메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 147-154

Clostridium difficile infection: A review of current and emerging therapies

Author keywords

Clostridium difficile infection; Fecal microbial transplantation; Fidaxomicin; Humanized monoclonal antitoxin antibodies; Toxic megacolon

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BACTERIAL VACCINE; CADAZOLID; CRS 3123; FIDAXOMICIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; METRONIDAZOLE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; NITAZOXANIDE; PLACEBO; PROBIOTIC AGENT; RIFAXIMIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

EID: 84962367282     PISSN: 11087471     EISSN: 17927463     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.20524/aog.2016.0006     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (96)

References (85)
  • 1
    • 84868017013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burden of gastrointestinal disease in the United States
    • e1-3
    • Peery AF, Dellon ES, Lund J, et al. Burden of gastrointestinal disease in the United States: Gastroenterology 2012;143:1179-1187;e1-3.
    • (2012) Gastroenterology , vol.143 , pp. 1179-1187
    • Peery, A.F.1    Dellon, E.S.2    Lund, J.3
  • 2
    • 84860348952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and economic burden of Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: A systematic review of healthcare-facility-acquired infection
    • Wiegand PN, Nathwani D, Wilcox MH, Stephens J, Shelbaya A, Haider S. Clinical and economic burden of Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a systematic review of healthcare-facility-acquired infection. J Hosp Infect 2012;81:1-14.
    • (2012) J Hosp Infect , vol.81 , pp. 1-14
    • Wiegand, P.N.1    Nathwani, D.2    Wilcox, M.H.3    Stephens, J.4    Shelbaya, A.5    Haider, S.6
  • 3
    • 33644523410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay Hospitals, 1996-2003
    • McDonald LC, Owings M, Jernigan DB. Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay Hospitals, 1996-2003. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:409-415.
    • (2006) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.12 , pp. 409-415
    • McDonald, L.C.1    Owings, M.2    Jernigan, D.B.3
  • 4
    • 84884597711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available at, Accessed December 15, 2015
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States; 2013. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ drugresistance/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2015.
    • (2013) Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States
  • 5
    • 25144469664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe
    • Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A, et al. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 2005;366:1079-1084.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Warny, M.1    Pepin, J.2    Fang, A.3
  • 6
    • 28844494086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile
    • McDonald LC, Killgore GE, Thompson A, et al. An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2433-2441.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 2433-2441
    • McDonald, L.C.1    Killgore, G.E.2    Thompson, A.3
  • 7
    • 84901673212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cluster of fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis in an intensive care unit in Italy
    • Guastalegname M, Grieco S, Giuliano S, et al. A cluster of fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis in an intensive care unit in Italy. Infection 2014;42:585-589.
    • (2014) Infection , vol.42 , pp. 585-589
    • Guastalegname, M.1    Grieco, S.2    Giuliano, S.3
  • 8
    • 78651111353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: Epidemiology, risk factors and management
    • Ananthakrishnan AN. Clostridium difficile infection: epidemiology, risk factors and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;8:17-26.
    • (2011) Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.8 , pp. 17-26
    • Ananthakrishnan, A.N.1
  • 9
    • 84896447804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotics and hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: Update of systematic review and meta- analysis
    • Slimings C, Riley TV. Antibiotics and hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: update of systematic review and meta- analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014;69:881-891.
    • (2014) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.69 , pp. 881-891
    • Slimings, C.1    Riley, T.V.2
  • 10
    • 84876236060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of antibiotics and the risk of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection
    • Brown KA, Khanafer N, Daneman N, Fisman DN. Meta-analysis of antibiotics and the risk of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013;57:2326‑2332.
    • (2013) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.57 , pp. 2326-2332
    • Brown, K.A.1    Khanafer, N.2    Daneman, N.3    Fisman, D.N.4
  • 11
    • 84882572423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-associated Clostridium difficile infection and antibiotics: A meta-analysis
    • Deshpande A, Pasupuleti V, Thota P, et al. Community-associated Clostridium difficile infection and antibiotics: a meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013;68:1951-1961.
