Review of the Gene-Environment Interaction Literature in Cancer: What Do We Know?

Genetic Epidemiology

Volumn 40, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 356-365

  Simonds, Naoko I ^a   Ghazarian, Armen A ^a   Pimentel, Camilla B ^b   Schully, Sheri D ^c   Ellison, Gary L ^a   Gillanders, Elizabeth M ^a   Mechanic, Leah E ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

candidate gene; gene environment interaction; genome wide association study (GWAS); literature review

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; BODY MASS; BREAST CANCER; CANCER RISK; CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT; COLORECTAL CANCER; ENERGY BALANCE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC RISK; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HEREDITY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; LUNG CANCER; MENOPAUSE; NEOPLASM; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE USE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SMOKING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

EID: 84963727172     PISSN: 07410395     EISSN: 10982272     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/gepi.21967     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Ambrosone CB, Kropp S, Yang J, Yao S, Shields PG, Chang-Claude J. 2008. Cigarette smoking, N-acetyltransferase 2 genotypes, and breast cancer risk: pooled analysis and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17(1):15–26.
2. Aschard H, Lutz S, Maus B, Duell E, Fingerlin T, Chatterjee N, Kraft P, van Steen K. 2012. Challenges and opportunities in genome-wide environmental interaction (GWEI) studies. Hum Genet 131(10):1591–1613.
3. Boffetta P, Winn DM, Ioannidis JP, Thomas DC, Little J, Smith GD, Cogliano VJ, Hecht SS, Seminara D, Vineis P, and others. 2012. Recommendations and proposed guidelines for assessing the cumulative evidence on joint effects of genes and environments on cancer occurrence in humans. Int J Epidemiol 41(3):686–704.
4. Brennan P. 2002. Gene-environment interaction and aetiology of cancer: what does it mean and how can we measure it? Carcinogenesis 23(3):381–387.
5. Centers for Disease Control. 2000. Gene-Environment Interaction Fact Sheet. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, GA, USA.
6. Chen Y, Pei J. 2010. Factors influencing the association between CYP17 T34C polymorphism and the risk of breast cancer: meta-regression and subgroup analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 122(2):471–481.
7. Chung CC, Chanock SJ. 2011. Current status of genome-wide association studies in cancer. Hum Genet 130(1):59–78.
8. Cleary SP, Cotterchio M, Shi E, Gallinger S, Harper P. 2010. Cigarette smoking, genetic variants in carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, and colorectal cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 172(9):1000–1014.
9. Cui R, Kamatani Y, Takahashi A, Usami M, Hosono N, Kawaguchi T, Tsunoda T, Kamatani N, Kubo M, Nakamura Y, and others. 2009. Functional variants in ADH1B and ALDH2 coupled with alcohol and smoking synergistically enhance esophageal cancer risk. Gastroenterology 137(5):1768–1775.
10. Dempfle A, Scherag A, Hein R, Beckmann L, Chang-Claude J, Schafer H. 2008. Gene-environment interactions for complex traits: definitions, methodological requirements and challenges. Eur J Hum Genet 16(10):1164–1172.
11. Department of Health and Human Services. 2010. Methods and approaches for detection of gene-environment interactions in human disease (R21). PAR -11-032. (http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-11-032.html).
12. Department of Health and Human Services. 2013. Analysis of genome-wide gene-environment (G x E) interactions (R21). PAR-13-382. (http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-13-382.html).
13. Du M, Zhang X, Hoffmeister M, Schoen RE, Baron JA, Berndt SI, Brenner H, Carlson CS, Casey G, Chan AT, and others. 2014. No evidence of gene-calcium interactions from genome-wide analysis of colorectal cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 23(12):2971–2976.
14. Einarsdottir K, Rylander-Rudqvist T, Humphreys K, Ahlberg S, Jonasdottir G, Weiderpass E, Chia KS, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Persson I, Liu J, and others. 2005. CYP17 gene polymorphism in relation to breast cancer risk: a case-control study. Breast Cancer Res 7(6):R890–R896.
