lopez-Manzanares L. Bupropion-induced parkinsonism. Mov Disord. 2007;22(12):1830–1.
30. Cheng WC, Liu CM, Hsieh MH, et al. Bupropion-related parkinsonism and dystonia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29(6):616–8.
31. Barone P, Scarzella L, Marconi R, et al. Pramipexole versus sertraline in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease: a national multicenter parallel-group randomized study. J Neurol. 2006;253(5):601–7.
32. Barone P, Poewe W, Albrecht S, et al. Pramipexole for the treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(6):573–80.
33. Seppi K, Weintraub D, Coelho M, et al. The Movement Disorder Society Evidence-Based Medicine Review Update: Treatments for the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2011;26 Suppl 3:S42–80.
34. Ray Chaudhuri K. P. Martinez-Martin, A. Antonini, et al., Rotigotine and specific non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: post hoc analysis of RECOVER. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19(7):660–5.
35. Leentjens AF. The role of dopamine agonists in the treatment of depression in patients with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. Drugs. 2011;71(3):273–86.
36. Connolly B, Fox SH. Treatment of cognitive, psychiatric, and affective disorders associated with Parkinson's disease. Neurotherapeutics. 2014;11(1):78–91.
37. Carpenter LL, Milosavljevic N, Schecter JM, et al. Augmentation with open-label atomoxetine for partial or nonresponse to antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(10):1234–8.
38. Cantello R, Aguggia M, Gilli M, et al. Major depression in Parkinson's disease and the mood response to intravenous methylphenidate: possible role of the "hedonic" dopamine synapse. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52(6):724–31.
39. Nutt JG, Carter JH, Sexton GJ. The dopamine transporter: importance in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 2004;55(6):766–73.
40. Leentjens AF, Dujardin K, Marsh L, et al. Symptomatology and markers of anxiety disorders in Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional study. Mov Disord. 2011;26(3):484–92.
41. Prediger RD, Matheus FC, Schwarzbold ML, et al. Anxiety in Parkinson's disease: a critical review of experimental and clinical studies. Neuropharmacology. 2012;62(1):115–24.
42. Rutten S, Ghielen I, Vriend C, et al. Anxiety in Parkinson's disease: Symptom dimensions and overlap with depression and autonomic failure. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21(3):189–93.
43. Dissanayaka NN, Sellbach A, Matheson S, et al. Anxiety disorders in Parkinson's disease: prevalence and risk factors. Mov Disord. 2010;25(7):838–45.
44. Couto MI, Monteiro A, Oliveira A, et al. Depression and anxiety following deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Med Port. 2014;27(3):372–82.
45. Witt K, Daniels C, Reiff J, et al. Neuropsychological and psychiatric changes after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: a randomised, multicentre study. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(7):605–14.
46. Dujardin K, Sockeel P, Devos D, et al. Characteristics of apathy in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22(6):778–84.
47. Kulisevsky J, Pagonabarraga J, Pascual-Sedano B, et al. Prevalence and correlates of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease without dementia. Mov Disord. 2008;23(13):1889–96.
48. Pagonabarraga J, Kulisevsky J, Strafella AP, et al. Apathy in Parkinson's disease: clinical features, neural substrates, diagnosis, and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(5):518–31.
49. Butterfield LC, Cimino CR, Oelke LE, et al. The independent influence of apathy and depression on cognitive functioning in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychology. 2010;24(6):721–30.
50. Dujardin K, Sockeel P, Delliaux M, et al. Apathy may herald cognitive decline and dementia in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2009;24(16):2391–7.
51. Martinez-Martin P, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Forjaz MJ, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and caregiver's burden in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21(6):629–34.
52. Devos D, Moreau C, Maltete D, et al. Rivastigmine in apathetic but dementia and depression-free patients with Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(6):668–74.
53. Chatterjee A, Fahn S. Methylphenidate treats apathy in Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;14(4):461–2.
54. Moreau C, Delval A, Defebvre L, et al. Methylphenidate for gait hypokinesia and freezing in patients with Parkinson's disease undergoing subthalamic stimulation: amulticentre, parallel, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(7):589–96.
55. Thobois S, Lhommee E, Klinger H, et al. Parkinsonian apathy responds to dopaminergic stimulation of D2/D3 receptors with piribedil. Brain. 2013;136(Pt 5):1568–77.