    • (2013) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.68 , pp. 1951-1961
    • Deshpande, A.1    Pasupuleti, V.2    Thota, P.3
  • 12
    • 84856959278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time interval of increased risk for Clostridium difficile infection after exposure to antibiotics
    • Hensgens MP, Goorhuis A, Dekkers OM, Kuijper EJ. Time interval of increased risk for Clostridium difficile infection after exposure to antibiotics J Antimicrob Chemother 2012;67:742-748.
    • (2012) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.67 , pp. 742-748
    • Hensgens, M.P.1    Goorhuis, A.2    Dekkers, O.M.3    Kuijper, E.J.4
  • 13
    • 84880691277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of community associated Clostridium difficile infection, 2009 through 2011
    • Chitnis AS, Holzbauer SM, Belflower RM, et al. Epidemiology of community associated Clostridium difficile infection, 2009 through 2011. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173:1359-1367.
    • (2013) JAMA Intern Med , vol.173 , pp. 1359-1367
    • Chitnis, A.S.1    Holzbauer, S.M.2    Belflower, R.M.3
  • 14
    • 79851470700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The enterotoxicity of Clostridium difficile toxins
    • Sun X, Savidge T, Feng H. The enterotoxicity of Clostridium difficile toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2010;2:1848-1880.
    • (2010) Toxins (Basel) , vol.2 , pp. 1848-1880
    • Sun, X.1    Savidge, T.2    Feng, H.3
  • 15
    • 0037204196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
    • Bartlett JG. Clinical practice. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. N Engl J Med 2002;346:334-339.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 334-339
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 16
    • 55249105923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-more difficult than ever
    • Kelly CP, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile-more difficult than ever. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1932-1940.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 1932-1940
    • Kelly, C.P.1    Lamont, J.T.2
  • 17
    • 84879764131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection: An ongoing conundrum for clinicians and for clinical laboratories
    • Burnham C-AD, Carroll KC. Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection: an ongoing conundrum for clinicians and for clinical laboratories. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013;26:604-630.
    • (2013) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.26 , pp. 604-630
    • Burnham, C.-A.1    Carroll, K.C.2
  • 18
    • 84964282455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Korman TM. Diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile infection. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2015;36:31-43.
    • (2015) Semin Respir Crit Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 31-43
    • Korman, T.M.1
  • 19
    • 84875952150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infections
    • Surawicz CM, Brandt LJ, Binion DG, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infections. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:478-498.
    • (2013) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.108 , pp. 478-498
    • Surawicz, C.M.1    Brandt, L.J.2    Binion, D.G.3
  • 20
    • 0033761207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leukocytosis as a harbinger and surrogate marker of Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients with diarrhea
    • Bulusu M, Narayan S, Shetler K, Triadafilopoulos G. Leukocytosis as a harbinger and surrogate marker of Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients with diarrhea. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:3137-3141.
    • (2000) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.95 , pp. 3137-3141
    • Bulusu, M.1    Narayan, S.2    Shetler, K.3    Triadafilopoulos, G.4
  • 21
    • 85027918142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two case reports of Clostridium difficile bacteremia, one with the epidemic NAP-1 strain
    • Hemminger J, Balada-Llasat JM, Raczkowski M, Buckosh M, Pancholi P. Two case reports of Clostridium difficile bacteremia, one with the epidemic NAP-1 strain. Infection 2011;39:371-373.
    • (2011) Infection , vol.39 , pp. 371-373
    • Hemminger, J.1    Balada-Llasat, J.M.2    Raczkowski, M.3    Buckosh, M.4    Pancholi, P.5
  • 22
    • 84887259304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases: Update of the treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Debast SB, Bauer MP, Kuijper EJ; European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases: update of the treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20(Suppl 2):1-26.
