Structural diversity promotes productivity of mixed, uneven-aged forests in southwestern Germany

Oecologia

Volumn 182, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 319-333

  Dănescu, Adrian ^a   Albrecht, Axel T ^a   Bauhus, Jürgen ^b  

^a Forest Research Institute of Baden Wurttemberg   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Basal area increment; Biodiversity; Complementarity; Ecosystem functioning; Species diversity

Indexed keywords

BASAL AREA; BIODIVERSITY; COMPLEMENTARITY; CONIFEROUS TREE; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; FOREST DYNAMICS; HYPOTHESIS TESTING; MIXED FOREST; NET ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTION; SIZE STRUCTURE; SPECIES DIVERSITY;

GERMANY;

ABIES; FAGUS; PICEA;

ECOSYSTEM; FOREST; GERMANY; SPRUCE; TREE;

ECOSYSTEM; FORESTS; GERMANY; PICEA; TREES;

EID: 84964004966     PISSN: 00298549     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3623-4     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Bauhus J, Khanna P, Menden N (2000) Aboveground and belowground interactions in mixed plantations of Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii. Can J For Res 30:1886–1894. doi:10.1139/x00-141
2. Bauhus J, Van Winden AP, Nicotra AB (2004) Aboveground interactions and productivity in mixed-species plantations of Acacia mearnsii and Eucalyptus globulus. Can J For Res 34:686–694. doi:10.1139/x03-243
3. Berrill J-P, O’Hara KL (2013) Estimating site productivity in irregular stand structures by indexing the basal area or volume increment of the dominant species. Can J For Res 44:92–100. doi:10.1139/cjfr-2013-0230
4. Box GE, Cox DR (1964) An analysis of transformations. J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol 26:211–252
5. Buongiorno J, Dahir S, Lu H-C, Lin C-R (1994) Tree size diversity and economic returns in uneven-aged forest stands. For Sci 40:83–103
6. Canham CD (1989) Different responses to gaps among shade-tolerant tree species. Ecology 70:548–550. doi:10.2307/1940200
7. Clark JS (2010) Individuals and the variation needed for high species diversity in forest trees. Science 327:1129–1132
8. Condés S, Sterba H (2005) Derivation of compatible crown width equations for some important tree species of Spain. For Ecol Manage 217:203–218. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.06.002
9. Cotta H (1828) Anweisung zum Waldbau, 4th edn. Arnoldische Buchhandlung, Dresden
10. Dormann CF, Elith J, Bacher S, Buchmann C, Carl G, Carré G, Marquéz JRG, Gruber B, Lafourcade B, Leitão PJ, Münkemüller T, McClean C, Osborne PE, Reineking B, Schröder B, Skidmore AK, Zurell D, Lautenbach S (2013) Collinearity: a review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography 36:27–46. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x
11. Fahey RT, Fotis AT, Woods KD (2015) Quantifying canopy complexity and effects on productivity and resilience in late-successional hemlock–hardwood forests. Ecol Appl 25:834–847. doi:10.1890/14-1012.1
12. Fichtner A, Forrester DI, Härdtle W, Sturm K, von Oheimb G (2015) Facilitative-competitive interactions in an old-growth forest: the importance of large-diameter trees as benefactors and stimulators for forest community assembly. PLoS One 10:e0120335. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120335
13. Forrester DI (2014) The spatial and temporal dynamics of species interactions in mixed-species forests: from pattern to process. For Ecol Manage 312:282–292
14. Franklin JF, Spies TA, Pelt RV, Carey AB, Thornburgh DA, Berg DR, Lindenmayer DB, Harmon ME, Keeton WS, Shaw DC (2002) Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir forests as an example. For Ecol Manage 155:399–423. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00575-8
15. Gamfeldt L, Snäll T, Bagchi R, Jonsson M, Gustafsson L, Kjellander P, Ruiz-Jaen MC, Fröberg M, Stendahl J, Philipson CD, Mikusiński G, Andersson E, Westerlund B, Andrén H, Moberg F, Moen J, Bengtsson J (2013) Higher levels of multiple ecosystem services are found in forests with more tree species. Nat Commun 4:1340. doi:10.1038/ncomms2328
16. Gough CM, Vogel CS, Hardiman B, Curtis PS (2010) Wood net primary production resilience in an unmanaged forest transitioning from early to middle succession. For Ecol Manage 260:36–41. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.03.027