56. Czernecki V, Schupbach M, Yaici S, et al. Apathy following subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson disease: a dopamine responsive symptom. Mov Disord. 2008;23(7):964–9.
57. Broeders M, Velseboer DC, de Bie R, et al. Cognitive change in newly-diagnosed patients with Parkinson's disease: a 5-year follow-up study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2013;19(6):695–708.
58. Goldman JG, Litvan I. Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Minerva Med. 2011;102(6):441–59.
59. Litvan I, Aarsland D, Adler CH, et al. MDS Task Force on mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: critical review of PD-MCI. Mov Disord. 2011;26(10):1814–24.
60. Pigott K, Rick J, Xie SX, et al. Longitudinal study of normal cognition in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2015;85(15):1276–82.
61. Hely MA, Reid WG, Adena MA, et al. The Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson's disease: the inevitability of dementia at 20 years. Mov Disord. 2008;23(6):837–44.
62. Dickson DW, Fujishiro H, Orr C, et al. Neuropathology of non-motor features of Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15 Suppl 3:S1–5.
63. Bohnen NI, Kaufer DI, Ivanco LS, et al. Cortical cholinergic function is more severely affected in parkinsonian dementia than in Alzheimer disease: an in vivo positron emission tomographic study. Arch Neurol. 2003;60(12):1745–8.
64. Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A, et al. Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(24):2509–18.
65. Olin JT, Aarsland D, Meng X. Rivastigmine in the treatment of dementia associated with Parkinson's disease: effects on activities of daily living. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2010;29(6):510–5.
66. Schmitt FA, Farlow MR, Meng X, et al. Efficacy of rivastigmine on executive function in patients with Parkinson's disease dementia. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2010;16(6):330–6.
67. Emre M, Poewe W, De Deyn PP, et al. Long-term safety of rivastigmine in parkinson disease dementia: an open-label, randomized study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2014;37(1):9–16.
68. Mamikonyan E, Xie SX, Melvin E, et al. Rivastigmine for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease: a placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord. 2015;30(7):912–8.
69. Dubois B, Tolosa E, Katzenschlager R, et al. Donepezil in Parkinson's disease dementia: a randomized, double-blind efficacy and safety study. Mov Disord. 2012;27(10):1230–8.
70. Aarsland D, Laake K, Larsen JP, et al. Donepezil for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72(6):708–12.
71. Ravina B, Putt M, Siderowf A, et al. Donepezil for dementia in Parkinson's disease: arandomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(7):934–9.
72. Leroi I, Brandt J, Reich SG, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19(1):1–8.
73. Muller T, Welnic J, Fuchs G, et al. The DONPAD-study--treatment of dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease with donepezil. J Neural Transm Suppl. 2006;71:27–30.
74. Rowan E, McKeith IG, Saxby BK, et al. Effects of donepezil on central processing speed and attentional measures in Parkinson's disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2007;23(3):161–7.
75. Thomas AJ, Burn DJ, Rowan EN, et al. A comparison of the efficacy of donepezil in Parkinson's disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;20(10):938–44.
76. Litvinenko IV, Odinak MM, Mogil'naya VI, et al. Efficacy and safety of galantamine (reminyl) for dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease (an open controlled trial). Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2008;38(9):937–45.
77. Aarsland D, Hutchinson M, Larsen JP. Cognitive, psychiatric and motor response to galantamine in Parkinson's disease with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18(10):937–41.
78. Grace J, Amick MM, Friedman JH. A double-blind comparison of galantamine hydrobromide ER and placebo in Parkinson disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(1):18–23.
79. Aarsland D, Ballard C, Walker Z, et al. Memantine in patients with Parkinson'sdisease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(7):613–8.
80. Emre M, Tsolaki M, Bonuccelli U, et al. Memantine for patients with Parkinson's disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(10):969–77.
81. Leroi I, Overshott R, Byrne EJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial of memantine in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2009;24(8):1217–21.
82. Wesnes KA, Aarsland D, Ballard C, et al. Memantine improves attention and episodic memory in Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;30(1):46–54.
83. Leroi I, Atkinson R, Overshott R. Memantine improves goal attainment and reduces caregiver burden in Parkinson's disease with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;29(9):899–905.
84. Larsson V, Engedal K, Aarsland D, et al. Quality of life and the effect of memantine in dementia with lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2011;32(4):227–34.
