Organic- and Animal Welfare-labelled Eggs: Competing for the Same Consumers?

Journal of Agricultural Economics

Volumn 67, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 471-490

  Gerini, Francesca ^a   Alfnes, Frode ^a   Schjøll, Alexander ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Animal welfare; Choice experiments; Egg attributes; Mixed logit; Organic food; Segmentation; Willingness to pay

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL WELFARE; CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR; EGG; WILLINGNESS TO PAY;

NORWAY;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84962503492     PISSN: 0021857X     EISSN: 14779552     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1477-9552.12154     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Alfnes, F. and Rickertsen, K. 'European consumers' willingness to pay for US beef in experimental auction markets', American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 85, (2003) pp. 396-405.
2. Andersen, L. M. 'Animal welfare and eggs: Cheap talk or money on the counter?', Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 62, (2011) pp. 565-584.
3. Andersen, L. M. and Lund, T. B. 'Digging deeper: How do different types of organic consumers influence the increasing organic market share?', British Food Journal, Vol. 116, (2014) pp. 16-29.
4. Baltzer, K. 'Consumers' willingness to pay for food quality: The case of eggs', Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section C - Food Economics, Vol. 1, (2004) pp. 78-90.
5. Bartels, J. and van den Berg, I. 'Fresh fruit and vegetables and the added value of antioxidants', British Food Journal, Vol. 113, (2011) pp. 1339-1352.
6. Beggs, S., Cardell, S. and Hausman, J. 'Assessing the potential demand for electric cars', Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 16, (1981) pp. 1-19.
7. Chang, J. B., Lusk, J. L. and Norwood, F. B. 'How closely do hypothetical surveys and laboratory experiments predict field behavior?', American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 91, (2009) pp. 518-534.
8. Chryssohoidis, G. M. and Krystallis, A. 'Organic consumers' personal values research: Testing and validating the list of values (LOV) scale and implementing a value-based segmentation task', Food Quality and Preference, Vol. 16, (2005) pp. 585-599.
9. DANÆG. (2015). Eggs from free-range hens. Available at: http://www.danaeg.dk/Products/Frilandsaeg.aspx/ (last accessed 27 January 2015).
10. Dentoni, D., Tonsor, G., Calantone, R. and Peterson, H. C. '"Animal welfare" practices along the food chain: How does negative and positive information affect consumers?', Journal of Food Products Marketing, Vol. 17, (2011) pp. 279-302.
11. D'Souza, C., Taghian, M. and Lamb, P. 'An empirical study on the influence of environmental labels on consumers', Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Vol. 11, (2006) pp. 162-173.
12. Eckert, C., Louviere, J. J. and Islam, T. 'Seeing the forest despite the trees: Brand effects on choice uncertainty', International Journal of Research in Marketing, Vol. 29, (2012) pp. 256-264.
13. European Commission. 'Council Directive 1999/74/EC of 19 July 1999 laying down minimum standards for the protection of laying hens', Official Journal of the European Communities, L 203/53 (1999) pp. 53-57.
14. European Commission. 'Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2295/2003 of 23 December 2003 introducing detailed rules for implementing Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1907/90 on certain marketing standards for eggs', Official Journal of the European Union, L 340/16 (2003) pp. 5-20.
15. European Commission. 'Attitude of consumers towards the welfare of farmed animals', Special Eurobarometer, Vol. 229, (2005) pp. 1-56.
16. European Commission. 'Council Regulation (EC) No. 834/2007 of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products and repealing Regulation (EEC) No. 2092/91', Official Journal of the European Union, L 189 (2007) pp. 1-23.
17. European Commission. 'Commission Regulation (EC) No. 889/2008 of 5 September 2008 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products with regard to organic production, labelling and control', Official Journal of the European Union, L 250/1 (2008) pp. 1-84.
18. European Commission. Organic Food and Drink - Consultation on EU Rules (2013). Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/news/agriculture/130116_en.htm/ (last accessed 27 January 2015).
19. Fearne, A. and Lavelle, D. 'Segmenting the UK egg market: Results of a survey of consumer attitudes and perceptions', British Food Journal, Vol. 98, (1996) pp. 7-12.
20. Freedom Food. Shopping Guide for Eggs (2014). Available at: http://www.freedomfood.co.uk/wheretobuy/egg-guide/ (last accessed 14 October 2014).
