Three-dimensional structure of an old-growth Pseudotsuga-tsuga canopy and its implications for radiation balance, microclimate, and gas exchange

Ecosystems

Volumn 7, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 440-453

  Parker, Geoffrey G ^a   Harmon, Mark E ^b   Lefsky, Michael A ^c   Chen, Jiquan ^d   Van Pelt, Robert ^e   Weiss, Stuart B ^f   Thomas, Sean C ^g   Winner, William E ^b   Shaw, David C ^h   Franklin, Jerry F ^e  

^a SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^f University of Toronto ^*  (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^h Wind River Canopy Crane Res Facil   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomass; Canopy; Complexity; Cover; Gap; Hypsograph; Leaf area index; Old growth forests; Respiration; Spatial variation; Transmittance; Vertical structure

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; CANOPY ARCHITECTURE; CANOPY GAP; GAS EXCHANGE; LEAF AREA INDEX; MICROCLIMATE; OLD-GROWTH FOREST; RADIATION BALANCE;

CASCADE RANGE; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WASHINGTON [UNITED STATES];

ABIES; CONIUM; CONIUM MACULATUM; PSEUDOTSUGA; PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII; TSUGA; TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA;

EID: 3843147122     PISSN: 14329840     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10021-004-0136-5     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Acker SA, Halpern CB, Harmon ME, Dyrness CT. 2002. Trends in bole biomass accumulation, net primary production and tree mortality in Pseudotsuga menziesii forests of contrasting age. Tree Physiol 22:213-7.
2. Baldocchi DB, Hicks BB, Meyers TP. 1988. Measuring biosphere-atmosphere exchange of biologically related gases with micrometeorological methods. Ecology 69:1331-40.
3. Betts AK, Ball JH. 1977. Albedo over the boreal forest. J Geophys Res 102:28,901-28,909.
4. Brockelman WY. 1998. Study of tropical forest canopy height and cover using a point-intercept method In: Dallmeier F, Comiskey JAForest biodiversity research, monitoring and modeling Pearl River (NY): Parthenon and Paris: UNESCO. p 521-31.
5. Campbell GS, Norman JM. 1998, An introduction to environmental biophysics. New York: Springer-Verlag.
6. Canham CD, Denslow JS, Platt WS, Runkle WJJr, Spies TA, White PS. 1990. Light regimes beneath dosed canopies and tree-fall gaps in temperate and tropical forests. Can J For Res 20:620-31.
7. Cermak J. 1989. Solar equivalent leaf area: an efficient biometrical parameter of individual leaves, trees, and stands. Tree Physiol 5:269-89.
8. Chen J, Paw U KT, Ustin SL, Suchanek TH, Bond BJ, Brosofske KD, Falk M. 2004. "Net ecosystem exchanges of carbon, water, and energy in young and old-growth Douglas-fir forests." Ecosystems 7:534-44.
9. Cohen WB, Spies TA. 1992. Estimating structural attributes of Douglas-fir/western hemlock forest stands from Landsat and SPOT imagery. Remote Sens Environ 41:1-17.
10. Cohen WB, Spies TA, Bradshaw GA. 1990. Semivariograms of digital imagery for analysis of conifer canopy structure. Remote Sens Environ 34:167-78.
11. DeAngelis DL, Gardner RH, Shugart HH. 1981. Productivity of forest ecosystems studied during the IBP: the woodlands data set In: Reichle DEDynamic properties of forest ecosystems (UK) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 567-673.
12. DeBell DS, Franklin JF. 1987. Old-growth Douglas-fir and western hemlock: a 36-year record of growth and mortality. West J Appl For 2:111-4.
13. Dickenson RE. 1983. Land surface processes and climate-surface albedos and energy balance. Adv Geophys 26:305-352.
14. Dubrasich ME, Hann DW, Tappeiner JCII. 1997. Methods for evaluating crown area profiles of forest stands. Can J For Res 27:385-92.
15. Ford ED. 1976. The canopy of a Scots pine forest: description of a surface of complex roughness. Agric Meteorol 17:9-32.
16. Franklin JF, DeBell DS. 1988. Thirty-six years of tree population change in old-growth Pseudotsuga-Tsuga forest. Can J For Res 18:633-9.
17. Franklin JF, Cromack K Jr, Denison W, McKee A, Maser C, Sedell J, Swanson F, and others. 1981. Ecological characteristics of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-118. Portland (OR): Pacific Northwest Research Station.