15. Figueroa JD, Han SS, Garcia-Closas M, Baris D, Jacobs EJ, Kogevinas M, Schwenn M, Malats N, Johnson A, Purdue MP, and others. 2014. Genome-wide interaction study of smoking and bladder cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 35(8):1737–1744.
16. García-Closas M, Malats N, Silverman D, Dosemeci M, Kogevinas M, Hein DW, Tardón A, Serra C, Carrato A, García-Closas R, and others. 2005. NAT2 slow acetylation, GSTM1 null genotype, and risk of bladder cancer: results from the Spanish Bladder Cancer Study and meta-analyses. Lancet 366(9486):649–659.
17. Garcia-Closas M, Rothman N, Figueroa JD, Prokunina-Olsson L, Han SS, Baris D, Jacobs EJ, Malats N, de Vivo I, Albanes D, and others. 2013. Common genetic polymorphisms modify the effect of smoking on absolute risk of bladder cancer. Cancer Res 73(7):2211–2220.
18. Garcia-Closas M, Gunsoy NB, Chatterjee N. 2014. Combined associations of genetic and environmental risk factors: implications for prevention of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 106(11): dju305.
19. Gates MA, Tworoger SS, Terry KL, Titus-Ernstoff L, Rosner B, de Vivo I, Cramer DW, Hankinson SE. 2008. Talc use, variants of the GSTM1, GSTT1, and NAT2 genes, and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17(9):2436–2444.
20. Ghazarian AA, Simonds NI, Bennett K, Pimentel CB, Ellison GL, Gillanders EM, Schully SD, Mechanic LE. 2013. A review of NCI's extramural grant portfolio: identifying opportunities for future research in genes and environment in cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 22(4):501–507.
21. Gu J, Liang D, Wang Y, Lu C, Wu X. 2005. Effects of N-acetyl transferase 1 and 2 polymorphisms on bladder cancer risk in Caucasians. Mutat Res 581(1-2):97–104.
22. Haldane J. 1938. Heredity and Politics. New York: W. W. Norton.
23. Han J, Tranah GJ, Hankinson SE, Samson LD, Hunter DJ. 2006. Polymorphisms in O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase and breast cancer risk. Pharmacogenet Genomics 16(7):469–474.
24. Hao B, Miao X, Li Y, Zhang X, Sun T, Liang G, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Wang H, Chen X, and others. 2006. A novel T-77C polymorphism in DNA repair gene XRCC1 contributes to diminished promoter activity and increased risk of non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene 25(25):3613–3620.
25. Hindorff LA, Sethupathy P, Junkins HA, Ramos EM, Mehta JP, Collins FS, Manolio TA. 2009. Potential etiologic and functional implications of genome-wide association loci for human diseases and traits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(23):9362–9367.
26. Hunter DJ. 2005. Gene-environment interactions in human diseases. Nat Rev Genet 6(4):287–298.
27. Hutter CM, Mechanic LE, Chatterjee N, Kraft P, Gillanders EM. 2013. Gene-environment interactions in cancer epidemiology: a National Cancer Institute Think Tank report. Genet Epidemiol 37(7):643–657.
28. Khoury MJ, Wacholder S. 2009. Invited commentary: from genome-wide association studies to gene-environment-wide interaction studies – challenges and opportunities. Am J Epidemiol 169(2):227–230; discussion 234–5.
29. Khoury MJ, Adams MJ, Jr., Flanders WD. 1988. An epidemiologic approach to ecogenetics. Am J Hum Genet 42(1):89–95.
30. Kraft P, Aschard H. 2015. Finding the missing gene-environment interactions. Eur J Epidemiol 30(5):353–355.
31. Landi MT, Chatterjee N, Yu K, Goldin LR, Goldstein AM, Rotunno M, Mirabello L, Jacobs K, Wheeler W, Yeager M, and others. 2009. A genome-wide association study of lung cancer identifies a region of chromosome 5p15 associated with risk for adenocarcinoma. Am J Hum Genet 85(5):679–691.