21. Gerhardy, H. and Ness, M. R. 'Consumer preferences for eggs using conjoint analysis', World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol. 51, (1995) pp. 203-214.
22. Gil, J. M., Gracia, A. and Sánchez, M. 'Market segmentation and willingness to pay for organic products in Spain', International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, Vol. 3, (2000) pp. 207-226.
23. Gracia, A. and Zeballos, G. 'Animal welfare concern and attitudes towards more animal welfare friendly meat products: Characterization and segmentation', Informacion Tecnica Economica Agraria, Vol. 107, (2011) pp. 33-47.
24. Gracia, A., Loureiro, M. L. and Nayga, R. M., Jr. Valuing Animal Welfare Labels with Experimental Auctions: What Do We Learn from Consumers?, Contributed Paper for presentation at the International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference (Beijing, 16-22 August 2009).
25. Gracia, A., Loureiro, M. L. and Nayga, R. M., Jr. 'Are valuations from non-hypothetical choice experiments different from those of experimental auctions?', American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 92, (2011) pp. 1358-1373.
26. Gracia, A., Barreiro-Hurlé, J. and Galán, B. L. 'Are local and organic claims complements or substitutes? A consumer preferences study for eggs', Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 65, (2014) pp. 49-67.
27. Greene, H. W. NLOGIT Version 5 Reference Guide (New York, NY: Econometric Software Inc, 2012).
28. Grimsrud, K., Nielsen, H. M., Navrud, S. and Olesen, I. 'Households' willingness-to-pay for improved fish welfare in breeding programs for farmed Atlantic salmon', Aquaculture, Vol. 372-375, (2013) pp. 19-27.
29. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. and Tatham, R. L. Multivariate Data Analysis (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006).
30. Harper, G. and Henson, S. Consumer Concerns about Animal Welfare and the Impact on Food Choice, Final report (EU FAIR CT98-3678), 2001. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/eu_fair_project_en.pdf/ (last accessed 27 January 2015).
31. Harper, G. C. and Makatouni, A. 'Consumer perception of organic food production and farm animal welfare', British Food Journal, Vol. 104, (2002) pp. 287-299.
32. Hausman, J. and Ruud, P. 'Specifying and testing econometric models for rank-ordered data', Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 34, (1987) pp. 83-104.
33. Heng, J., Peterson, H. H. and Li, X. 'Consumer attitudes toward farm-animal welfare: The case of laying hens', Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Vol. 38, (2013) pp. 418-434.
34. Hensher, D., Rose, J. M. and Greene, W. H. Applied Choice Analysis: A Primer (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
35. Honkanen, P. and Olsen, S. O. 'Environmental and animal welfare issues in food choice: The case of farmed fish', British Food Journal, Vol. 111, (2009) pp. 293-309.
36. Hudson, D., Gallardo, R. K. and Hanson, T. R. 'A comparison of choice experiments and actual grocery store behavior: An empirical application to seafood products', Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Vol. 44, (2012) pp. 49-62.
37. Husson, F., Lê, S. and Pagès, J. Exploratory Multivariate Analysis by Example Using R (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2010).
38. Kehlbacher, A., Bennett, R. and Balcombe, K. 'Measuring the consumer benefits of improving farm animal welfare to inform welfare labelling', Food Policy, Vol. 37, (2012) pp. 627-633.
39. Kihlberg, I. and Risvik, E. 'Consumers of organic foods - value segments and liking of bread', Food Quality and Preference, Vol. 18, (2007) pp. 471-481.
40. Kuhfeld, W. F. Marketing Research Methods in SAS: Experimental Design, Choice, Conjoint, and Graphical Techniques (Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc, 2010).
41. Kvakkestad, V., Refsgaard, K. and Berglann, H. Citizen and Consumer Attitudes to Food and Food Production in Norway, Discussion Paper No. 2011-2 (Norwegian Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Oslo, NO, 2011). Available at: http://www.nilf.no/publikasjoner/Discussion_Papers/2011/dp-2011-02.pdf/ (last accessed 16 October 2014).
42. Lagerkvist, C. J. and Hess, S. 'A meta-analysis of consumer willingness to pay for farm animal welfare', European Review of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 38, (2011) pp. 55-78.