18. Franklin JF, Spies TA, Van Pelt R, Carey A, Thornburgh D, Burg DR, Lindenmayer D, and others. 2002. Disturbances and the structural development of natural forest ecosystems with some implications for silviculture. For Ecol Manage 155:399-423.
19. Frazer WG, Trofymow JA, Lertzman KP. 2000. Canopy openness and leaf area in a chronosequence of coastal temperate rainforests. Can J For Res 30:239-56.
20. Harding DJ, Lefsky MA, Parker GG, Blair B. 2001. Laser altimeter canopy height profiles: methods and validation for closed-canopy, broadleaf forests. Remote Sens Environ 76:283-97.
21. Harmon ME, Bible K, Shaw D, Remillard S, Sexton J, Fasth B, Priestley A, and others. 1998. Permanent plots surrounding the Wind River canopy crane. Permanent plots of the Pacific Northwest. Report No. 1. http:/www/fsl.orst.edu/ lter/pubs/permplot.htm.
22. Harmon ME, Bible K, Ryan MG, Shaw D, Chen J, Klopatek J, Li X. 2004. Production, respiration, and overall carbon balance in an old-growth Pseudotuga-Tsuga forest ecosystem. Ecosystems 7:498-512.
23. Hitchcock CL, Cronquist A. 1978, Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual. Seattle (WA): University of Washington Press.
24. Ishii H, Reynolds JH, Ford ED, Shaw DC. 2000a. Height growth and vertical development of an old-growth Pseudotsuga-Tsuga forest in southwestern Washington State, U.S.A. Can J For Res 30:17-24.
25. Ishii H, Clements JP, Shaw DC. 2000b. Branch growth and crown form in old coastal Douglas-fir. For Ecol Manage 131:81-91.
26. Isaaks EH, Srivastava RM. 1989, An introduction to applied geostatistics. New York: Oxford University Press.
27. Janisch JE, Harmon ME. 2002. Successional changes in live and dead wood carbon stores: implications for net ecosystem productivity. Tree Physiol 22:77-89.
28. Jarvis PG, McNaughton KG. 1986. Stomatal control of transpiration: scaling up from leaf to region. Adv Ecol Res 15:1-49.
29. Jarvis PG, James GB, Landsberg JJ. 1976. Coniferous forests In: Monteith JJVegetation and the atmosphere; vol 2. Case studies London: Academic Press. p 171-240.
30. Kaimal JC, Finnigan JJ. 1994, Atmospheric boundary layer flows - their structure and measurement. New York: Oxford University Press.
31. Kuiper LC. 1988. The structure of natural Douglas-fir forests in western Washington and western Oregon. Paper no. 88-5. Wageningen (Netherlands): Agricultural University of Wageningen.
32. Lefsky MA, Cohen WB, Acker SA, Parker GG, Spies TA, Harding D. 1999. Lidar remote sensing of biophysical properties of canopy structure of forests of Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Remote Sens Environ 70:339-61.
33. Lovett GM, Reiners WA, Olson RK. 1982. Cloud droplet deposition in subalpine balsam fir forests: hydrological and chemical inputs. Science 218:1303-4.
34. Mariscal MJ, Martens SN, Ustin SL, Chen J, Weiss SB, Roberts DA. 2004. Light transmission profiles in an old-growth canopy: simulations of photosynthetically active radiation using spatially explicit radiative transfer models. Ecosystems 7:454-67.
35. Marshall JD, Waring RH. 1986. Comparison of methods of estimating leaf-area index of old-growth Douglas-fir. Ecology 67:975-9.
36. Martens SN, Ustin SL, Rousseau RA. 1993. Estimation of the canopy leaf area index by gap fraction analysis. For Ecol Manage 61:91-108.
37. Monsi M, Uchijima Z, Oikawa T. 1973. Structure of foliage canopies and photosynthesis. Annu Rev Ecol Syste 4:301-27.
38. Moorcroft PR, Hurtt GC, Pacala SW. 2001. A method for scaling vegetation dynamics: the Ecosystem Demography model (ED). Ecol Monog 71:557-86.
39. Mukammal EI. 1971. Some aspects of radiant energy in a pine forest. Arch Met Geophys Biokl [B] 19:29-52.
40. Newton T, Paw U KT, Falk M, Shaw RH, King T, Hsiao TC, Pyles RD, and others. 2000. The microclimate of a 65 m tall, old-growth coniferous forest. 24th Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Davis, CA, USA, Angnot 2000. American Meteorological Society
41. Ni W, Woodcock CE. 2000. Effect of canopy structure and the presence of snow on the albedo of boreal conifer forests. J Geophys Res 105(D9:11,879-88.
42. Ogunjemiyo S, Parker GG, Roberts D. (Forthcoming) Reflections in bumpy country: implications of canopy surface variations for the energy balance of vegetation. Geosci Remote Sens.
43. O'Neill RV, DeAngelis DL. 1970. Comparative productivity and biomass relations of forest ecosystems In: Reichle DEDynamic properties of forest ecosystems Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. p 411-49.