85. Stubendorff K, Larsson V, Ballard C, et al. Treatment effect of memantine on survival in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with dementia: a prospective study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(7):e005158.
86. Hanagasi HA, Gurvit H, Unsalan P, et al. The effects of rasagiline on cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease patients without dementia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Mov Disord. 2011;26(10):1851–8.
87. Marsh L, Biglan K, Gerstenhaber M, et al. Atomoxetine for the treatment of executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a pilot open-label study. Mov Disord. 2009;24(2):277–82.
88. Fenelon G, Alves G. Epidemiology of psychosis in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci. 2010;289(1–2):12–7.
89. Hely MA, Morris JG, Reid WG, et al. Sydney Multicenter Study of Parkinson's disease: non-L-dopa-responsive problems dominate at 15 years. Mov Disord. 2005;20(2):190–9.
90. Aarsland D, Ballard C, Larsen JP, et al. A comparative study of psychiatric symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with and without dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16(5):528–36.
91. Pagonabarraga J, Martinez-Horta S, Fernández de Bobadilla R, et al., Minor hallucinations occur in drug-naive Parkinson's disease patients, even from the premotor phase. Mov Disord. 2016;31(1):45–52.
92. Fenelon G, Goetz CG, Karenberg A. Hallucinations in Parkinson disease in the prelevodopa era. Neurology. 2006;66(1):93–8.
93. Inzelberg R, Kipervasser S, Korczyn AD. Auditory hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64(4):533–5.
94. Ballanger B, Strafella AP, van Eimeren T, et al. Serotonin 2A receptors and visual hallucinations in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(4):416–21.
95. Oh YS, Kim JS, Lee PH. Effect of Rivastigmine on Behavioral and Psychiatric Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease Dementia. J Mov Disord. 2015;8(2):98–102.
96. Bullock R, Cameron A. Rivastigmine for the treatment of dementia and visual hallucinations associated with Parkinson's disease: a case series. Curr Med Res Opin. 2002;18(5):258–64.
97. Sobow T. Parkinson's disease-related visual hallucinations unresponsive to atypical antipsychotics treated with cholinesterase inhibitors: a case series. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2007;41(3):276–9.
98. Fabbrini G, Barbanti P, Aurilia C, et al. Donepezil in the treatment of hallucinations and delusions in Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci. 2002;23(1):41–3.
99. Kurita A, Ochiai Y, Kono Y, et al. The beneficial effect of donepezil on visual hallucinations in three patients with Parkinson's disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2003;16(3):184–8.
100. Low-dose clozapine for the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease. The Parkinson Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999. 340(10): p. 757–63.
101. Factor SA, Friedman JH, Lannon MC, et al. Clozapine for the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease: results of the 12 week open label extension in the PSYCLOPS trial. Mov Disord. 2001;16(1):135–9.
102. Pollak P, Tison F, Rascol O, et al. Clozapine in drug induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, placebo controlled study with open follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(5):689–95.
103. Tauscher J, Hussain T, Agid O, et al. Equivalent occupancy of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors with clozapine: differentiation from other atypical antipsychotics. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(9):1620–5.
104. Dewey Jr RB. and P.E. O'Suilleabhain, Treatment of drug-induced psychosis with quetiapine and clozapine in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 2000;55(11):1753–4.
105. Fernandez HH, Friedman JH, Jacques C, et al. Quetiapine for the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 1999;14(3):484–7.
106. Targum SD, Abbott JL. Efficacy of quetiapine in Parkinson's patients with psychosis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20(1):54–60.
107. Fernandez HH, Okun MS, Rodriguez RL, et al. Quetiapine improves visual hallucinations in Parkinson disease but not through normalization of sleep architecture: results from a double-blind clinical-polysomnography study. Int J Neurosci. 2009;119(12):2196–205.
108. Ondo WG, Tintner R, Voung KD, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, unforced titration parallel trial of quetiapine for dopaminergic-induced hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2005;20(8):958–63.
109. Rabey JM, Prokhorov T, Miniovitz A, et al. Effect of quetiapine in psychotic Parkinson's disease patients: a double-blind labeled study of 3 months' duration. Mov Disord. 2007;22(3):313–8.
110. Shotbolt P, Samuel M, Fox C, et al. A randomized controlled trial of quetiapine for psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2009;5:327–32.