43. Lê, S., Josse, J. and Husson, F. 'FactoMineR: An R package for multivariate analysis', Journal of Statistical Software, Vol. 25, (2008) pp. 1-18.
44. List, J. A. and Gallet, C. A. 'What experimental protocol influence disparities between actual and hypothetical stated values?', Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 20, (2001) pp. 241-254.
45. Lund, T. B., Andersen, L. M. and Jensen, O. D. K. 'The emergence of diverse organic consumers: Does a mature market undermine the search for alternative products?', Sociologia Ruralis, Vol. 53, (2013) pp. 454-478.
46. Lusk, J. L. and Briggeman, B. 'Food values', American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 91, (2009) pp. 184-196.
47. Lusk, J. L. and Shogren, J. Experimental Auctions - Methods and Applications in Economic and Marketing Research (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
48. Meehan, H., Cowan, C. and McIntrye, B. Food Choice and Consumer Concerns about Animal Welfare in Ireland, Final Report (Project RMIS No. 4543), 2002. Available at: http://www.bak.teagasc.ie/research/reports/foodprocessing/4543/eopr-4543.pdf/ (last accessed 27 January 2015).
49. Mesías Díaz, F. J., Martínez-Carrasco Pleite, F., Martínez Paz, J. M. and Gaspar García, P. 'Consumer knowledge, consumption, and willingness to pay for organic tomatoes', British Food Journal, Vol. 114, (2012) pp. 318-334.
50. Mesías, F. J., Martínez-Carrasco, F., Martínez, J. M. and Gaspar, P. 'Functional and organic eggs as an alternative to conventional production: A conjoint analysis of consumers' preferences', Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol. 91, (2011) pp. 532-538.
51. von Meyer-Höfer, M., von der Wense, V. and Spiller, A. 'Characterising convinced sustainable food consumers', British Food Journal, Vol. 117, (2015) pp. 1082-1104.
52. Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Economical, agronomic - organic! Action plan in order to reach the 15% organic production and consumption in 2020. (Oslo, NO: Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 2009). Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/lmd/vedlegg/brosjyrer_veiledere_rapporter/handlingsplan_okologisk_200109.pdf/ (last accessed 23 November 2015).
53. Mueller, S., Lockshin, L. and Louviere, J. J. 'What you see may not be what you get: Asking consumers what matters may not reflect what they choose', Marketing Letters, Vol. 21, (2010) pp. 335-350.
54. Napolitano, F., Girolami, A. and Braghieri, A. 'Consumer liking and willingness to pay for high welfare animal-based products', Trends in Food Science and Technology, Vol. 21, (2010) pp. 537-543.
55. Nasir, V. A. and Karakaya, F. 'Consumer segments in organic foods market', Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 31, (2014) pp. 263-277.
56. Nie, C. and Zepeda, L. 'Lifestyle segmentation of US food shoppers to examine organic and local food consumption', Appetite, Vol. 57, (2011) pp. 28-37.
57. Norwegian Agriculture Agency. Production and sales of organic agricultural products. Report No. 7/2015 (Norwegian Agriculture Agency, Oslo, NO, 2015). Available at: https://www.slf.dep.no/no/miljo-og-okologisk/okologisk-landbruk/om-okologisk-landbruk/publikasjoner/_attachment/48581?_ts=14fcbdedac0&download=true/ (last accessed 24 November 2015).
58. Norwood, F. B. and Lusk, J. L. Compassion, by the Pound. The Economics of Farm Animal Welfare (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2011a).
59. Norwood, F. B. and Lusk, J. L. 'A calibrated auction-conjoint valuation method: Valuing pork and eggs produced under differing animal welfare conditions', Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol. 62, (2011b) pp. 80-94.
60. Olesen, I., Alfnes, F., Røra, M. and Kolstad, K. 'Consumer willingness to pay for organic and welfare labelled salmon', Livestock Science, Vol. 127, (2010) pp. 218-226.
61. Padel, S. and Foster, C. 'Exploring the gap between attitudes and behaviour', British Food Journal, Vol. 107, (2005) pp. 606-625.
62. Paul, J. and Rana, J. 'Consumer behavior and purchase intention for organic food', Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 29, (2012) pp. 412-422.