    • (2014) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.20 , pp. 1-26
    • Debast, S.B.1    Bauer, M.P.2    Kuijper, E.J.3
  • 24
    • 79958148446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective utilization of evolving methods for the laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kufelnicka AM, Kirn TJ. Effective utilization of evolving methods for the laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:1451-1457.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.52 , pp. 1451-1457
    • Kufelnicka, A.M.1    Kirn, T.J.2
  • 25
    • 84921767408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile in adults: A systematic review
    • Bagdasarian N, Rao K, Malani PN. Diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile in adults: a systematic review. JAMA 2015;313:398-408.
    • (2015) JAMA , vol.313 , pp. 398-408
    • Bagdasarian, N.1    Rao, K.2    Malani, P.N.3
  • 26
    • 84933278122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of polymerase chain reaction testing on Clostridium difficile infection rates in an acute health care facility
    • Murad YM, Perez J, Nokhbeh R, et al. Impact of polymerase chain reaction testing on Clostridium difficile infection rates in an acute health care facility. Am J Infect Control 2015;43:383-386.
    • (2015) Am J Infect Control , vol.43 , pp. 383-386
    • Murad, Y.M.1    Perez, J.2    Nokhbeh, R.3
  • 27
    • 33745515086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonic abnormalities on CT in adult hospitalized patients with Clostridium difficile colitis: Prevalence and significance of findings
    • Ash L, Baker ME, O’Malley CM, et al. Colonic abnormalities on CT in adult hospitalized patients with Clostridium difficile colitis: prevalence and significance of findings. Am J Roentgenol 2006;186:1393-1400.
    • (2006) Am J Roentgenol , vol.186 , pp. 1393-1400
    • Ash, L.1    Baker, M.E.2    O’Malley, C.M.3
  • 28
    • 2342426803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in hospitalised patients: Onset in the community and hospital and role of flexible sigmoidoscopy
    • Johal SS, Hammond J, Solomon K, James PD, Mahida YR. Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in hospitalised patients: onset in the community and hospital and role of flexible sigmoidoscopy. Gut 2004;53:673-677.
    • (2004) Gut , vol.53 , pp. 673-677
    • Johal, S.S.1    Hammond, J.2    Solomon, K.3    James, P.D.4    Mahida, Y.R.5
  • 29
    • 14844319257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pseudomembranous colitis in children
    • Brook I. Pseudomembranous colitis in children. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;20:182-186.
    • (2005) J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.20 , pp. 182-186
    • Brook, I.1
  • 30
    • 84928881186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathway to prevention of nosocomial Clostridium difficile infection
    • Goldstein E, Johnson S, Maziade PJ, et al. Pathway to prevention of nosocomial Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2015;60(Suppl 2): S148-S158.
    • (2015) Clin Infect Dis , vol.60 , pp. S148-S158
    • Goldstein, E.1    Johnson, S.2    Maziade, P.J.3
  • 31
    • 84928901203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rationale for hand hygiene recommendations after caring for a patient with Clostridium difficile infection
    • Available at, Accessed 14 December 2015
    • Dubberke ER, Gerding DN. Rationale for hand hygiene recommendations after caring for a patient with Clostridium difficile infection. Soc Healthcare Epidemiol Am 2011. Available at: http://www.shea-online.org/View/ArticleId/109/Rationale-for-Hand-Hygiene-Recommendations-after-Caring-for-a-Patient-with-Clostridium-difficile-Inf.aspx. Accessed 14 December 2015.
    • (2011) Soc Healthcare Epidemiol Am
    • Dubberke, E.R.1    Gerding, D.N.2
  • 32
    • 0034886457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Friedenberg F, Fernandez A, Kaul V, et al. Intravenous metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:1176-1180.
    • (2001) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.44 , pp. 1176-1180
    • Friedenberg, F.1    Fernandez, A.2    Kaul, V.3
  • 33
    • 84971222522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leaping forward in the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: Update in 2015
    • Carmo J, Marques S, Chapim I, et al. Leaping forward in the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: Update in 2015. GE J Port Gastrenterol 2015;22:259-267.
