Ozone damage, detoxification and the role of isoprenoids-new impetus for integrated models

Functional Plant Biology

Volumn 43, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 324-336

  Tiwari, Supriya ^a   Grote, Rüdiger ^b   Churkina, Galina ^c   Butler, Tim ^c  

^a BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^c INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED SUSTAINABILITY STUDIES   (Germany)

Author keywords

biogenic volatile organic compounds; impact modelling; oxidative damage; physiological defence; reactive oxygen species.

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERE-BIOSPHERE INTERACTION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DETOXIFICATION; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; ECOSYSTEM MODELING; ISOPRENOID; OZONE DEPLETION; PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND; VULNERABILITY;

EID: 84960908162     PISSN: 14454408     EISSN: 14454416     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/FP15302     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Ainsworth EA, Yendrek CR, Sitch S, Collins WJ, Emberson LD(2012) The effects of tropospheric ozone on net primary productivity and implications for climate change. Annual Review of Plant Biology 63(1), 637-661. doi:10.1146/annurev-Arplant-042110-103829
2. Ashmore MR(2005) Assessing the future global impacts of ozone on vegetation. Plant, Cell & Environment 28, 949-964. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01341.x
3. Avnery S, Mauzerall DL, Liu J, Horowitz LW(2011) Global crop yield reductions due to surface ozone exposure: 1. Year 2000 crop production losses and economic damage. Atmospheric Environment 45(13), 2284-2296. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.045
4. Ball JT, Woodrow IE, Berry JA(1987) A model predicting stomatal conductance and its contribution to the control of photosynthesis under different environmental conditions. In Progress in photosynthesis research.(Ed. J Biggins) pp. 221-224.(Martinus-Nijhoff Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
5. Behnke K, Kleist E, Uerlings R, Wildt J, Rennenberg H, Schnitzler J-P(2009) RNAi-mediated suppression of isoprene biosynthesis in hybrid poplar impacts ozone tolerance. Tree Physiology 29(5), 725-736. doi:10.1093/treephys/tpp009
6. Bela K, Horváth E, Gallé Á, Szabados L, Tari I, Csiszár J(2015) Plant glutathione peroxidases: emerging role of the antioxidant enzymes in plant development and stress responses. Journal of Plant Physiology 176, 192-201. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2014.12.014
7. Bernacchi CJ, Leakey ADB, Heady LE, Morgan PB, Dohleman FG, McGrath JM, Gillespie KM, Wittig VE, Rogers A, Long SP, Ort DR(2006) Hourly and seasonal variation in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of soybean grown at future CO2 and ozone concentrations for 3 years under fully open-Air field conditions. Plant, Cell & Environment 29, 2077-2090. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01581.x
8. Betzelberger AM, Yendrek CR, Sun J, Leisner CP, Nelson RL, Ort DR, Ainsworth EA(2012) Ozone exposure response for US soybean cultivars: Linear reductions in photosynthetic potential, biomass, and yield. Plant Physiology 160(4), 1827-1839. doi:10.1104/pp.112.205591
9. Bienert GP, Møller ALB, Kristiansen KA, Schulz A, Møller IM, Schjoerring JK, Jahn TP(2007) Specific aquaporins facilitate the diffusion of hydrogen peroxide across membranes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 282(2), 1183-1192. doi:10.1074/jbc.M603761200
10. Bourtsoukidis E, Bonn B, Dittmann A, Hakola H, Hellen H, Jacobi S(2012) Ozone stress as a driving force of sesquiterpene emissions: A suggested parameterisation. Biogeosciences 9, 4337-4352. doi:10.5194/bg-9-4337-2012
11. Brunetti C, Ferrini F, Fini A, Tattini M(2014) New evidence for the functional roles of volatile and non-volatile isoprenoids in stressed plants. Agrochimica 58(Special issue), 61-76.