63. Pino, A., Peluso, A. M. and Guido, G. 'Determinants of regular and occasional consumers' intentions to buy organic food', Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 46, (2012) pp. 157-169.
64. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (Vienna, AT: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2015).
65. Resano-Ezcaray, H., Sanjuán-López, A. I. and Albisu-Aguado, L. M. 'Combining stated and revealed preferences on typical food products: The case of dry-cured ham in Spain', Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 61, (2010) pp. 480-498.
66. Schjøll, A., Borgen, S. O. and Alfnes, F. Consumer Preference for Animal Welfare When Buying Eggs. Professional Report No. 1-2013 (National Institute for Consumer Research, Oslo, NO, 2013).
67. Statistics Norway. Households, by Type of Household and Size of After-Tax Income (C), Table 10707 (Statistics Norway: Oslo, NO, 2013).
68. Statistics Norway. Persons 16 Years and Older, by Sex, Age and Level of Education. Numbers and Per cent (C), Table 08921 (Statistics Norway: Oslo, NO, 2014a).
69. Statistics Norway. Population, by Sex and One-Year Age Groups. 1 January (M), Table 07459 (Statistics Norway: Oslo, NO, 2014b).
70. The British Egg Industry Council. Egg Code. How Your Egg Is Labeled (2015). Available at: http://www.lioneggfarms.co.uk/information/egg-codes/ (last accessed 27 January 2015).
71. Toma, L., McVittie, A., Hubbard, C. and Stott, A. 'A structural equation model of the factors influencing British consumers' behavior towards animal welfare', Journal of Food Products Marketing, Vol. 17, (2011) pp. 261-278.
72. Toma, L., Stott, A. W., Revoredo-Giha, C. and Kupieh-Teahan, B. 'Consumers and animal welfare. A comparison between European Union countries', Appetite, Vol. 58, (2012) pp. 597-607.
73. Train, K. 'Mixed logit models for recreation demand', in J. A. Herriges and C. L. Kling (eds.), Valuing Recreation and the Environment: Revealed Preference Methods on Theory and Practice (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1999, pp. 33-64).
74. Van Loo, E. J., Caputo, V., Nayga, R. M., Jr. and Verbeke, W. 'Consumers' valuation of sustainability labels on meat', Food Policy, Vol. 49, (2014) pp. 137-150.
75. Vanhonacker, F. and Verbeke, W. 'Buying higher welfare poultry products? Profiling Flemish consumers who do and do not', Poultry Science, Vol. 88, (2009) pp. 2702-2711.
76. Vanhonacker, F. and Verbeke, W. 'Public and consumer policies for higher welfare food products: Challenges and opportunities', Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, Vol. 27, (2014) pp. 153-171.
77. Vanhonacker, F., Verbeke, W., Van Poucke, E. and Tuyttens, F. A. M. 'Segmentation based on consumers' perceived importance and attitude toward farm animal welfare', International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, Vol. 15, (2007) pp. 91-107.
78. Vanhonacker, F., Verbeke, W., Van Poucke, E., Buijs, S. and Tuyttens, F. A. M. 'Societal concern related to stocking density, pen size and group size in farm animal production', Livestock Science, Vol. 123, (2009) pp. 16-22.
79. Vecchio, R. and Annunziata, A. 'Italian consumer awareness of layer hens' welfare standards: A cluster analysis', International Journal of Consumer Studies, Vol. 36, (2012) pp. 647-655.
80. Verain, M. C., Bartels, J., Dagevos, H., Sijtsema, S. J., Onwezen, M. C. and Antonides, G. 'Segments of sustainable food consumers: A literature review', International Journal of Consumer Studies, Vol. 36, (2012) pp. 123-132.
81. Verain, M. C., Dagevos, H. and Antonides, G. 'Sustainable food consumption. Product choice or curtailment?', Appetite, Vol. 91, (2015) pp. 375-384.
82. Verain, M. C., Sijtsema, S. J. and Antonides, G. 'Consumer segmentation based on food-category attribute importance: The relation with healthiness and sustainability perceptions', Food Quality and Preference, Vol. 48, (2016) pp. 99-106.
83. Vittersø, G. and Tangeland, T. 'The role of consumers in transitions towards sustainable food consumption. The case of organic food in Norway', Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 92, (2015) pp. 91-99.