    • (2015) GE J Port Gastrenterol , vol.22 , pp. 259-267
    • Carmo, J.1    Marques, S.2    Chapim, I.3
  • 34
    • 77951026738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA)
    • Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2010;31:431.
    • (2010) Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology , vol.31 , pp. 431
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Johnson, S.3
  • 35
    • 0037105769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjunctive intracolonic vancomycin for severe Clostridium difficile colitis: Case series and review of the literature
    • Apisarnthanarak A, Razavi B, Mundy LM. Adjunctive intracolonic vancomycin for severe Clostridium difficile colitis: case series and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:690-696.
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.35 , pp. 690-696
    • Apisarnthanarak, A.1    Razavi, B.2    Mundy, L.M.3
  • 36
    • 84922146498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical efficacy of fidaxomicin compared with vancomycin and metronidazole in Clostridium difficile infections: A meta-analysis and indirect treatment comparison
    • Cornely OA, Nathwani D, Ivanescu C, et al. Clinical efficacy of fidaxomicin compared with vancomycin and metronidazole in Clostridium difficile infections: a meta-analysis and indirect treatment comparison. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014;69:2892‑2900.
    • (2014) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.69 , pp. 2892-2900
    • Cornely, O.A.1    Nathwani, D.2    Ivanescu, C.3
  • 37
    • 79960822735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tigecycline for the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile infection
    • Larson KC, Belliveau PP, Spooner LM. Tigecycline for the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile infection. Ann Pharmacother 2011;45:1005-1010.
    • (2011) Ann Pharmacother , vol.45 , pp. 1005-1010
    • Larson, K.C.1    Belliveau, P.P.2    Spooner, L.M.3
  • 38
    • 33846436449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of emergency colectomy on survival of patients with fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain
    • Lamontagne F, Labbé AC, Haeck O, et al. Impact of emergency colectomy on survival of patients with fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain. Ann Surg 2007;245:267-272.
    • (2007) Ann Surg , vol.245 , pp. 267-272
    • Lamontagne, F.1    Labbé, A.C.2    Haeck, O.3
  • 39
    • 33847701773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for surveillance of Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • McDonald LC, Coignard B, Dubberke E, et al. Recommendations for surveillance of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28:140-145.
    • (2007) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.28 , pp. 140-145
    • McDonald, L.C.1    Coignard, B.2    Dubberke, E.3
  • 40
    • 0036311186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breaking the cycle: Treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease
    • McFarland LV, Elmer GW, Surawicz CM. Breaking the cycle: treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:1769-1775.
    • (2002) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.97 , pp. 1769-1775
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Elmer, G.W.2    Surawicz, C.M.3
  • 41
    • 0035915688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between antibody response in toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea
    • Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, et al. Association between antibody response in toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Lancet 2001;357:189-193.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 189-193
    • Kyne, L.1    Warny, M.2    Qamar, A.3
  • 42
    • 84930347615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors predicting recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in hospitalized patients: Retrospective study of more than 2000 patients
    • Abdelfatah M, Nayfe R, Nijim A, et al. Factors predicting recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in hospitalized patients: retrospective study of more than 2000 patients. J Investig Med 2015;63:747-751.
    • (2015) J Investig Med , vol.63 , pp. 747-751
    • Abdelfatah, M.1    Nayfe, R.2    Nijim, A.3
  • 43
    • 80054730409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relapse versus reinfection: Surveillance of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kamboj M, Khosa P, Kaltsas A, et al. Relapse versus reinfection: surveillance of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2011;53:1003-1006.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , pp. 1003-1006
    • Kamboj, M.1    Khosa, P.2    Kaltsas, A.3
  • 44
    • 84863661973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relapse versus reinfection: Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection following treatment with fidaxomicin or vancomycin
    • Figueroa I, Johnson S, Sambol SP, Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Gerding DN. Relapse versus reinfection: recurrent Clostridium difficile infection following treatment with fidaxomicin or vancomycin. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55(Suppl 2):S104-S109.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , pp. S104-S109
    • Figueroa, I.1    Johnson, S.2    Sambol, S.P.3    Goldstein, E.J.4    Citron, D.M.5    Gerding, D.N.6
  • 45
    • 79551527297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Louie TJ, Miller MA, Mullane KM, et al. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med 2011;364:422-431.