17. Grace JB (2006) Structural equation modeling and natural systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
18. Grace JB, Bollen KA (2005) Interpreting the results from multiple regression and structural equation models. Bull Ecol Soc Am 86:283–295. doi:10.1890/0012-9623(2005)86[283:ITRFMR]2.0.CO;2
19. Grossiord C, Granier A, Ratcliffe S, Bouriaud O, Bruelheide H, Chećko E, Forrester DI, Dawud SM, Finér L, Pollastrini M (2014) Tree diversity does not always improve resistance of forest ecosystems to drought. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:14812–14815. doi:10.1073/pnas.1411970111
20. Hanewinkel M, Kuhn T, Bugmann H, Lanz A, Brang P (2014) Vulnerability of uneven-aged forests to storm damage. Forestry 87:525–534. doi:10.1093/forestry/cpu008
21. Hardiman BS, Bohrer G, Gough CM, Vogel CS, Curtis PS (2011) The role of canopy structural complexity in wood net primary production of a maturing northern deciduous forest. Ecology 92:1818–1827. doi:10.1890/10-2192.1
22. Hardiman BS, Gough CM, Halperin A, Hofmeister KL, Nave LE, Bohrer G, Curtis PS (2013) Maintaining high rates of carbon storage in old forests: a mechanism linking canopy structure to forest function. For Ecol Manage 298:111–119. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2013.02.031
23. Hooper DU, Chapin F III, Ewel J, Hector A, Inchausti P, Lavorel S, Lawton J, Lodge D, Loreau M, Naeem S (2005) Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecol Monogr 75:3–35. doi:10.1890/04-0922
24. Ishii HT, S-i Tanabe, Hiura T (2004) Exploring the relationships among canopy structure, stand productivity, and biodiversity of temperate forest ecosystems. For Sci 50:342–355
25. Jactel H, Brockerhoff EG (2007) Tree diversity reduces herbivory by forest insects. Ecol Lett 10:835–848. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01073.x
26. Jucker T, Bouriaud O, Avacaritei D, Dănilă I, Duduman G, Valladares F, Coomes DA (2014) Competition for light and water play contrasting roles in driving diversity–productivity relationships in Iberian forests. J Ecol 102:1202–1213. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12276
27. Jucker T, Bouriaud O, Coomes DA (2015) Crown plasticity enables trees to optimize canopy packing in mixed-species forests. Funct Ecol 29:1078–1086. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12428
28. Kelty MJ (1992) Comparative productivity of monocultures and mixed-species stands. In: Kelty MJ, Larson BC, Oliver CD (eds) The ecology and silviculture of mixed-species forests. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 125–141
29. Kelty MJ (2006) The role of species mixtures in plantation forestry. For Ecol Manage 233:195–204. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.011
30. Kneeshaw DD, Kobe RK, Coates KD, Messier C (2006) Sapling size influences shade tolerance ranking among southern boreal tree species. J Ecol 94:471–480. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01070.x
31. Körner C (2005) An introduction to the functional diversity of temperate forest trees. In: Scherer-Lorenzen M, Körner C, Schulze E-D (eds) Forest diversity and function, vol 176. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 13–37
32. Kuehne C, Weiskittel AR, Fraver S, Puettmann KJ (2015) Effects of thinning-induced changes in structural heterogeneity on growth, ingrowth, and mortality in secondary coastal Douglas-fir forests. Can J For Res 45:1448–1461. doi:10.1139/cjfr-2015-0113
33. Lei X, Wang W, Peng C (2009) Relationships between stand growth and structural diversity in spruce-dominated forests in New Brunswick, Canada. Can J For Res 39:1835–1847. doi:10.1139/X09-089
34. Lexerød NL, Eid T (2006) An evaluation of different diameter diversity indices based on criteria related to forest management planning. For Ecol Manage 222:17–28. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.10.046
35. Liang J, Buongiorno J, Monserud RA (2005) Growth and yield of all-aged Douglas-fir—western hemlock forest stands: a matrix model with stand diversity effects. Can J For Res 35:2368–2381. doi:10.1139/x05-137
36. Liang J, Buongiorno J, Monserud RA, Kruger EL, Zhou M (2007) Effects of diversity of tree species and size on forest basal area growth, recruitment, and mortality. For Ecol Manage 243:116–127. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.02.028