111. Kurlan R, Cummings J, Raman R, et al. Quetiapine for agitation or psychosis in patients with dementia and parkinsonism. Neurology. 2007;68(17):1356–63.
112. Morgante L, Epifanio A, Spina E, et al. Quetiapine and clozapine in parkinsonian patients with dopaminergic psychosis. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2004;27(4):153–6.
113. Merims D, Balas M, Peretz C, et al. Rater-blinded, prospective comparison: quetiapine versus clozapine for Parkinson's disease psychosis. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2006;29(6):331–7.
114. Pintor L, Valldeoriola F, Bailles E, et al. Ziprasidone versus clozapine in the treatment of psychotic symptoms in Parkinson disease: a randomized open clinical trial. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2012;35(2):61–6.
115. Gomez-Esteban JC, Zarranz JJ, Velasco F, et al. Use of ziprasidone in parkinsonian patients with psychosis. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2005;28(3):111–4.
116. Schindehutte J, Trenkwalder C. Treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease with ziprasidone can induce severe dose-dependent off-periods and pathological laughing. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2007;109(2):188–91.
117. Breier A, Sutton VK, Feldman PD, et al. Olanzapine in the treatment of dopamimetic-induced psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(5):438–45.
118. Goetz CG, Blasucci LM, Leurgans S, et al. Olanzapine and clozapine: comparative effects on motor function in hallucinating PD patients. Neurology. 2000;55(6):789–94.
119. Ondo WG, Levy JK, Vuong KD, et al. Olanzapine treatment for dopaminergic-induced hallucinations. Mov Disord. 2002;17(5):1031–5.
120. Factor SA, Molho ES, Friedman JH. Risperidone and Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2002;17(1):221–2.
121. Fernandez HH, Trieschmann ME, Friedman JH. Aripiprazole for drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson disease: preliminary experience. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2004;27(1):4–5.
122. Friedman JH, Berman RM, Goetz CG, et al. Open-label flexible-dose pilot study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of aripiprazole in patients with psychosis associated with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2006;21(12):2078–81.
123. Wickremaratchi M, Morris HR, Ali IM. Aripiprazole associated with severe exacerbation of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2006;21(9):1538–9.
124. Cummings J, Isaacson S, Mills R, et al. Pimavanserin for patients with Parkinson's disease psychosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9916):533–40. This study demonstrates efficacy of a novel agent for treating psychosis in Parkinson's disease, without dopamine blockade or worsening of motor symptoms.
125. Meltzer HY, Mills R, Revell S, et al. Pimavanserin, a serotonin(2A) receptor inverse agonist, for the treatment of parkinson's disease psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35(4):881–92.
126. Weintraub D, David AS, Evans AH, et al. Clinical spectrum of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30(2):121–7. This manuscript reviews the range of symptoms comprising impulse control disorders, including pathological gambling, buying, sexual behaviors, and dopamine dysregulation syndrome.
127. Weintraub D, Koester J, Potenza MN, et al. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: a cross-sectional study of 3090 patients. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(5):589–95.
128. Bastiaens J, Dorfman BJ, Christos PJ, et al. Prospective cohort study of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2013;28(3):327–33.
129. Hassan A, Bower JH, Kumar N, et al. Dopamine agonist-triggered pathological behaviors: surveillance in the PD clinic reveals high frequencies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17(4):260–4.
130. Ceravolo R, Frosini D, Rossi C, et al. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: definition, epidemiology, risk factors, neurobiology and management. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15 Suppl 4:S111–5.
131. Garcia-Ruiz PJ, Martinez Castrillo JC, Alonso-Canovas A, et al. Impulse control disorder in patients with Parkinson's disease under dopamine agonist therapy: a multicentre study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(8):840–4.
132. Vitale C, Santangelo G, Erro R, et al. Impulse control disorders induced by rasagiline as adjunctive therapy for Parkinson's disease: report of 2 cases. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19(4):483–4.
133. Thomas A, Bonanni L, Gambi F, et al. Pathological gambling in Parkinson disease is reduced by amantadine. Ann Neurol. 2010;68(3):400–4.
134. Rabinak CA, Nirenberg MJ. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(1):58–63.
135. Pondal M, Marras C, Miyasaki J, et al. Clinical features of dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in a movement disorders clinic. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(2):130–5.
136. Papay K, Xie SX, Stern M, et al. Naltrexone for impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: a placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 2014;83(9):826–33.