    • (2011) N Engl J Med , vol.364 , pp. 422-431
    • Louie, T.J.1    Miller, M.A.2    Mullane, K.M.3
  • 46
    • 84863676557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of first recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection: Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin
    • 46
    • Cornely OA, Miller MA, Louie TJ, et al. Treatment of first recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection: fidaxomicin versus vancomycin. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55(Suppl 2):S154-S161.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , pp. S154-S161
    • Cornely, O.A.1    Miller, M.A.2    Louie, T.J.3
  • 47
    • 84928023485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection
    • Leffler DA, Lamont JT. Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1539-1548.
    • (2015) N Engl J Med , vol.372 , pp. 1539-1548
    • Leffler, D.A.1    Lamont, J.T.2
  • 48
    • 84945942021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal microbiota transplantation: Current clinical efficacy and future prospects
    • Bowman KA, Broussard EK, Surawicz CM. Fecal microbiota transplantation: current clinical efficacy and future prospects. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2015;8:285-291.
    • (2015) Clin Exp Gastroenterol , vol.8 , pp. 285-291
    • Bowman, K.A.1    Broussard, E.K.2    Surawicz, C.M.3
  • 49
    • 77951700268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the composition of the human fecal microbiome after bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Khoruts A, Dicksved J, Jansson JK, Sadowsky MJ. Changes in the composition of the human fecal microbiome after bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010;44:354-360.
    • (2010) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.44 , pp. 354-360
    • Khoruts, A.1    Dicksved, J.2    Jansson, J.K.3    Sadowsky, M.J.4
  • 50
    • 84928885767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile infection: A systematic review
    • Drekonja D, Reich J, Gezahegn S, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2015;162:630-638.
    • (2015) Ann Intern Med , vol.162 , pp. 630-638
    • Drekonja, D.1    Reich, J.2    Gezahegn, S.3
  • 51
    • 84872070428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Faecal microbiota transplantation for severe Clostridium difficile infection in the intensive care unit
    • Trubiano JA, Gardiner B, Kwong JC, et al. Faecal microbiota transplantation for severe Clostridium difficile infection in the intensive care unit. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;25:255-257.
    • (2013) Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.25 , pp. 255-257
    • Trubiano, J.A.1    Gardiner, B.2    Kwong, J.C.3
  • 53
    • 82955233474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal Micro-biota Transplantation Workgroup. Treating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation
    • Bakken JS, Borody T, Brandt LJ, et al; Fecal Micro-biota Transplantation Workgroup. Treating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;9:1044-1049.
    • (2011) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.9 , pp. 1044-1049
    • Bakken, J.S.1    Borody, T.2    Brandt, L.J.3
  • 54
    • 84874118030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonoscopic versus nasogastric fecal transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: A review and pooled analysis
    • Postigo R, Kim JH. Colonoscopic versus nasogastric fecal transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a review and pooled analysis. Infection 2012;40:643-648.
    • (2012) Infection , vol.40 , pp. 643-648
    • Postigo, R.1    Kim, J.H.2
  • 55
    • 84868254408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal microbiota transplantation in relapsing Clostridium difficile infection
    • Rohike F, Stollman N. Fecal microbiota transplantation in relapsing Clostridium difficile infection. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2012;5:403-420.