37. Long JN, Shaw JD (2010) The influence of compositional and structural diversity on forest productivity. Forestry 83:121–128. doi:10.1093/forestry/cpp033
38. Loreau M, Hector A (2001) Partitioning selection and complementarity in biodiversity experiments. Nature 412:72–76. doi:10.1038/35083573
39. Magurran AE (2004) Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell, Malden
40. McElhinny C, Gibbons P, Brack C, Bauhus J (2005) Forest and woodland stand structural complexity: its definition and measurement. For Ecol Manage 218:1–24. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.034
41. McGill BJ, Enquist BJ, Weiher E, Westoby M (2006) Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits. Trends Ecol Evol 21:178–185. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2006.02.002
42. Monserud RA, Sterba H (1996) A basal area increment model for individual trees growing in even-and uneven-aged forest stands in Austria. For Ecol Manage 80:57–80. doi:10.1016/0378-1127(95)03638-5
43. Morin X, Fahse L, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Bugmann H (2011) Tree species richness promotes productivity in temperate forests through strong complementarity between species. Ecol Lett 14:1211–1219. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01691.x
44. Naeem S (2002) Ecosystem consequences of biodiversity loss: the evolution of a paradigm. Ecology 83:1537–1552. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1537:ECOBLT]2.0.CO;2
45. Nakagawa S, Schielzeth H (2013) A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models. Methods Ecol Evol 4:133–142. doi:10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.x
46. Oberski D (2014) Lavaan. survey: an R package for complex survey analysis of structural equation models. J Stat Softw 57:1–27
47. Osawa A (1995) Inverse relationship of crown fractal dimension to self-thinning exponent of tree populations: a hypothesis. Can J For Res 25:1608–1617. doi:10.1139/x95-175
48. Paquette A, Messier C (2011) The effect of biodiversity on tree productivity: from temperate to boreal forests. Global Ecol Biogeogr 20:170–180. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00592.x
49. Parker GG (1997) Canopy structure and light environment of an old-growth Douglas-fir/western hemlock forest. Northwest Sci 71:261–270
50. Parker GG, Russ ME (2004) The canopy surface and stand development: assessing forest canopy structure and complexity with near-surface altimetry. For Ecol Manage 189:307–315. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2003.09.001
51. Parker GG, Davis MM, Chapotin SM (2002) Canopy light transmittance in Douglas-fir–western hemlock stands. Tree Physiol 22:147–157. doi:10.1093/treephys/22.2-3.147
52. Parker GG, Harmon ME, Lefsky MA, Chen J, Van Pelt R, Weis SB, Thomas SC, Winner WE, Shaw DC, Frankling JF (2004) Three-dimensional structure of an old-growth Pseudotsuga-Tsuga canopy and its implications for radiation balance, microclimate, and gas exchange. Ecosystems 7:440–453. doi:10.1007/s10021-004-0136-5
53. Pinheiro JC, Bates DM (2000) Mixed-effects models in S and S-PLUS. Springer, New York
54. Piotto D (2008) A meta-analysis comparing tree growth in monocultures and mixed plantations. For Ecol Manage 255:781–786. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.065
55. Pommerening A (2002) Approaches to quantifying forest structures. Forestry 75:305–324. doi:10.1093/forestry/75.3.305
56. Potvin C, Gotelli NJ (2008) Biodiversity enhances individual performance but does not affect survivorship in tropical trees. Ecol Lett 11:217–223. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01148.x
57. Pretzsch H (2005) Diversity and productivity in forests: evidence from long-term experimental plots. In: Scherer-Lorenzen M, Körner C, Schulze E-D (eds) Forest diversity and function, vol 176. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 41–64
58. Pretzsch H (2009) Forest dynamics, growth, and yield. Springer, Berlin
59. Pretzsch H (2014) Canopy space filling and tree crown morphology in mixed-species stands compared with monocultures. For Ecol Manage 327:251–264. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.04.027