12. Bryan AM, Steiner AL(2013) Canopy controls on the forest-Atmosphere exchange of biogenic ozone and aerosol precursors. Michigan Journal of Sustainability 1, 31-49. doi:10.3998/mjs.12333712.0001.005
13. Calfapietra C, Scarascia Mugnozza G, Karnosky DF, Loreto F, Sharkey TD(2008) Isoprene emission rates under elevated CO2 and O3 in two fieldgrown aspen clones differing in their sensitivity to O3. New Phytologist 179(1), 55-61. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02493.x
14. Calfapietra C, Fares S, Loreto F(2009) Volatile organic compounds from Italian vegetation and their interaction with ozone. Environmental Pollution 157(5), 1478-1486. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.048
15. Calfapietra C, Pallozzi E, Lusini I, Velikova V(2013) Modification of BVOC emissions by changes in atmospheric [CO2] and air pollution. In Biology, controls and models of tree volatile organic compound emissions. Vol. 5.(Eds Ü Niinemets, RK Monson) pp. 253-284.(Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
16. Castagna A, Ranieri A(2009) Detoxification and repair process of ozone injury: From O3 uptake to gene expression adjustment. Environmental Pollution 157(5), 1461-1469. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.029
17. Chameides WL, Kasibhatla PS, Yienger J, Levy IIH(1994) Growth of continental-scale metro-Agro-plexes, regional ozone pollution, and world food production. Science 264(5155), 74-77. doi:10.1126/science. 264.5155.74
18. Das K, Roychoudhury A(2014) Reactive oxygen species(ROS) and response of antioxidants as ROS-scavengers during environmental stress in plants. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2, 53. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2014.00053
19. de Andrés JM, Borge R, de la Paz D, Lumbreras J, Rodríguez E(2012) Implementation of a module for risk of ozone impacts assessment to vegetation in the integrated assessment modelling system for the Iberian Peninsula. Evaluation for wheat and Holm oak. Environmental Pollution 165, 25-37. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.048
20. De Temmerman L, Vandermeiren K, DHaese D, Bortier K, Asard H, Ceulemans R(2002a) Ozone effects on trees, where uptake and detoxification meet. Dendrobiology 47, 9-19.
21. De Temmerman L, Wolf J, Colls J, Bindi M, Fangmeier A, Finnan J, Ojanperä K, Pleijel H(2002b) Effect of climatic conditions on tuber yield(Solanum tuberosum L.) in the European CHIP experiments. European Journal of Agronomy 17(4), 243-255. doi:10.1016/S1161-0301(02)00064-3
22. Deckmyn G, Op de Beeck M, Löw M, Then C, Verbeeck H, Wipfler P, Ceulemans R(2007) Modelling ozone effects on adult beech trees through simulation of defence, damage, and repair costs: Implementation of the CASIROZ ozone model in the ANAFORE forest model. Plant Biology 9(2), 320-330. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924762
23. Dickinson BC, Chang CJ(2011) Chemistry and biology of reactive oxygen species in signaling or stress responses. Nature Chemical Biology 7(8), 504-511. doi:10.1038/nchembio.607
24. Dizengremel P, Vaultier M-N, Le Thiec D, Cabané M, Bagard M, Gérant D, Gérard J, Dghim AA, Richet N, Afif D, Pireaux J-C, Hasenfratz-Sauder M-P, Jolivet Y(2012) Phosphoenolpyruvate is at the crossroads of leaf metabolic responses to ozone stress. New Phytologist 195(3), 512-517. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04211.x
25. Dumont J, Spicher F, Montpied P, Dizengremel P, Jolivet Y, Le Thiec D(2013) Effects of ozone on stomatal responses to environmental parameters(blue light, red light, CO2 and vapour pressure deficit) in three Populus deltoids Populus nigra genotypes. Environmental Pollution 173, 85-96. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2012.09.026
26. Dumont J, Keski-Saari S, Keinänen M, Cohen D, Ningre N, Kontunen-Soppela S, Baldet P, Gibon Y, Dizengremel P, Vaultier M-N, Jolivet Y, Oksanen E, Le Thiec D(2014) Ozone affects ascorbate and glutathione biosynthesis as well as amino acid contents in three Euramerican poplar genotypes. Tree Physiology 34(3), 253-266. doi:10.1093/treephys/tpu004