    • (2012) Therap Adv Gastroenterol , vol.5 , pp. 403-420
    • Rohike, F.1    Stollman, N.2
  • 56
    • 84862309942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standardized frozen preparation for transplantation of fecal microbiota for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Hamilton M, Weingarden A, Sadowsky M, Khoruts A. Standardized frozen preparation for transplantation of fecal microbiota for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:761-767.
    • (2012) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.107 , pp. 761-767
    • Hamilton, M.1    Weingarden, A.2    Sadowsky, M.3    Khoruts, A.4
  • 57
    • 84908681868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral, capsulized, frozen fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing Clostridium difficile infection
    • Youngster I, Russell GH, Pindar C, et al. Oral, capsulized, frozen fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing Clostridium difficile infection. JAMA 2014;312:1772-1778.
    • (2014) JAMA , vol.312 , pp. 1772-1778
    • Youngster, I.1    Russell, G.H.2    Pindar, C.3
  • 58
    • 84962384495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonprofit stool bank launched by MIT researchers completes first dose-finding study, Accessed December 19
    • Fecal transplant pills: Large-scale production begins. Nonprofit stool bank launched by MIT researchers completes first dose-finding study. http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/10/28/780862/10154319/en/Fecal-transplant-pills-Large-scale-production-begins.html. Accessed December 19, 2015.
    • (2015) Fecal Transplant Pills: Large-Scale Production Begins
  • 59
    • 84905027614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reset of a critically disturbed microbial ecosystem: Faecal transplant in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Fuentes S, van Nood E, Tims S, et al. Reset of a critically disturbed microbial ecosystem: faecal transplant in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. ISME J 2014;8:1621-1633.
    • (2014) ISME J , vol.8 , pp. 1621-1633
    • Fuentes, S.1    Van Nood, E.2    Tims, S.3
  • 60
    • 84896708902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbiota dynamics in patients treated with fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Song Y, Garg S, Girotra M, et al. Microbiota dynamics in patients treated with fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Berg G, (ed.) PLoS One 2013;8:e81330.
    • (2013) Berg G, (Ed.) Plos One , vol.8
    • Song, Y.1    Garg, S.2    Girotra, M.3
  • 61
    • 84870602848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rifaximin in the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Mattila E, Arkkila P, Mattila PS, et al. Rifaximin in the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;37:122-128.
    • (2013) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.37 , pp. 122-128
    • Mattila, E.1    Arkkila, P.2    Mattila, P.S.3
  • 62
    • 58749112167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitazoxanide versus vancomycin in Clostridium difficile infection: A randomized, double-blind study
    • Musher DM, Logan N, Bressler AM, Johnson DP, Rossignol JF. Nitazoxanide versus vancomycin in Clostridium difficile infection: a randomized, double-blind study. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:e41-e46.
    • (2009) Clin Infect Dis , vol.48 , pp. e41-e46
    • Musher, D.M.1    Logan, N.2    Bressler, A.M.3    Johnson, D.P.4    Rossignol, J.F.5
  • 63
    • 34447250021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial activity of lacticin 3,147 against clinical Clostridium difficile strains
    • Rea MC, Clayton E, O’Connor PM, et al. Antimicrobial activity of lacticin 3,147 against clinical Clostridium difficile strains. J Med Microbiol 2007;56(Pt 7):940-946.
    • (2007) J Med Microbiol , vol.56 , pp. 940-946
    • Rea, M.C.1    Clayton, E.2    O’Connor, P.M.3
  • 64
    • 77951667024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. Bulgaricus B-30892 can inhibit cytotoxic effects and adhesion of pathogenic Clostridium difficile to Caco-2 cells
    • Banerjee P, Merkel GJ, Bhunia AK. Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus B-30892 can inhibit cytotoxic effects and adhesion of pathogenic Clostridium difficile to Caco-2 cells. Gut Pathog 2009;1:8.