137. Liang JW, Shanker VL, Groves M. Naltrexone for impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: a placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 2015;84(13):1386–7.
138. Rotondo A, Bosco D, Plastino M, et al. Clozapine for medication-related pathological gambling in Parkinson disease. Mov Disord. 2010;25(12):1994–5.
139. Sevincok L, Akoglu A, Akyol A. Quetiapine in a case with Parkinson disease and pathological gambling. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27(1):107–8.
140. Hardwick A, Ward H, Hassan A, et al. Clozapine as a potential treatment for refractory impulsive, compulsive, and punding behaviors in Parkinson's disease. Neurocase. 2013;19(6):587–91.
141. Bermejo PE. Topiramate in managing impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008;14(5):448–9.
142. Kim YE, Kim HJ, Kim HJ, et al. Impulse control and related behaviors after bilateral subthalamic stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Clin Neurosci. 2013;20(7):964–9.
143. Lhommee E, Klinger H, Thobois S, et al. Subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson's disease: restoring the balance of motivated behaviours. Brain. 2012;135(Pt 5):1463–77.
144. Moum SJ, Price CC, Limotai N, et al. Effects of STN and GPi deep brain stimulation on impulse control disorders and dopamine dysregulation syndrome. PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e29768.
145. Amami P, Dekker I, Piacentini S, et al. Impulse control behaviours in patients with Parkinson's disease after subthalamic deep brain stimulation: de novo cases and 3-year follow-up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86(5):562–4.
146. Broen M, Duits A, Visser-Vandewalle V, et al. Impulse control and related disorders in Parkinson's disease patients treated with bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation: a review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17(6):413–7.
147. Catalan MJ, de Pablo-Fernandez E, Villanueva C, et al. Levodopa infusion improves impulsivity and dopamine dysregulation syndrome in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2013;28(14):2007–10.
148. Pezzella FR, Colosimo C, Vanacore N, et al. Prevalence and clinical features of hedonistic homeostatic dysregulation in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2005;20(1):77–81.
149. Evans AH, Lawrence AD, Potts J, et al. Factors influencing susceptibility to compulsive dopaminergic drug use in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2005;65(10):1570–4.
150. Cilia R, Siri C, Canesi M, et al. Dopamine dysregulation syndrome in Parkinson's disease: from clinical and neuropsychological characterisation to management and long-term outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(3):311–8.
151. Evans AH, Katzenschlager R, Paviour D, et al. Punding in Parkinson's disease: its relation to the dopamine dysregulation syndrome. Mov Disord. 2004;19(4):397–405.
152. O'Sullivan SS, Djamshidian A, Evans AH, et al. Excessive hoarding in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2010;25(8):1026–33.
153. Samuel M, Rodriguez-Oroz M, Antonini A, et al. Management of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: Controversies and future approaches. Mov Disord. 2015;30(2):150–9. This review provides a critical assessment of management options for impulse control disorders in PD.
154. Salomone G, Marano M, di Biase L, et al. Dopamine dysregulation syndrome and punding in levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) infusion: A serious but preventable complication. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21(9):1124–5.
155. Solla P, Cannas A, Marrosu MG et al. Dopamine dysregulation syndrome in Parkinson's disease patients on levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21(11):1383--4.
156. Sriram A, Ward HE, Hassan A, et al. Valproate as a treatment for dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2013;260(2):521–7.
157. Epstein J, Madiedo CJ, Lai L, et al. Successful treatment of dopamine dysregulation syndrome with valproic acid. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;26(3):E3.
158. Fasano A, Ricciardi L, Pettorruso M, et al. Management of punding in Parkinson's disease: an open-label prospective study. J Neurol. 2011;258(4):656–60.
159. Kashihara K, Imamura T. Amantadine may reverse punding in Parkinson's disease-observation in a patient. Mov Disord. 2008;23(1):129–30.
160. Okai D, Askey-Jones S, Samuel M, et al. Trial of CBT for impulse control behaviors affecting Parkinson patients and their caregivers. Neurology. 2013;80(9):792–9.
161. Eusebio A, Witjas T, Cohen J, et al. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation and compulsive use of dopaminergic medication in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(8):868–74.
162. Okun MS, Weintraub D. Should impulse control disorders and dopamine dysregulation syndrome be indications for deep brain stimulation and intestinal levodopa? Mov Disord. 2013;28(14):1915–9.