32. Le Marchand L, Guo C, Benhamou S, Bouchardy C, Cascorbi I, Clapper ML, Garte S, Haugen A, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Kihara M, and others. 2003. Pooled analysis of the CYP1A1 exon 7 polymorphism and lung cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control 14(4):339–346.
33. Lin BK, Clyne M, Walsh M, Gomez O, Yu W, Gwinn M, Khoury MJ. 2006. Tracking the epidemiology of human genes in the literature: the HuGE Published Literature database. Am J Epidemiol 164(1):1–4.
34. Lin Z, Zhang X, Tuo J, Guo Y, Green B, Chan CC, Tan W, Huang Y, Ling W, Kadlubar FF, and others. 2008. A variant of the Cockayne syndrome B gene ERCC6 confers risk of lung cancer. Hum Mutat 29(1):113–122.
35. Little J, Higgins JP, Ioannidis JP, Moher D, Gagnon F, von Elm E, Khoury MJ, Cohen B, Davey-Smith G, Grimshaw J, and others. 2009. STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association Studies (STREGA) – an extension of the STROBE statement. Genet Epidemiol 33(7):581–598.
36. Liu Z, Li G, Wei S, Niu J, Wang LE, Sturgis EM, Wei Q. 2010. Genetic variations in TERT-CLPTM1L genes and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Carcinogenesis 31(11):1977–1981.
37. Lower GM, Jr., Nilsson T, Nelson CE, Wolf H, Gamsky TE, Bryan GT. 1979. N-acetyltransferase phenotype and risk in urinary bladder cancer: approaches in molecular epidemiology. Preliminary results in Sweden and Denmark. Environ Health Perspect 29:71–79.
38. MARIE-GENICA Consortium on Genetic Susceptibility for Menopausal Hormone Therapy Related Breast Cancer Risk. 2010. Polymorphisms in the BRCA1 and ABCB1 genes modulate menopausal hormone therapy associated breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 120(3):727–736.
39. Mechanic LE, Millikan RC, Player J, de Cotret AR, Winkel S, Worley K, Heard K, Heard K, Tse CK, Keku T. 2006. Polymorphisms in nucleotide excision repair genes, smoking and breast cancer in African Americans and whites: a population-based case-control study. Carcinogenesis 27(7):1377–1385.
40. Mechanic LE, Chen HS, Amos CI, Chatterjee N, Cox NJ, Divi RL, Fan R, Harris EL, Jacobs K, Kraft P, and others. 2011. Next generation analytic tools for large scale genetic epidemiology studies of complex diseases. Genet Epidemiol 36(1):22–35.
41. Milne RL, Gaudet MM, Spurdle AB, Fasching PA, Couch FJ, Benitez J, Arias Perez JI, Zamora MP, Malats N, Dos Santos Silva I, and others. 2010. Assessing interactions between the associations of common genetic susceptibility variants, reproductive history and body mass index with breast cancer risk in the breast cancer association consortium: a combined case-control study. Breast Cancer Res 12(6):R110.
42. Moore LE, Baris DR, Figueroa JD, Garcia-Closas M, Karagas MR, Schwenn MR, Johnson AT, Lubin JH, Hein DW, Dagnall CL, and others. 2011. GSTM1 null and NAT2 slow acetylation genotypes, smoking intensity and bladder cancer risk: results from the New England bladder cancer study and NAT2 meta-analysis. Carcinogenesis 32(2):182–189.
43. Murcray CE, Lewinger JP, Gauderman WJ. 2009. Gene-environment interaction in genome-wide association studies. Am J Epidemiol 169(2):219–226.
44. Murtaugh MA, Sweeney C, Ma KN, Potter JD, Caan BJ, Wolff RK, Slattery ML. 2006. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, dietary promotion of insulin resistance, and colon and rectal cancer. Nutr Cancer 55(1):35–43.
45. Nan H, Hutter CM, Lin Y, Jacobs EJ, Ulrich CM, White E, Baron JA, Berndt SI, Brenner H, Butterbach K, and others. 2015. Association of aspirin and NSAID use with risk of colorectal cancer according to genetic variants. JAMA 313(11):1133–1142.