    • (2009) Gut Pathog , vol.1 , pp. 8
    • Banerjee, P.1    Merkel, G.J.2    Bhunia, A.K.3
  • 65
    • 0035077712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saccharomyces boulardii stimulates intestinal immunoglobulin A immune response to Clostridium difficile toxin A in mice
    • Qamar A, Aboudola S, Warny M, et al. Saccharomyces boulardii stimulates intestinal immunoglobulin A immune response to Clostridium difficile toxin A in mice. Infect Immun 2001;69:2762-2765.
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , pp. 2762-2765
    • Qamar, A.1    Aboudola, S.2    Warny, M.3
  • 67
    • 34247625930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotypic and physiological characterization of Saccharomyces boulardii, the probiotic strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    • Edwards-Ingram L, Gitsham P, Burton N, et al. Genotypic and physiological characterization of Saccharomyces boulardii, the probiotic strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73:2458-2467.
    • (2007) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.73 , pp. 2458-2467
    • Edwards-Ingram, L.1    Gitsham, P.2    Burton, N.3
  • 68
    • 84887390865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in older inpatients (PLACIDE): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial
    • Allen SJ, Wareham K, Wang D, et al. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in older inpatients (PLACIDE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet 2013;382:1249-1257.
    • (2013) Lancet , vol.382 , pp. 1249-1257
    • Allen, S.J.1    Wareham, K.2    Wang, D.3
  • 69
    • 33645455337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease
    • McFarland LV. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:812-822.
    • (2006) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.101 , pp. 812-822
    • McFarland, L.V.1
  • 70
    • 42449115458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults
    • Pillai A, Nelson R. Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;1:CD004611.
    • (2008) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.1
    • Pillai, A.1    Nelson, R.2
  • 71
    • 0018075282 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis with cholestyramine resin
    • Kreutzer EW, Milligan FD. Treatment of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis with cholestyramine resin. Johns Hopkins Med J 1978;143:67-72.
    • (1978) Johns Hopkins Med J , vol.143 , pp. 67-72
    • Kreutzer, E.W.1    Milligan, F.D.2
  • 72
    • 33845486226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review article: Tolevamer, a novel toxin-binding polymer: Overview of preclinical pharmacology and physicochemical properties
    • Barker RH, Dagher R, Davidson DM, Marquis JK. Review article: tolevamer, a novel toxin-binding polymer: overview of preclinical pharmacology and physicochemical properties. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24:1525-1534.
    • (2006) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.24 , pp. 1525-1534
    • Barker, R.H.1    Dagher, R.2    Davidson, D.M.3    Marquis, J.K.4
  • 73
    • 33746656237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tolevamer, a novel nonantibiotic polymer, compared with vancomycin in the treatment of mild to moderately severe Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Louie TJ, Peppe J, Watt CK, et al. Tolevamer, a novel nonantibiotic polymer, compared with vancomycin in the treatment of mild to moderately severe Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:411-420.
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.43 , pp. 411-420
    • Louie, T.J.1    Peppe, J.2    Watt, C.K.3
  • 74
    • 79151476267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: A review
    • Abougergi MS, Kwon JH. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a review. Dig Dis Sci 2011;56:19-26.
    • (2011) Dig Dis Sci , vol.56 , pp. 19-26
    • Abougergi, M.S.1    Kwon, J.H.2
  • 75
    • 74849098405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins
    • Lowy I, Molrine DC, Leav BA, et al. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins. N Engl J Med 2010;362:197-205.
    • (2010) N Engl J Med , vol.362 , pp. 197-205
    • Lowy, I.1    Molrine, D.C.2    Leav, B.A.3
  • 76
    • 20244383137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine in recurrent C. Difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Sougioultzis S, Kyne L, Drudy D, et al. Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine in recurrent C. difficile-associated diarrhea. Gastroenterology 2005;128:764-770.
