The movement disorder society evidence-based medicine review update: Treatments for the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease

Movement Disorders

Volumn 26, Issue SUPPL. 3, 2011, Pages

  Seppi, Klaus ^a   Weintraub, Daniel ^b   Coelho, Miguel ^c   Perez Lloret, Santiago ^d   Fox, Susan H ^e   Katzenschlager, Regina ^f   Hametner, Eva Maria ^a   Poewe, Werner ^a   Rascol, Olivier ^d   Goetz, Christopher G ^g   Sampaio, Cristina ^h  

^a INNSBRUCK MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^c HOSPITAL DE SANTA MARIA   (Portugal)

^d TOULOUSE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

^e TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^f DANUBE HOSPITAL   (Austria)

^g RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF LISBON   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Dopamine agonists; Evidence based medicine; Omega 3 fatty acids; Parkinson's disease; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs); Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Tricyclic antidepressants

Indexed keywords

AMANTADINE; AMITRIPTYLINE; ATOMOXETINE; BOTULINUM TOXIN A; BOTULINUM TOXIN B; CARBIDOPA PLUS LEVODOPA; CITALOPRAM; CLOZAPINE; DESIPRAMINE; DOMPERIDONE; DONEPEZIL; FLUDROCORTISONE; FLUOXETINE; GALANTAMINE; GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE; IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE; MACROGOL; MELATONIN; MEMANTINE; METHYLPHENIDATE; MODAFINIL; NEFAZODONE; NORTRIPTYLINE; PAROXETINE; PERGOLIDE; PRAMIPEXOLE; QUETIAPINE; RIVASTIGMINE; SERTRALINE; SILDENAFIL; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; AGGRESSION; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; ASTHENIA; BACKACHE; BALANCE DISORDER; BLURRED VISION; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CONFUSION; CONSTIPATION; CORNEA EDEMA; DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE; DELUSION; DEMENTIA; DEPRESSION; DIARRHEA; DIPLOPIA; DIZZINESS; DRESS SYNDROME; DROWSINESS; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DRY NOSE; DYSKINESIA; DYSPEPSIA; DYSPHAGIA; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FALLING; FATIGUE; FLUSHING; GAIT DISORDER; HALLUCINATION; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERHIDROSIS; HYPERSALIVATION; HYPOTENSION; HYPOTHYROIDISM; INSOMNIA; LIVER TOXICITY; LOW DRUG DOSE; MANIA; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; NAUSEA; NECK PAIN; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLING; PATIENT SAFETY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RASH; RHINORRHEA; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP DISORDER; SOMNOLENCE; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TACHYCARDIA; TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREMOR; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; URINARY FREQUENCY; URINE RETENTION; VERTIGO; VISUAL HALLUCINATION; VOMITING; XEROSTOMIA;

ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; COGNITION DISORDERS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; MOOD DISORDERS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SLEEP DISORDERS, INTRINSIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 80051500137     PISSN: 08853185     EISSN: 15318257     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mds.23884     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Lim SY, Lang AE. The nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease-an overview. Mov Disord. 2010; 25( Suppl 1): S123-S130.
2. Poewe W. The natural history of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2006; 253( Suppl 7): VII2-VII6.
3. Hely MA, Morris JG, Reid WG, Trafficante R. Sydney Multicenter Study of Parkinson's disease: non-L-dopa-responsive problems dominate at 15 years. Mov Disord. 2005; 20: 190-199.
4. Sackett DL, Straus S, Richardson S, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB. Evidence-Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM. 2nd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2000.
5. Goetz C, Koller W, Poewe W. Management of Parkinson's disease: an evidence-based review. Mov Disord. 2002; 17( Suppl 4): 1-166.
6. Goetz C, Poewe W, Rascol O, Sampaio C. Evidence-based medical review update: pharmacological and surgical treatments of Parkinson's disease: 2001 to 2004. Mov Disord. 2005; 20: 523-539.
7. Antonini A, Tesei S, Zecchinelli A, et al. Randomized study of sertraline and low-dose amitriptyline in patients with Parkinson's disease and depression: effect on quality of life. Mov Disord. 2006; 21: 1119-1122.
8. Barone P, Scarzella L, Marconi R, et al. Pramipexole versus sertraline in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease: a national multicenter parallel-group randomized study. J Neurol. 2006; 253: 601-607.
9. da Silva T, Munhoz R, Alvarez C, et al. Depression in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of omega-3 fatty-acid supplementation. J Affect Disord. 2008; 111: 351-359.
10. Devos D, Dujardin K, Poirot I, et al. Comparison of desipramine and citalopram treatments for depression in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord. 2008; 23: 850-857.
11. Leentjens A, Vreeling F, Luijckx G, Verhey F. SSRIs in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003; 18: 552-554.
12. Wermuth L, Sørensen P, et al. Depression in idiopathic Parkinson's disease treated with citalopram: a placebo-controlled trial. Nord J Psychiatry. 1998; 52: 163-169.
13. Avila A, Cardona X, Martin-Baranera M, Maho P, Sastre F, Bello J. Does nefazodone improve both depression and Parkinson disease? A pilot randomized trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003; 23: 509-513.
14. Fregni F, Santos C, Myczkowski M, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is as effective as fluoxetine in the treatment of depression in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004; 75: 1171-1174.
15. Menza M, Dobkin R, Marin H, et al. A controlled trial of antidepressants in patients with Parkinson disease and depression. Neurology. 2009; 72: 886-892.
16. Rektorová I, Rektor I, Bares M, et al. Pramipexole and pergolide in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease: a national multicentre prospective randomized study. Eur J Neurol. 2003; 10: 399-406.
17. Pal E, Nagy F, Aschermann Z, Balazs E, Kovacs N. The impact of left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on depression in Parkinson's disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord. 2010; 25: 2311-2317.
18. Barone P, Poewe W, Albrecht S, et al. Pramipexole for the treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9: 573-580.
19. Weintraub D, Mavandadi S, Mamikonyan E, et al. Atomoxetine for depression and other neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2010; 75: 448-455.
20. Witjas T, Kaphan E, Azulay JP, et al. Nonmotor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease: frequent and disabling. Neurology. 2002; 59: 408-413.
21. Maricle RA, Nutt JG, Valentine RJ, Carter JH. Dose-response relationship of levodopa with mood and anxiety in fluctuating Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 1995; 45: 1757-1760.
22. Jouvent R, Abensour P, Bonnet AM, Widlocher D, Agid Y, Lhermitte F. Antiparkinsonian and antidepressant effects of high doses of bromocriptine. An independent comparison. J Affect Disord. 1983; 5: 141-145.
23. Serrano-Duenas M. [A comparison between low doses of amitriptyline and low doses of fluoxetin used in the control of depression in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease]. Rev Neurol. 2002; 35: 1010-1014. [Spanish].
24. Richard IH, Kurlan R. A survey of antidepressant drug use in Parkinson's disease. Parkinson Study Group. Neurology. 1997; 49: 1168-1170.
25. Weintraub D, Morales KH, Moberg PJ, et al. Antidepressant studies in Parkinson's disease: a review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2005; 20: 1161-1169.
26. Ceravolo R, Nuti A, Piccinni A, et al. Paroxetine in Parkinson's disease: effects on motor and depressive symptoms. Neurology. 2000; 55: 1216-1218.
27. Leo RJ. Movement disorders associated with the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996; 57: 449-454.
28. Richard IH, Kurlan R, Tanner C, et al. Serotonin syndrome and the combined use of deprenyl and an antidepressant in Parkinson's disease. Parkinson Study Group. Neurology. 1997; 48: 1070-1077.