46. National Cancer Institute. 2012. Genetic associations and mechanisms in oncology (GAME-ON): A post-genome wide association initiative, http://epi.grants.cancer.gov/gameon/.
47. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2016. Phenotype-genotype integrator (PheGenI), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap/phegeni.
48. National Human Genome Research Institute. 2006. The Genes, Environment and Health Initiative (GEI), http://www.genome.gov/19518663.
49. Nickels S, Truong T, Hein R, Stevens K, Buck K, Behrens S, Eilber U, Schmidt M, Haberle L, Vrieling A, and others. 2013. Evidence of gene-environment interactions between common breast cancer susceptibility loci and established environmental risk factors. PLoS Genet 9(3):e1003284.
50. Pachkowski BF, Winkel S, Kubota Y, Swenberg JA, Millikan RC, Nakamura J. 2006. XRCC1 genotype and breast cancer: functional studies and epidemiologic data show interactions between XRCC1 codon 280 His and smoking. Cancer Res 66(5):2860–2868.
51. Pande M, Spitz MR, Wu X, Gorlov IP, Chen WV, Amos CI. 2011. Novel genetic variants in the chromosome 5p15.33 region associate with lung cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 32(10):1493–1499.
52. Parnell LD, Blokker BA, Dashti HS, Nesbeth PD, Cooper BE, Ma Y, Lee YC, Hou R, Lai CQ, Richardson K, and others. 2014. CardioGxE, a catalog of gene-environment interactions for cardiometabolic traits. BioData Min 7:21.
53. Raffler J, Friedrich N, Arnold M, Kacprowski T, Rueedi R, Altmaier E, Bergmann S, Budde K, Gieger C, Homuth G, and others. 2015. Genome-wide association study with targeted and non-targeted NMR metabolomics identifies 15 novel loci of urinary human metabolic individuality. PLoS Genet 11(9):e1005487.
54. Raimondi S, Paracchini V, Autrup H, Barros-Dios JM, Benhamou S, Boffetta P, Cote ML, Dialyna IA, Dolzan V, Filiberti R, and others. 2006. Meta- and pooled analysis of GSTT1 and lung cancer: a HuGE-GSEC review. Am J Epidemiol 164(11):1027–1042.
55. Rothman N, Wacholder S, Caporaso NE, Garcia-Closas M, Buetow K, Fraumeni JF, Jr. 2001. The use of common genetic polymorphisms to enhance the epidemiologic study of environmental carcinogens. Biochim Biophys Acta 1471(2):C1–C10.
56. Rothman N, Garcia-Closas M, Hein DW. 2007. Commentary: reflections on G. M. Lower and colleagues' 1979 study associating slow acetylator phenotype with urinary bladder cancer: meta-analysis, historical refinements of the hypothesis, and lessons learned. Int J Epidemiol 36(1):23–28.
57. Rothman N, Garcia-Closas M, Chatterjee N, Malats N, Wu X, Figueroa JD, Real FX, van den Berg D, Matullo G, Baris D, and others. 2010. A multi-stage genome-wide association study of bladder cancer identifies multiple susceptibility loci. Nat Genet 42(11):978–984.
58. Rotunno M, Yu K, Lubin JH, Consonni D, Pesatori AC, Goldstein AM, Goldin LR, Wacholder S, Welch R, Burdette L, and others. 2009. Phase I metabolic genes and risk of lung cancer: multiple polymorphisms and mRNA expression. PLoS One 4(5):e5652.
59. Schully SD, Yu W, McCallum V, Benedicto CB, Dong LM, Wulf A, Clyne M, Khoury MJ. 2011. Cancer GAMAdb: database of cancer genetic associations from meta-analyses and genome-wide association studies. Eur J Hum Genet 19(8):928–930.
60. Sellers TA. 2006. The beginning of the end for the epidemiologic focus on gene-environment interactions? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15(6):1059–1060.
