Improving the appropriateness of sudden arrhythmic death primary prevention by implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients with low left ventricular ejection fraction. Point of view

Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 245-255

  Disertori, Marcello ^a   Gulizia, Michele M ^b   Casolo, Giancarlo ^c   Delise, Pietro ^d   Di Lenarda, Andrea ^e   Di Tano, Giuseppe ^f   Lunati, Maurizio ^g   Mestroni, Luisa ^h   Salerno Uriarte, Jorge ⁱ   Tavazzi, Luigi ^j  

^a SANTA CHIARA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b Garibaldi Nesima Hospital   (Italy)

^c Versilia Hospital   (Italy)

^d PEDERZOLI HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TRIESTE   (Italy)

^f CREMONA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^g OSPEDALE NIGUARDA CA GRANDA   (Italy)

^h UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF INSUBRIA   (Italy)

^j MARIA CECILIA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

more..

Author keywords

Heart failure; Implantable cardioverter defibrillator; Late gadolinium enhancement; Sudden death; T wave alternans

Indexed keywords

GADOLINIUM;

CARDIAC IMAGING; CARDIAC PATIENT; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; GENETIC SCREENING; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HUMAN; IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR; META ANALYSIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; REVIEW; SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH; T WAVE; ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; COMPLICATION; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HEART STROKE VOLUME; MORTALITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; THERAPY;

ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; DEFIBRILLATORS, IMPLANTABLE; HUMANS; PRIMARY PREVENTION; STROKE VOLUME; VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, LEFT;