60. Pretzsch H, Schütze G (2009) Transgressive overyielding in mixed compared with pure stands of Norway spruce and European beech in Central Europe: evidence on stand level and explanation on individual tree level. Eur J For Res 128:183–204. doi:10.1007/s10342-008-0215-9
61. Pretzsch H, Block J, Dieler J, Dong P, Kohnle U, Nagel J, Spellmann H, Zingg A (2010) Comparison between the productivity of pure and mixed stands of Norway spruce and European beech along an ecological gradient. Ann For Sci 67:712. doi:10.1051/forest/2010037
62. R Core Team (2014) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, http://www.R-project.org/. Accessed 1 Dec 2015
63. Reich PB (2012) Key canopy traits drive forest productivity. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 283:1–7. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.2270
64. Richards AE, Forrester DI, Bauhus J, Scherer-Lorenzen M (2010) The influence of mixed tree plantations on the nutrition of individual species: a review. Tree Physiol 30:1192–1208. doi:10.1093/treephys/tpq035
65. Rosseel Y (2012) lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling. J Stat Softw 48:1–36
66. Ryan MG, Stape JL, Binkley D, Fonseca S, Loos RA, Takahashi EN, Silva CR, Silva SR, Hakamada RE, Ferreira JM (2010) Factors controlling Eucalyptus productivity: how water availability and stand structure alter production and carbon allocation. For Ecol Manage 259:1695–1703. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.01.013
67. Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schulze E-D, Don A, Schumacher J, Weller E (2007) Exploring the functional significance of forest diversity: a new long-term experiment with temperate tree species (BIOTREE). Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 9:53–70. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2007.08.002
68. Schwinning S, Weiner J (1998) Mechanisms determining the degree of size asymmetry in competition among plants. Oecologia 113:447–455. doi:10.1007/s004420050397
69. Sprugel D (1983) Correcting for bias in log-transformed allometric equations. Ecology 64:209–210
70. Staudhammer CL, LeMay VM (2001) Introduction and evaluation of possible indices of stand structural diversity. Can J For Res 31:1105–1115. doi:10.1139/x01-033
71. Sterba H, Zingg A (2006) Abstandsabhängige und abstandsunabhängige Bestandesstrukturbeschreibung. Allg Forst Jagdztg 177:169–176
72. Tilman D, Knops J, Wedin D, Reich P, Ritchie M, Siemann E (1997) The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science 277:1300–1302. doi:10.1126/science.277.5330.1300
73. Tilman D, Reich PB, Knops J, Wedin D, Mielke T, Lehman C (2001) Diversity and productivity in a long-term grassland experiment. Science 294:843–845. doi:10.1126/science.1060391
74. Valladares F, Niinemets Ü (2008) Shade tolerance, a key plant feature of complex nature and consequences. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173
75. Vilà M, Vayreda J, Gracia C, Ibáñez JJ (2003) Does tree diversity increase wood production in pine forests? Oecologia 135:299–303. doi:10.1007/s00442-003-1182-y
76. Vilà M, Carrillo-Gavilán A, Vayreda J, Bugmann H, Fridman J, Grodzki W, Haase J, Kunstler G, Schelhaas M, Trasobares A (2013) Disentangling biodiversity and climatic determinants of wood production. PLoS One 8:e53530. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053530
77. Yachi S, Loreau M (2007) Does complementary resource use enhance ecosystem functioning? A model of light competition in plant communities. Ecol Lett 10:54–62. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00994.x
78. Yang X, Bauhus J, Both S, Fang T, Härdtle W, Kröber W, Ma K, Nadrowski K, Pei K, Scherer-Lorenzen M (2013) Establishment success in a forest biodiversity and ecosystem functioning experiment in subtropical China (BEF-China). Eur J For Res 132:593–606. doi:10.1007/s10342-013-0696-z
79. Zhang Y, Chen HYH (2015) Individual size inequality links forest diversity and above-ground biomass. J Ecol 103:1245–1252. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12425
80. Zhang Y, Chen HY, Reich PB (2012) Forest productivity increases with evenness, species richness and trait variation: a global meta-analysis. J Ecol 100:742–749. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01944.x