61. Setiawan VW, Doherty JA, Shu XO, Akbari MR, Chen C, De Vivo I, Demichele A, Garcia-Closas M, Goodman MT, Haiman CA, and others. 2009. Two estrogen-related variants in CYP19A1 and endometrial cancer risk: a pooled analysis in the Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18(1):242–247.
62. Shen J, Gammon MD, Terry MB, Wang L, Wang Q, Zhang F, Teitelbaum SL, Eng SM, Sagiv SK, Gaudet MM, and others. 2005a. Polymorphisms in XRCC1 modify the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts, cigarette smoking, dietary antioxidants, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14(2):336–342.
63. Shen J, Terry MB, Gammon MD, Gaudet MM, Teitelbaum SL, Eng SM, Sagiv SK, Neugut AI, Santella RM. 2005b. MGMT genotype modulates the associations between cigarette smoking, dietary antioxidants and breast cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 26(12):2131–2137.
64. Shin SY, Fauman EB, Petersen AK, Krumsiek J, Santos R, Huang J, Arnold M, Erte I, Forgetta V, Yang TP, and others. 2014. An atlas of genetic influences on human blood metabolites. Nat Genet 46(6):543–550.
65. Shrubsole MJ, Gao YT, Cai Q, Shu XO, Dai Q, Hebert JR, Jin F, Zheng W. 2004. MTHFR polymorphisms, dietary folate intake, and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13(2):190–196.
66. Slattery ML, Curtin K, Poole EM, Duggan DJ, Samowitz WS, Peters U, Caan BJ, Potter JD, Ulrich CM. 2011a. Genetic variation in C-reactive protein in relation to colon and rectal cancer risk and survival. Int J Cancer 128(11):2726–2734.
67. Slattery ML, Herrick JS, Lundgreen A, Wolff RK. 2011b. Genetic variation in the TGF-beta signaling pathway and colon and rectal cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 20(1):57–69.
68. Smith PG, Day NE. 1984. The design of case-control studies: the influence of confounding and interaction effects. Int J Epidemiol 13(3):356–365.
69. Stern MC, Lin J, Figueroa JD, Kelsey KT, Kiltie AE, Yuan JM, Matullo G, Fletcher T, Benhamou S, Taylor JA, and others. 2009. Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes, smoking, and bladder cancer risk: findings from the international consortium of bladder cancer. Cancer Res 69(17):6857–6864.
70. Suhre K, Shin SY, Petersen AK, Mohney RP, Meredith D, Wagele B, Altmaier E, Deloukas P, Erdmann J, Grundberg E, and others. 2011a. Human metabolic individuality in biomedical and pharmaceutical research. Nature 477(7362):54–60.
71. Suhre K, Wallaschofski H, Raffler J, Friedrich N, Haring R, Michael K, Wasner C, Krebs A, Kronenberg F, Chang D, and others. 2011b. A genome-wide association study of metabolic traits in human urine. Nat Genet 43(6):565–569.
72. Theodoratou E, Farrington SM, Tenesa A, McNeill G, Cetnarskyj R, Barnetson RA, Porteous ME, Dunlop MG, Campbell H. 2008. Modification of the inverse association between dietary vitamin D intake and colorectal cancer risk by a FokI variant supports a chemoprotective action of Vitamin D intake mediated through VDR binding. Int J Cancer 123(9):2170–2179.
73. Thomas DC. 2000. Genetic epidemiology with a capital "E". Genet Epidemiol 19(4):289–300.
74. Thomas D. 2010. Gene–environment-wide association studies: emerging approaches. Nat Rev Genet 11(4):259–272.
75. Travis RC, Reeves GK, Green J, Bull D, Tipper SJ, Baker K, Beral V, Peto R, Bell J, Zelenika D, and others. 2010. Gene-environment interactions in 7610 women with breast cancer: prospective evidence from the Million Women Study. Lancet 375(9732):2143–2151.