29. Jacob S, Spinler SA. Hyponatremia associated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in older adults. Ann Pharmacother. 2006; 40: 1618-1622.
30. Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals Inc. Nefazodone hydrochloride tablet. 2008. Available at: Accessed July 6, 2011.
31. Sproesser E, Viana M, Quagliato E, de Souza E. The effect of psychotherapy in patients with PD: a controlled study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010; 16: 298-300.
32. Mendonça D, Menezes K, Jog M. Methylphenidate improves fatigue scores in Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. Mov Disord. 2007; 22: 2070-2076.
33. Lou J, Dimitrova D, Park B, et al. Using modafinil to treat fatigue in Parkinson disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2009; 32: 305-310.
34. Tyne H, Taylor J, Baker G, Steiger M. Modafinil for Parkinson's disease fatigue. J Neurol. 2010; 257: 452-456.
35. Llana ME, Crismon ML. Methylphenidate: increased abuse or appropriate use? J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 1999; 39: 526-530.
36. Dafny N, Yang PB. The role of age, genotype, sex, and route of acute and chronic administration of methylphenidate: a review of its locomotor effects. Brain Res Bull. 2006; 68: 393-405.
37. Dolder CR, Davis LN, McKinsey J. Use of psychostimulants in patients with dementia. Ann Pharmacother. 2010; 44: 1624-1632.
38. Cephalon, Inc. Provigil (modafinil) tablet. 2010. Available at: Accessed July 6, 2011.
39. Thomas A, Bonanni L, Gambi F, Di Iorio A, Onofrj M. Pathological gambling in Parkinson disease is reduced by amantadine. Ann Neurol. 2010; 68: 400-404.
40. Kubo S, Iwatake A, Ebihara N, Murakami A, Hattori N. Visual impairment in Parkinson's disease treated with amantadine: case report and review of the literature. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008; 14: 166-169.
41. Weintraub D, Sohr M, Potenza MN, et al. Amantadine use associated with impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease in cross-sectional study. Ann Neurol. 2010; 68: 963-968.
42. Aarsland D, Laake K, Larsen J, Janvin C. Donepezil for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002; 72: 708-712.
43. Ravina B, Putt M, Siderowf A, et al. Donepezil for dementia in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005; 76: 934-939.
44. Leroi I, Brandt J, Reich S, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004; 19: 1-8.
45. Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A, et al. Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 2509-2518.
46. Litvinenko I, Odinak M, Mogil'naya V, Emelin A. Efficacy and safety of galantamine (reminyl) for dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease (an open controlled trial). Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2008; 38: 937-945.
47. Leroi I, Overshott R, Byrne E, Daniel E, Burns A. Randomized controlled trial of memantine in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2009; 24: 1217-1221.
48. Aarsland D, Ballard C, Walker Z, et al. Memantine in patients with Parkinson's disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol. 2009; 8: 613-618.
49. Emre M, Tsolaki M, Bonuccelli U, et al. Memantine for patients with Parkinson's disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9: 969-977.
50. McShane R, Areosa Sastre A, Minakaran N. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006: CD003154.
51. Factor S, Friedman J, Lannon M, Oakes D, Bourgeois K, Group PS. Clozapine for the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease: results of the 12 week open label extension in the PSYCLOPS trial. Mov Disord. 2001; 16: 135-139.
52. Pollak P, Tison F, Rascol O, et al. Clozapine in drug induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, placebo controlled study with open follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004; 75: 689-695.
53. Morgante L, Epifanio A, Spina E, et al. Quetiapine and clozapine in parkinsonian patients with dopaminergic psychosis. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2004; 27: 153-156.
54. Merims D, Balas M, Peretz C, Shabtai H, Giladi N. Rater-blinded, prospective comparison: quetiapine versus clozapine for Parkinson's disease psychosis. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2006; 29: 331-337.
55. Honigfeld G, Arellano F, Sethi J, Bianchini A, Schein J. Reducing clozapine-related morbidity and mortality: 5 years of experience with the Clozaril National Registry. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998; 59( Suppl 3): 3-7.
56. Breier A, Sutton V, Feldman P, et al. Olanzapine in the treatment of dopamimetic-induced psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2002; 52: 438-445.
57. Ondo W, Levy J, Vuong K, Hunter C, Jankovic J. Olanzapine treatment for dopaminergic-induced hallucinations. Mov Disord. 2002; 17: 1031-1035.
58. Trifiro G, Spina E, Gambassi G. Use of antipsychotics in elderly patients with dementia: do atypical and conventional agents have a similar safety profile? Pharmacol Res. 2009; 59: 1-12.
59. Bullock R. Treatment of behavioural and psychiatric symptoms in dementia: implications of recent safety warnings. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005; 21: 1-10.
60. Ondo W, Tintner R, Voung K, Lai D, Ringholz G. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, unforced titration parallel trial of quetiapine for dopaminergic-induced hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2005; 20: 958-963.