27. Emberson LD, Ashmore MR, Cambridge HM, Simpson D, Tuovinen J-P(2000) Modelling stomatal ozone flux across Europe. Environmental Pollution 109(3), 403-413. doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00043-9
28. Ewert F, Porter JR(2000) Ozone effects on wheat in relation to CO2: modelling short-Term and long-Term responses of leaf photosynthesis and leaf duration. Global Change Biology 6(7), 735-750. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00351.x
29. Fares S, Loreto F, Kleist E, Wildt J(2008) Stomatal uptake and stomatal deposition of ozone in isoprene and monoterpene emitting plants. Plant Biology 10(1), 44-54. doi:10.1055/s-2007-965257
30. Fares S, Goldstein A, Loreto F(2010) Determinants of ozone fluxes and metrics for ozone risk assessment in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 61(3), 629-633. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp336
31. Feng Z, Hu E, Wang X, Jiang L, Liu X(2015) Ground-level O3 pollution and its impacts on food crops in China: A review. Environmental Pollution 199, 42-48. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.016
32. Foyer CH, Noctor G(2011) Ascorbate and glutathione: The heart of the redox hub. Plant Physiology 155(1), 2-18. doi:10.1104/pp.110.167569
33. Goumenaki E, Taybi T, Borland A, Barnes J(2010) Mechanisms underlying the impacts of ozone on photosynthetic performance. Environmental and Experimental Botany 69(3), 259-266. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.04.011
34. Grote R, Morfopoulos C, Niinemets Ü, Sun Z, Keenan TF, Pacifico F, Butler T(2014) A fully integrated isoprenoid emissions model coupling emissions to photosynthetic characteristics. Plant, Cell & Environment 37(8), 1965-1980. doi:10.1111/pce.12326
35. Gustafson EJ(2013) When relationships estimated in the past cannot be used to predict the future: using mechanistic models to predict landscape ecological dynamics in a changing world. Landscape Ecology 28(8), 1429-1437. doi:10.1007/s10980-013-9927-4
36. Hartikainen K, Nerg AM, Kivimäenpää M, Kontunen-soppela S, Mäenpää M, Oksanen E, Rousi M, Holopainen T(2009) Emissions of volatile organic compounds and leaf structural characteristics of European aspen(Populus tremula) grown under elevated ozone and temperature. Tree Physiology 29(9), 1163-1173. doi:10.1093/treephys/tpp033
37. Harvey CM, Li Z, Tjellström H, Blanchard GJ, Sharkey TD(2015) Concentration of isoprene in artificial and thylakoid membranes. Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 47(5), 419-429. doi:10.1007/s10863-015-9625-9
38. Heath RL(2008) Modification of the biochemical pathways of plants induced by ozone: What are the varied routes to change? Environmental Pollution 155(3), 453-463. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.03.010
39. Holland M, Kinghorn S, Emberson L, Cinderby S, Ashmore M, Mills G, Harmens H(2006) Development of a framework for a probabilistic assessment of the economic losses caused by ozone damage to crops in Europe.(Center of Ecology and Hydrology: Bangor, UK)
40. Hoshika Y, Watanabe M, Inada N, Koike T(2012) Modeling of stomatal conductance for estimating ozone uptake of Fagus crenata under experimentally enhanced free-Air ozone exposure. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 223(7), 3893-3901. doi:10.1007/s11270-012-1158-9
41. Hoshika Y, Carriero G, Feng Z, Zhang Y, Paoletti E(2014) Determinants of stomatal sluggishness in ozone-exposed deciduous tree species. The Science of the Total Environment 481, 453-458. doi:10.1016/j. scitotenv.2014.02.080
42. Hoshika Y, Watanabe M, Kitao M, Häberle K-H, Grams TEE, Koike T, Matyssek R(2015) Ozone induces stomatal narrowing in European and Siebolds beeches: A comparison between two experiments of free-Air ozone exposure. Environmental Pollution 196, 527-533. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.034
43. Imlay JA, Linn S(1988) DNA damage and oxygen radical toxicity. Science 240(4857), 1302-1309. doi:10.1126/science.3287616