    • (2005) Gastroenterology , vol.128 , pp. 764-770
    • Sougioultzis, S.1    Kyne, L.2    Drudy, D.3
  • 77
    • 84929148131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Administration of spores of nontoxigenic Clostridium difficile strain M3 for prevention of recurrent C difficile infection: A randomized clinical trial
    • Gerding DN, Meyer T, Lee C, et al. Administration of spores of nontoxigenic Clostridium difficile strain M3 for prevention of recurrent C difficile infection: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015;313:1719-1727.
    • (2015) JAMA , vol.313 , pp. 1719-1727
    • Gerding, D.N.1    Meyer, T.2    Lee, C.3
  • 78
  • 79
    • 84941615946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cadazolid: A new hope in the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kali A, Charles MVP, Srirangaraj S. Cadazolid: a new hope in the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Australas Med J 2015;8:253-262.
    • (2015) Australas Med J , vol.8 , pp. 253-262
    • Kali, A.1    Charles, M.2    Srirangaraj, S.3
  • 80
    • 84934942717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile drug pipeline: Challenges in discovery and development of new agents
    • Jarrad AM, Karoli T, Blaskovich MAT, Lyras D, Cooper MA. Clostridium difficile drug pipeline: challenges in discovery and development of new agents. J Med Chem 2015;58:5164-5185.
    • (2015) J Med Chem , vol.58 , pp. 5164-5185
    • Jarrad, A.M.1    Karoli, T.2    Blaskovich, M.3    Lyras, D.4    Cooper, M.A.5
  • 81
    • 84960097300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolates from a Phase 2 clinical trial of cadazolid and vancomycin in C. Difficile infection
    • Gerding DN, Hecht DW, Louie T, et al. Susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolates from a Phase 2 clinical trial of cadazolid and vancomycin in C. difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016;71:213-219.
    • (2016) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.71 , pp. 213-219
    • Gerding, D.N.1    Hecht, D.W.2    Louie, T.3
  • 82
    • 84939477059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WSES guidelines for management of Clostridium difficile infection in surgical patients
    • Sartelli M, Malangoni MA, Abu-Zidan FM, et al. WSES guidelines for management of Clostridium difficile infection in surgical patients. World J Emerg Surg 2015;10:38.
    • (2015) World J Emerg Surg , vol.10 , pp. 38
    • Sartelli, M.1    Malangoni, M.A.2    Abu-Zidan, F.M.3
  • 83
    • 84901989952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing and type of surgical treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease: A practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma
    • Ferrada P, Velopulos CG, Sultan S, et al. Timing and type of surgical treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease: a practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014;76:1484‑1493.
    • (2014) J Trauma Acute Care Surg , vol.76 , pp. 1484-1493
    • Ferrada, P.1    Velopulos, C.G.2    Sultan, S.3
  • 84
    • 84904344591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAGS/ACS Evidence Based Reviews in Surgery Group. CAGS and ACS evidence based reviews in surgery. Is a diverting loop ileostomy and colonic lavage an alternative to colectomy for the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease?
    • Brown CJ, Boutros M, Morris A, Divino CM; CAGS/ACS Evidence Based Reviews in Surgery Group. CAGS and ACS evidence based reviews in surgery. Is a diverting loop ileostomy and colonic lavage an alternative to colectomy for the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease? Can J Surg 2014;57:214-216.
    • (2014) Can J Surg , vol.57 , pp. 214-216
    • Brown, C.J.1    Boutros, M.2    Morris, A.3    Divino, C.M.4
  • 85
    • 80052277400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diverting loop ileostomy and colonic lavage: An alternative to total abdominal colectomy for the treatment of severe, complicated Clostridium difficile associated disease
    • Neal MD, Alverdy JC, Hall DE, et al. Diverting loop ileostomy and colonic lavage: an alternative to total abdominal colectomy for the treatment of severe, complicated Clostridium difficile associated disease. Ann Surg 2011;254:423-427.
    • (2011) Ann Surg , vol.254 , pp. 423-427
    • Neal, M.D.1    Alverdy, J.C.2    Hall, D.E.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.