61. Rabey J, Prokhorov T, Miniovitz A, Dobronevsky E, Klein C. Effect of quetiapine in psychotic Parkinson's disease patients: a double-blind labeled study of 3 months' duration. Mov Disord. 2007; 22: 313-318.
62. Shotbolt P, Samuel M, Fox C, David A. A randomized controlled trial of quetiapine for psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2009; 5: 327-332.
63. Fernandez HH, Okun MS, Rodriguez RL, et al. Quetiapine improves visual hallucinations in Parkinson disease but not through normalization of sleep architecture: results from a double-blind clinical-polysomnography study. Int J Neurosci. 2009; 119: 2196-2205.
64. Stephani C, Trenkwalder C. Rhabdomyolysis after low-dose quetiapine in a patient with Parkinson's disease with drug-induced psychosis: a case report. Mov Disord. 2010; 25: 782-783.
65. Fernandez HH, Trieschmann ME, Burke MA, Jacques C, Friedman JH. Long-term outcome of quetiapine use for psychosis among Parkinsonian patients. Mov Disord. 2003; 18: 510-514.
66. Reddy S, Factor SA, Molho ES, Feustel PJ. The effect of quetiapine on psychosis and motor function in parkinsonian patients with and without dementia. Mov Disord. 2002; 17: 676-681.
67. Schoffer K, Henderson R, O'Maley K, O'sullivan J. Nonpharmacological treatment, fludrocortisone, and domperidone for orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2007; 22: 1543-1549.
68. Lahrmann H, Cortelli P, Hilz M, Mathias CJ, Struhal W, Tassinari M. EFNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of orthostatic hypotension. Eur J Neurol. 2006; 13: 930-936.
69. Hussain I, Brady C, Swinn M, Mathias C, Fowler C. Treatment of erectile dysfunction with sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in parkinsonism due to Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy with observations on orthostatic hypotension. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001; 71: 371-374.
70. Safarinejad MR, Taghva A, Shekarchi B, Safarinejad S. Safety and efficacy of sildenafil citrate in the treatment of Parkinson-emergent erectile dysfunction: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Int J Impot Res. 2010; 22: 325-335.
71. Briganti A, Salonia A, Gallina A, et al. Drug Insight: oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2005; 2: 239-247.
72. Sullivan K, Staffetti J, Hauser R, Dunne P, Zesiewicz T. Tegaserod (Zelnorm) for the treatment of constipation in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2006; 21: 115-116.
73. Zangaglia R, Martignoni E, Glorioso M, et al. Macrogol for the treatment of constipation in Parkinson's disease. A randomized placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord. 2007; 22: 1239-1244.
74. Lee-Robichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, Nelson RL. Lactulose versus polyethylene glycol for chronic constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010: CD007570.
75. Dogu O, Apaydin D, Sevim S, Talas D, Aral M. Ultrasound-guided versus 'blind' intraparotid injections of botulinum toxin-A for the treatment of sialorrhoea in patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2004; 106: 93-96.
76. Kalf J, Smit A, Bloem B, Zwarts M, Mulleners W, Munneke M. Botulinum toxin A for drooling in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study to compare submandibular to parotid gland injections. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007; 13: 532-534.
77. Lagalla G, Millevolte M, Capecci M, Provinciali L, Ceravolo M. Botulinum toxin type A for drooling in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord. 2006; 21: 704-707.
78. Steinlechner S, Klein C, Moser A, Lencer R, Hagenah J. Botulinum toxin B as an effective and safe treatment for neuroleptic-induced sialorrhea. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010; 207: 593-597.
79. Thomsen T, Galpern W, Asante A, Arenovich T, Fox S. Ipratropium bromide spray as treatment for sialorrhea in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2007; 22: 2268-2273.
80. Arbouw M, Movig K, Koopmann M, et al. Glycopyrrolate for sialorrhea in Parkinson disease: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Neurology. 2010; 74: 1203-1207.
81. Gross NJ. Anticholinergic agents in asthma and COPD. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006; 533: 36-39.
82. Hockstein NG, Samadi DS, Gendron K, Handler SD. Sialorrhea: a management challenge. Am Fam Physician. 2004; 69: 2628-2634.
83. Blasco PA, Stansbury JC. Glycopyrrolate treatment of chronic drooling. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996; 150: 932-935.
84. Ondo W, Hunter C, Moore W. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of botulinum toxin B for sialorrhea in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 2004; 62: 37-40.
85. Lagalla G, Millevolte M, Capecci M, Provinciali L, Ceravolo M. Long-lasting benefits of botulinum toxin type B in Parkinson's disease-related drooling. J Neurol. 2009; 256: 563-567.
86. Mancini F, Zangaglia R, Cristina S, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of drooling in parkinsonism. Mov Disord. 2003; 18: 685-688.
87. Lipp A, Trottenberg T, Schink T, Kupsch A, Arnold G. A randomized trial of botulinum toxin A for treatment of drooling. Neurology. 2003; 61: 1279-1281.
88. Stocchi F, Barbato L, Nordera G, Berardelli A, Ruggieri S. Sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 1998; 245( Suppl 1): S15-S18.