44. Parker GG. 1997. Canopy structure and light environment of an old-growth Douglas-fir/western hemlock forest. Northwest Sci 71:261-70.
45. Parker GG, Russ ME (2004) The canopy surface and stand development: assessing forest canopy structure and complexity with near-surface altimetry. Forest Ecol Manage. 189: 307-315
46. Parker GG, Lefsky MA, Harding DJ. 2001. Light transmittance in forest canopies determined using airborne laser altimetry and in-canopy quantum measurements. Remote Sens Environ 76:298-309.
47. Parker GG, Davis MM, Chapotin SM. 2002. Canopy light transmittance in Douglas- fir/western hemlock stands. Tree Physiol 22:147-57.
48. Paw U KT, Falk M, Suchanek TH, Ustin SL, Chen J, Park Y-S, Winner WE, and others. 2004. Carbon dioxide exchange between an old-growth forest and the atmosphere. Ecosystems 7:513-24.
49. Peterson U, Nilson T. 1993. Successional reflectance trajectories in northern temperate forests. Int J Remote Sens 14:609-13.
50. Pielke RA, Avissar R. 1990. Influence of landscape structure on local and regional climate. Landscape Ecol 4:133-55.
51. Pierce LL, Running SW. 1988. Rapid estimation of coniferous forest leaf area index using a portable integrating radiometer. Ecology 69:1762-7.
52. Pike RJ, Wilson SE. 1971. Elevation-relief ratio, hypsometric integral, and geomorphic area-altitude analysis. Geol Soc Am Bull 82:1079-84.
53. Press WH, Teukolsky SA, Vetterling WT, Flannery BP. 1992, Numerical recipes in FORTRAN - the art of scientific computing. 2nd ed. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
54. Rich PM. 1990. Characterizing plant canopies with hemispherical photographs. Remote Sens Environ 5:13-29.
55. Roberts DA, Ustin SL, Ogunjemiyo S, Greenberg J, Dobrowski SZ, Chen J, Hinckley TM. 2004. Spectral and structural measures of Northwest forest vegetation at leaf to landscope scales. Ecosytems 7:545-62.
56. Shaw DC, Franklin JF, Bible K, Klopatek J, Freeman E, Greene S, Parker GG. 2004. Ecological setting of the Wind River old-growth forests. Ecosystems 7:427-39.
57. Smith NJ. 1992. Estimating leaf area index and light extinction coefficients in stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Can J For Res 23:317-21.
58. Smithwick EAH, Harmon ME, Remillard SM, Acker SA, Franklin JF. 2002. Potential upper bounds of carbon stores in the Pacific Northwest. Ecol Appl 12:1303-17.
59. Song B. 1998, Three-dimensional forest canopies and their spatial relationships to understory vegetation [dissertation]. Houghton (MI): Michigan Technological University.
60. Spies T. 1998. Forest structure: a key to the ecosystem. Northwest Sci 72(special issue:34-9.
61. Spies TA, Franklin JF, Klopsch M. 1990. Canopy gaps in Douglas-fir forests of the Cascade mountains. Can J For Res 20:649-5.
62. Stewart JB. 1971. The albedo of a pine forest. Q J R Meteorol Soc 97:561-4.
63. Tajchman SJ. 1972. The radiation and energy balances of coniferous and deciduous forests. J Appl Ecol 9:359-75.
64. Thomas SC, Winner WE. 2000a. A rotated ellipsoidal angle density function improves estimation of foliage inclination distributions in forest canopies. Agric For Meteorol 100:19-24.
65. Thomas SC, Winner WE. 2000b. Leaf area index of an old-growth Douglas-fir forest estimated from direct structural measurements in the canopy. Can J For Res 30:1922-30.
66. Van Pelt R, North MP. 1996. Analyzing canopy structure in Pacific Northwest old-growth forests with a stand-scale crown model. Northwest Sci 70(special issue):15-31.
67. Van Pelt R, Franklin JF. 2000. Influences of canopy structure on the understory environment in tall old-growth forests. Can J For Res 30:1231-45,
68. Weiss SB. 2000. Spatial and temporal structure of insolation in an old-growth coniferous forest. Can J For Res 30:1953-64.
69. Williams M, Rastetter EB, Fernandes DN, Goulden ML, Wofsy SC, Shaver GR, Melillo JM, and others. 1996. Modelling the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum in a Quercus-Acer stand at Harvard Forest: the regulation of stomatal conductance by light, nitrogen and soil/plant hydrologic properties. Plant Cell Environ 19:911-27.
70. Winner WE Thomas SC, Berry J, Bond BJ, Cooper CE, Hinckley TM, Ehleringer JR, and others. 2004. Canopy carbon gain and water use: analysis of old-growth conifers in the Pacific Northwest. Ecosystems 7:482-97.