44. Iriti M, Faoro F(2009) Chemical diversity and defence metabolism: how plants cope with pathogens and ozone pollution. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 10(8), 3371-3399. doi:10.3390/ijms 10083371
45. Jardine KJ, Monson RK, Abrell L, Saleska SR, Arneth A, Jardine A, Ishida FY, Serrano AMY, Artaxo P, Karl T, Fares S, Goldstein A, Loreto F, Huxman T(2012) Within-plant isoprene oxidation confirmed by direct emissions of oxidation products methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein. Global Change Biology 18(3), 973-984. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02610.x
46. Jarvis PG, McNaughton KG(1986) Stomatal control of transpiration: scaling up from leaf to region. In Advances in ecological research. Vol. 15.(Eds G Woodward, DA Bohan) pp. 1-49.(Academic Press: London, UK)
47. Kangasjärvi S, Kangasjärvi J(2014) Towards understanding extracellular ROS sensory and signaling systems in plants. Advances in Botany 2014, Article ID 538946. doi:10.1155/2014/538946
48. Karlsson PE, Braun S, Broadmeadow M, Elvira S, Emberson L, Gimeno BS, Le Thiec D, Novak K, Oksanen E, Schaub M, Uddling J, Wilkinson M(2007) Risk assessments for forest trees: The performance of the ozone flux versus the AOT concepts. Environmental Pollution 146(3), 608-616. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.06.012
49. Karnosky DF, Pregitzer KS, Zak DR, Kubiske ME, Hendrey GR, Weinstein D, Nosal M, Percy KE(2005) Scaling ozone responses of forest trees to the ecosystem level in a changing climate. Plant, Cell & Environment 28, 965-981. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01362.x
50. Karuppanapandian T, Moon J-C, Kim C, Manoharan K, Kim W(2011) Reactive oxygen species in plants: Their generation, signal transduction, and scavenging mechanisms. Australian Journal of Crop Science 5(6), 709-725.
51. Kim YX, Steudle E(2009) Gating of aqùaporins by light and reactive oxygen species in leaf parenchyma cells of the midrib of Zea mays. Journal of Experimental Botany 60(2), 547-556. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern299
52. Kinose Y, Azuchi F, Uehara Y, Kanomata T, Kobayashi A, Yamaguchi M, Izuta T(2014) Modeling of stomatal conductance to estimate stomatal ozone uptake by Fagus crenata, Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica var. crispula and Betula platyphylla. Environmental Pollution 194, 235-245. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.030
53. Kumari S, Agrawal M, Singh A(2015) Effects of ambient and elevated CO2 and ozone on physiological characteristics, antioxidative defense system and metabolites of potato in relation to ozone flux. Environmental and Experimental Botany 109, 276-287. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2014.06.015
54. Laisk A, Kull O, Moldau H(1989) Ozone concentration in leaf intercellular air spaces is close to zero. Plant Physiology 90(3), 1163-1167. doi:10.1104/pp.90.3.1163
55. Launiainen S, Katul GG, Grönholm T, Vesala T(2013) Partitioning ozone fluxes between canopy and forest floor by measurements and a multilayer model. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 173, 85-99. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.12.009
56. Lehning A, Zimmer I, Steinbrecher R, Bröggemann N, Schnitzler JP(1999) Isoprene synthase activity and its relation to isoprene emission in Quercus robur L. leaves. Plant, Cell & Environment 22, 495-504. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00425.x
57. Li G, Shi Y, Chen X(2008) Effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on phenolic compounds in spring wheat and maize leaves. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 81(5), 436-439. doi:10.1007/s00128-008-9516-4
58. Llusia J, Bermejo-Bermejo V, Calvete-Sogo H, Peñuelas J(2014) Decreased rates of terpene emissions in Ornithopus compressus L. and Trifolium striatum L. by ozone exposure and nitrogen fertilization. Environmental Pollution 194, 69-77. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.038