89. Comella C, Morrissey M, Janko K. Nocturnal activity with nighttime pergolide in Parkinson disease: a controlled study using actigraphy. Neurology. 2005; 64: 1450-1451.
90. Menza M, Dobkin RD, Marin H, et al. Treatment of insomnia in Parkinson's disease: a controlled trial of eszopiclone and placebo. Mov Disord. 2010; 25: 1708-1714.
91. Dowling G, Mastick J, Colling E, Carter J, Singer C, Aminoff M. Melatonin for sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease. Sleep Med. 2005; 6: 459-466.
92. Medeiros C, Carvalhedo de Bruin P, Lopes L, Magalhães M, de Lourdes Seabra M, de Bruin V. Effect of exogenous melatonin on sleep and motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Neurol. 2007; 254: 459-464.
93. Trenkwalder C, Kies B, Rudzinska M, et al. Rotigotine effects on early morning motor function and sleep in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study (RECOVER). Mov Disord. 2011; 26: 90-99.
94. Arias P, Vivas J, Grieve KL, Cudeiro J. Double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial on the effect of 10 days low-frequency rTMS over the vertex on sleep in Parkinson's disease. Sleep Med. 2010; 11: 759-765.
95. McCrae CS, Ross A, Stripling A, Dautovich ND. Eszopiclone for late-life insomnia. Clin Interv Aging. 2007; 2: 313-326.
96. Caremark L.L.C. Lunesta (eszopiclone) tablet, coated. 2009. Available at: Accessed July 6, 2011.
97. Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N, et al. The efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for primary sleep disorders. A meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2005; 20: 1151-1158.
98. Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Pandya R, et al. Melatonin for treatment of sleep disorders. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ). 2004: 1-7.
99. Högl B, Saletu M, Brandauer E, et al. Modafinil for the treatment of daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled polygraphic trial. Sleep. 2002; 25: 905-909.
100. Ondo W, Fayle R, Atassi F, Jankovic J. Modafinil for daytime somnolence in Parkinson's disease: double blind, placebo controlled parallel trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005; 76: 1636-1639.
101. Adler C, Caviness J, Hentz J, Lind M, Tiede J. Randomized trial of modafinil for treating subjective daytime sleepiness in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2003; 18: 287-293.
102. Caremark L.L.C. Provigil (modafinil) tablet. 2010. Available at: Accessed: July 6, 2011.
103. Fournier JC, DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, et al. Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity: a patient-level meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010; 303: 47-53.
104. Chaudhuri KR, Prieto-Jurcynska C, Naidu Y, et al. The nondeclaration of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease to health care professionals: an international study using the nonmotor symptoms questionnaire. Mov Disord. 2010; 25: 697-701.
105. Chaudhuri KR, Martinez-Martin P, Schapira AH, et al. International multicenter pilot study of the first comprehensive self-completed nonmotor symptoms questionnaire for Parkinson's disease: the NMSQuest study. Mov Disord. 2006; 21: 916-923.
106. Chaudhuri KR, Martinez-Martin P, Brown RG, et al. The metric properties of a novel non-motor symptoms scale for Parkinson's disease: results from an international pilot study. Mov Disord. 2007; 22: 1901-1911.
107. Goetz CG, Tilley BC, Shaftman SR, et al. Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov Disord. 2008; 23: 2129-2170.
108. Goetz CG, Fahn S, Martinez-Martin P, et al. Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): process, format, and clinimetric testing plan. Mov Disord. 2007; 22: 41-47.
109. Lees AJ, Smith E. Cognitive deficits in the early stages of Parkinson's disease. Brain. 1983; 106( Pt 2): 257-270.
110. Dubois B, Burn D, Goetz C, et al. Diagnostic procedures for Parkinson's disease dementia: recommendations from the movement disorder society task force. Mov Disord. 2007; 22: 2314-2324.
111. Troster AI. Neuropsychological characteristics of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with dementia: differentiation, early detection, and implications for "mild cognitive impairment" and biomarkers. Neuropsychol Rev. 2008; 18: 103-119.
112. Dubois B. Is PD-MCI a useful concept? Mov Disord. 2007; 22: 1215-1216.
113. Goetz CG, Emre M, Dubois B. Parkinson's disease dementia: definitions, guidelines, and research perspectives in diagnosis. Ann Neurol. 2008; 64( Suppl 2): S81-S92.
114. Poewe W. Psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2003; 18( Suppl 6): S80-S87.
115. Ravina B, Marder K, Fernandez HH, et al. Diagnostic criteria for psychosis in Parkinson's disease: report of an NINDS, NIMH work group. Mov Disord. 2007; 22: 1061-1068.
116. Miyasaki JM, Shannon K, Voon V, et al. Practice parameter: evaluation and treatment of depression, psychosis, and dementia in Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006; 66: 996-1002.
117. Naumann M, So Y, Argoff CE, et al. Assessment: botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of autonomic disorders and pain (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2008; 70: 1707-1714.
118. Zesiewicz TA, Sullivan KL, Arnulf I, et al. Practice parameter: treatment of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2010; 74: 924-931.