76. Truong T, Hung RJ, Amos CI, Wu X, Bickeboller H, Rosenberger A, Sauter W, Illig T, Wichmann HE, Risch A, and others. 2010. Replication of lung cancer susceptibility loci at chromosomes 15q25, 5p15, and 6p21: a pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium. J Natl Cancer Inst 102(13):959–971.
77. Varela-Lema L, Taioli E, Ruano-Ravina A, Barros-Dios JM, Anantharaman D, Benhamou S, Boccia S, Bhisey RA, Cadoni G, Capoluongo E, and others. 2008. Meta-analysis and pooled analysis of GSTM1 and CYP1A1 polymorphisms and oral and pharyngeal cancers: a HuGE-GSEC review. Genet Med 10(6):369–384.
78. von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. 2007. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet 370(9596):1453–1457.
79. Wedren S, Lovmar L, Humphreys K, Magnusson C, Melhus H, Syvanen AC, Kindmark A, Landegren U, Fermer ML, Stiger F, and others. 2004. Oestrogen receptor alpha gene haplotype and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: a case control study. Breast Cancer Res 6(4):R437–R449.
80. Welter D, MacArthur J, Morales J, Burdett T, Hall P, Junkins H, Klemm A, Flicek P, Manolio T, Hindorff L, and others. 2014. The NHGRI GWAS Catalog, a curated resource of SNP-trait associations. Nucleic Acids Res 42(Database issue):D1001–D1006.
81. Wen W, Cai Q, Xiang YB, Xu WH, Ruan ZX, Cheng J, Zheng W, Shu XO. 2008. The modifying effect of C-reactive protein gene polymorphisms on the association between central obesity and endometrial cancer risk. Cancer 112(11):2409–2416.
82. Wu C, Kraft P, Zhai K, Chang J, Wang Z, Li Y, Hu Z, He Z, Jia W, Abnet CC, and others. 2012. Genome-wide association analyses of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Chinese identify multiple susceptibility loci and gene-environment interactions. Nat Genet 44(10):1090–1097.
83. Xu WH, Dai Q, Xiang YB, Long JR, Ruan ZX, Cheng JR, Zheng W, Shu XO. 2007a. Interaction of soy food and tea consumption with CYP19A1 genetic polymorphisms in the development of endometrial cancer. Am J Epidemiol 166(12):1420–1430.
84. Xu WH, Shrubsole MJ, Xiang YB, Cai Q, Zhao GM, Ruan ZX, Cheng JR, Zheng W, Shu XO. 2007b. Dietary folate intake, MTHFR genetic polymorphisms, and the risk of endometrial cancer among Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16(2):281–287.
85. Xu X, Gammon MD, Zhang H, Wetmur JG, Rao M, Teitelbaum SL, Britton JA, Neugut AI, Santella RM, Chen J. 2007c. Polymorphisms of one-carbon-metabolizing genes and risk of breast cancer in a population-based study. Carcinogenesis 28(7):1504–1509.
86. Yang SJ, Yokoyama A, Yokoyama T, Huang YC, Wu SY, Shao Y, Niu J, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhou XQ, and others. 2010. Relationship between genetic polymorphisms of ALDH2 and ADH1B and esophageal cancer risk: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 16(33):4210–4220.
87. Yuan JM, Chan KK, Coetzee GA, Castelao JE, Watson MA, Bell DA, Wang R, Yu MC. 2008. Genetic determinants in the metabolism of bladder carcinogens in relation to risk of bladder cancer. Carcinogenesis 29(7):1386–1393.
88. Zhou W, Liu G, Miller DP, Thurston SW, Xu LL, Wain JC, Lynch TJ, Su L, Christiani DC. 2003. Polymorphisms in the DNA repair genes XRCC1 and ERCC2, smoking, and lung cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12(4):359–365.
89. Zhou W, Liu G, Thurston SW, Xu LL, Miller DP, Wain JC, Lynch TJ, Su L, Christiani DC. 2002. Genetic polymorphisms in N-acetyltransferase-2 and microsomal epoxide hydrolase, cumulative cigarette smoking, and lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11(1):15–21.