59. Lombardozzi D, Sparks JP, Bonan G, Levis S(2012) Ozone exposure causes a decoupling of conductance and photosynthesis: implications for the Ball-Berry stomatal conductance model. Oecologia 169(3), 651-659. doi:10.1007/s00442-011-2242-3
60. Lombardozzi D, Levis S, Bonan G, Hess PG, Sparks JP(2015) The influence of chronic ozone exposure on global carbon and water cycles. Journal of Climate 28(1), 292-305. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00223.1
61. Loreto F, Fares S(2007) Is ozone flux inside leaves only a damage indicator? Clues from volatile isoprenoid studies. Plant Physiology 143, 1096-1100. doi:10.1104/pp.106.091892
62. Loreto F, Pinelli P, Manes F, Kollist H(2004) Impact of ozone on monoterpene emissions and evidence for an isoprene-like antioxidant action of monoterpenes emitted by Quercus ilex leaves. Tree Physiology 24(4), 361-367. doi:10.1093/treephys/24.4.361
63. Matyssek R, Baumgarten M, Hummel U, Häberle KH, Kitao M, Wieser G(2015) Canopy-level stomatal narrowing in adult Fagus sylvatica under O3 stress-means of preventing enhanced O3 uptake under high O3 exposure? Environmental Pollution 196, 518-526. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.029
64. Maurel C, Boursiac Y, Luu D-T, Santoni V, Shahzad Z, Verdoucq L(2015) Aquaporins in plants. Physiological Reviews 95(4), 1321-1358. doi:10.1152/physrev.00008.2015
65. Mills G, Pleijel H, Braun S, Böker P, Bermejo V, Calvo E, Danielsson H, Emberson L, Fernandez IG, Grönhage L, Harmens H, Hayes F, Karlsson PE, Simpson D(2011) New stomatal flux-based critical levels for ozone effects on vegetation. Atmospheric Environment 45(28), 5064-5068. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.009
66. Miyazawa S, Yoshimura S, Shinzaki Y, Maeshima M, Miyake C(2008) Deactivation of aquaporins decreases internal conductance to CO2 diffusion in tobacco leaves grown under long-Term drought. Functional Plant Biology 35(7), 553-564. doi:10.1071/FP08117
67. Moldau H, Bichele I(2002) Plasmalemma protection by the apoplast as assessed from above-zero ozone concentrations in leaf intercellular air spaces. Planta 214(3), 484-487. doi:10.1007/s00425-001-0678-0
68. Moldau H, Vahisalu T, Kollist H(2011) Rapid stomatal closure triggered by a short ozone pulse is followed by reopening to overshooting values. Plant Signaling & Behavior 6(2), 311-313. doi:10.4161/psb.6.2.15044
69. Møller IM, Kristensen BK(2004) Protein oxidation in plant mitochondria as a stress indicator. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 3(8), 730-735. doi:10.1039/b315561g
70. Monson RK, Grote R, Niinemets Ü, Schnitzler J-P(2012) Modeling the isoprene emission rate from leaves. New Phytologist 195(3), 541-559. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04204.x
71. Morfopoulos C, Sperlich D, Peñuelas J, Cubells IF, Llusià J, Medlyn BE, Niinemets Ü, Possell M, Sun Z, Prentice IC(2014) A model of plant isoprene emission based on available reducing power captures responses to atmospheric CO2. New Phytologist 203(1), 125-139. doi:10.1111/nph.12770
72. Morgan PB, Ainsworth EA, Long SP(2003) How does elevated ozone impact soybean? A meta-Analysis of photosynthesis, growth and yield. Plant, Cell & Environment 26(8), 1317-1328. doi:10.1046/j.0016-8025.2003.01056.x
73. Paoletti E, De Marco A, Beddows DCS, Harrison RM, Manning WJ(2014) Ozone levels in European and USAcities are increasing more than at rural sites, while peak values are decreasing. Environmental Pollution 192, 295-299. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.040
74. Patterson WR, Poulos TL(1995) Crystal structure of recombinant pea cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase. Biochemistry 34(13), 4331-4341. doi:10.1021/bi00013a023
75. Pinto D, Blande J, Souza S, Nerg AM, Holopainen J(2010) Plant volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in ozone(O3) polluted atmospheres: The ecological effects. Journal of Chemical Ecology 36(1), 22-34. doi:10.1007/s10886-009-9732-3
76. Pleijel H, Danielsson H, Ojanperä K, Temmerman LD, Högy P, Badiani M, Karlsson PE(2004) Relationships between ozone exposure and yield loss in European wheat and potato-A comparison of concentration-And flux-based exposure indices. Atmospheric Environment 38(15), 2259-2269. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.076
77. Plöchl M, Lyons T, Ollerenshaw J, Barnes J(2000) Simulating ozone detoxification in the leaf apoplast through the direct reaction with ascorbate. Planta 210(3), 454-467. doi:10.1007/PL00008153
78. Porta H, Rocha-Sosa M(2002) Plant lipoxygenases. Physiological and molecular features. Plant Physiology 130(1), 15-21. doi:10.1104/pp.010787
79. Possell M, Loreto F(2013) The role of volatile organic compounds in plant resistance to abiotic stresses: Responses and mechanisms. In Biology, controls and models of tree volatile organic compound emissions. Vol. 5.(Eds Ü Niinemets, RK Monson) pp. 209-235.(Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
80. Pyakurel A, Wang JR(2014) Leaf morphological and stomatal variations in paper birch populations along environmental gradients in Canada. American Journal of Plant Sciences 5(11), 1508-1520. doi:10.4236/ajps.2014.511166
81. Richter C(1992) Reactive oxygen and DNA damage in mitochondria. Mutation Research/DNAging 275(3-6), 249-255. doi:10.1016/0921-8734(92)90029-O
82. Royal Society(2008) Ground-level ozone in the 21st century: future trends, impacts and policy implications.(Royal Society: London)
83. Rozpadek P, Slesak I, Cebula S, Waligórski P, Dziurka M, Skoczowski A, Miszalski Z(2013) Ozone fumigation results in accelerated growth and persistent changes in the antioxidant system of Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. alba. Journal of Plant Physiology 170(14), 1259-1266. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2013.04.018
84. Sharma P, Jha AB, Dubey RS, Pessarakli M(2012) Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. Journal of Botany 2012, Article ID 217037doi:10.1155/2012/217037
85. Singh E, Tiwari S, Agrawal M(2010) Variability in antioxidant and metabolite levels, growth and yield of two soybean varieties: An assessment of anticipated yield losses under projected elevation of ozone. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 135(3), 168-177. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2009.09.004
86. Sitch S, Cox PM, Collins WJ, Huntingford C(2007) Indirect radiative forcing of climate change through ozone effects on the land-carbon sink. Nature 448(7155), 791-794. doi:10.1038/nature06059
87. Spinelli F, Cellini A, Marchetti L, Mudigere K, Piovene C(2011) Emission and function of volatile organic compounds in response to abiotic stress. In Abiotic stress in plants-mechanisms and adaptations.(Eds A Schanker, B Venkateswarlu) pp. 1-29.(InTech: Rijeka, Croatia)
88. Stohs SJ, BagchiD(1995) Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 18(2), 321-336. doi:10.1016/0891-5849(94)00159-H
89. Tarvainen L, Wallin G, Räntfors M, Uddling J(2013) Weak vertical canopy gradients of photosynthetic capacities and stomatal responses in a fertile Norway spruce stand. Oecologia 173(4), 1179-1189. doi:10.1007/s00442-013-2703-y
90. Tausz M, Grulke NE, Wieser G(2007) Defense and avoidance of ozone under global change. Environmental Pollution 147(3), 525-531. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.08.042
91. Tingey DT(1979) The influence of light and temperature on isoprene emission rates from live oak. Physiologia Plantarum 47(2), 112-118. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1979.tb03200.x
92. Tiwari S, Agrawal M(2011) Assessment of the variability in response of radish and brinjal at biochemical and physiological levels under similar ozone exposure conditions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 175(1-4), 443-454. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1542-0
93. Federal Environmental Agency(2004) Manual on methodologies and criteria for modelling and mapping critical loads and levels and air pollution effects, risks and trends. Texte 52/04, Berlin, Germany.
94. Vahisalu T, Puzõrjova I, Brosché M, Valk E, Lepiku M, Moldau H, Pechter P, Wang Y-S, Lindgren O, Salojärvi J, Loog M, Kangasjärvi J, Kollist H(2010) Ozone-Triggered rapid stomatal response involves the production of reactive oxygen species, and is controlled by SLAC1 and OST1. The Plant Journal 62(3), 442-453. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04159.x
95. Valkama E, Koricheva J, Oksanen E(2007) Effects of elevated O3, alone and in combination with elevated CO2, on tree leaf chemistry and insect herbivore performance: A meta-Analysis. Global Change Biology 13(1), 184-201. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01284.x
96. Van Breusegem F, Bailey-Serres J, Mittler R(2008) Unraveling the tapestry of networks involving reactive oxygen species in plants. Plant Physiology 147(3), 978-984. doi:10.1104/pp.108.122325
97. van Oijen M, Dreccer MF, Firsching K-H, Schnieders BJ(2004) Simple equations for dynamic models of the effects of CO2 and O3 on light-use efficiency and growth of crops. Ecological Modelling 179, 39-60. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.05.002
98. Van Wittenberghe S, Adriaenssens S, Staelens J, Verheyen K, Samson R(2012) Variability of stomatal conductance, leaf anatomy, and seasonal leaf wettability of young and adult European beech leaves along a vertical canopy gradient. Trees-Structure and Function 26(5), 1427-1438. doi:10.1007/s00468-012-0714-7
99. VanLoocke A, Betzelberger AM, Ainsworth EA, Bernacchi CJ(2012) Rising ozone concentrations decrease soybean evapotranspiration and water use efficiency whilst increasing canopy temperature. New Phytologist 195(1), 164-171. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04152.x
100. Velikova V, Pinelli P, Pasqualini S, Reale L, Ferranti F, Loreto F(2005) Isoprene decreases the concentration of nitric oxide in leaves exposed to elevated ozone. New Phytologist 166(2), 419-426. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01409.x
101. Velikova V, Sharkey TD, Loreto F(2012) Stabilization of thylakoid membranes in isoprene-emitting plants reduces formation of reactive oxygen species. Plant Signaling&Behavior 7(1), 139-141. doi:10.4161/psb.7.1.18521
102. Velikova V, Ghirardo A, Vanzo E, Merl J, Hauck SM, Schnitzler J-P(2014) The genetic manipulation of isoprene emissions in poplar plants remodels the chloroplast proteome. Journal of Proteome Research 13(4), 2005-2018. doi:10.1021/pr401124z
103. Velikova V, Möller C, Ghirardo A, Rock TM, Aichler M, Walch A, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Schnitzler J-P(2015) Knocking down of isoprene emission modifies the lipid matrix of thylakoid membranes and influences the chloroplast ultrastructure in poplar. Plant Physiology 168(3), 859-870. doi:10.1104/pp.15.00612
104. Vickers CE, Gershenzon J, Lerdau MT, Loreto F(2009)Aunified mechanism of action for volatile isoprenoids in plant abiotic stress. Nature Chemical Biology 5, 283-291. doi:10.1038/nchembio.158
105. Vickers CE, Bongers M, Liu Q, Delatte T, Bouwmeester H(2014) Metabolic engineering of volatile isoprenoids in plants and microbes. Plant, Cell & Environment 37(8), 1753-1775. doi:10.1111/pce.12316
106. Willekens H, Chamnongpol S, Davey M, Schraudner M, Langebartels C, Van Montagu M, Inzé D, Van Camp W(1997) Catalase is a sink for H2O2 and is indispensable for stress defence in C3 plants. EMBO Journal 16(16), 4806-4816. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.16.4806
107. Wittig VE, Ainsworth EA, Long SP(2007) To what extent do current and projected increases in surface ozone affect photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of trees? A meta-Analytic review of the last 3 decades of experiments. Plant, Cell&Environment 30(9), 1150-1162. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01717.x