EID: 84959893436     PISSN: 15582027     EISSN: 15582035     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000000368     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Disertori M, Gulizia MM, Casolo G, et al. Remarks on polyparametric assessment of sudden death risk for primary prevention ICD implantation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction of ischemic and non ischemic etiology. Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists (ANMCO) Experts Position Paper. G Ital Cardiol 2015; 16:651-666.
2. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:877-883.
3. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:225-237.
4. Al-Khatib SM, Hellkamp A, Bardy GH, et al. Survival of patients receiving a primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in clinical practice vs clinical trials. JAMA 2013; 309:55-62.
5. Proclemer A, Muser D, Campana A, et al. Indication to cardioverter-defibrillator therapy and outcome in real world primary prevention. Data from the IRIDE (Italian registry of prophylactic implantation of defibrillators) study. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:1416-1421.
6. Van der Heijden AC, Borleffs CJ, Buiten MS, et al. The clinical course of patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: extended experience on clinical outcome, device replacements, and device-related complications. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12:1169-1176.
7. Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 2013; 127:e283-e352.
8. Russo AM, Stainback RF, Bailey SR, et al. ACCF/HRS/AHA/ASE/HFSA/SCAI//S CCT/SCMR 2013 appropriate use criteria for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, Heart Rhythm Society, American Heart association, American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Failure Society of America, Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61:1318-1368.
9. Lip GY, Heinzel FR, Gaita F, et al. European Heart Rhythm Association/Heart Failure Association joint consensus document on arrhythmias in heart failure, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the Asian Pacific Heart Rhythm Society. Eur J Heart Fail 2015; 17:848-874.
10. Priori SG, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:2793-2867.
11. Hartikainen JE, Malik M, Staunton A, Poloniecki J, Camm AJ. Distinction between arrhythmic and nonarrhythmic death after acute myocardial infarction based on heart rate variability, signal-averaged electrocardiogram, ventricular arrhythmias and left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28:296-304.
12. Weeke P, Johansen JB, Jorgensen OD, et al. Mortality and appropriate and inappropriate therapy in patients with ischaemic heart disease and implanted cardioverter-defibrillators for primary prevention: data from the Danish ICD Register. Europace 2013; 15:1150-1157.
13. Sabbag A, Suleiman M, Laish-Farkash A, et al. Contemporary rates of appropriate shock therapy in patients who receive implantable device therapy in a real world setting. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12:2426-2433.
14. Kirkfeldt RE, Johansen JB, Nohr EA, Jorgensen OD, Nielsen JC. Complications after cardiac implantable electronic device implantations: an analysis of a complete, nationwide cohort in Demark. Eur Heart J 2014; 35:1186-1194.
15. De Maria E, Diemberg I, Vassallo P, et al. Prevention of infection in cardiovascular implantable electronic devices beyond the antibiotic agent. J Cardiovasc Med 2014; 15:554-564.
16. Niemeijer MN, Van den Berg ME, Leening MJ, et al. Declining incidence of sudden cardiac death from 1990-2010 in a general middle-aged and elderlypopulation:the Rotterdam Study. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12:123-129.
17. Marcantoni L, Toselli T, Urso G, Pratola C, Ceconi C, Bertini M. Impact of remote monitoring on the management of arrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. J Cardiovasc Med 2015; 16:775-781.
18. Gorgels AP, Gijsbers C, De Vreed-Swagemakers J, Lousberg A, Wellens HJ. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest-the relevance of heart failure. The Maastricht Circulatory Arrest Registry. Eur Heart J 2003; 24:1204-1209.
19. Narayanan K, Reinier K, Uy-Evanado A, et al. Frequency and determinants of implantable cardioverter defibrillator deployment among primary prevention candidates with subsequent sudden cardiac arrest in the community. Circulation 2013; 128:1733-1738.
20. Wellens HJ, Schwartz PJ, Lindemans FW, et al. Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death: current status and challenges for the future. Eur Heart J 2014; 35:1642-1651.
21. Theuns DA, Smith T, Hunink MG, Bardy GH, Jordaens L. Effectiveness of prophylactic implantation of cardioverter-defibrillators without cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with ischaemic or nonischaemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace 2010; 12:1564-1570.
22. Goldberger JJ, Buxton AE, Cain M, et al. Risk stratification for arrhythmic sudden cardiac death. Identifying the roadblocks. Circulation 2011; 123:2423-2430.
23. Kadish AH, Bello D, Finn JP, et al. Rationale and design for the defibrillators to reduce risk by magnetic resonance imaging evaluation (DETERMINE) trial. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2009; 20:982-987.
24. Golberger JJ, Basu A, Boineau R, et al. Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death. A plan for the future. Circulation 2014; 129:516-526.
25. Elliott PM, Anastasakis A, Borger MA, et al. 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2014; 35:2733-2779.
26. Bailey JJ, Berson AS, Handelsman H, Hodges M. Utility of current risk stratification tests for predicting major arrhythmic events after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38:1902-1911.
27. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Hafley GE, et al. Limitations of ejection fraction for prediction of sudden death risk in patients with coronary artery disease: lessons from the MUSTT study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:1150-1157.
28. Disertori M, Quintarelli S, Mazzola S, Favalli V, Narula N, Arbustini E. The need to modify patient selection to improve the benefits of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for primary prevention of sudden death in nonischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Europace 2013; 15:1693-1701.
29. Klem I, Weinsaft JW, Bahnson TD, et al. Assessment of myocardial scarring improves risk stratification in patients evaluated for cardiac defibrillator implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:408-420.
30. Merchant FM, Zheng H, Bigger T, et al. A combined anatomic and electrophysiologic substrate based approach for sudden cardiac death risk stratification. Am Heart J 2013; 166:744-752.
31. Wu TJ, Ong JJ, Hwang C, et al. Characteristics of wave fronts during ventricular fibrillation in human hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy: role of increased fibrosis in the generation of reentry. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32:187-196.
32. Bello D, Fieno DS, Kim RJ, et al. Infarct morphology identifies patients with substrate for sustained ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45:1104-1108.
33. Bogun FM, Desjardins B, Good E, et al. Delayed-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in nonischemic cardiomyopathy: utility for identifying the ventricular arrhythmia substrate. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 1138-1145.
34. Roes SD, Borleffs CJ, Van der Geest RJ, et al. Infarct tissue heterogeneity assessed with contrast-enhanced MRI predicts spontaneous ventricular arrhythmia in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 2:183-190.
35. Scott PA, Morgan JM, Carroll N, et al. The extent of left ventricular scar quantified by late gadolinium enhancement MRI is associated with spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias in patients with coronary artery disease and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011; 4:324-330.
36. Alexandre J, Saloux E, Dugué AE, et al. Scar extent evaluated by late gadolinium enhancement CMR: a powerful predictor of long term appropriate ICD therapy in patients with coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013; 15:12.
37. Demirel F, Adiyaman A, Timmer JR, et al. Myocardial scar characteristics based on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is associated with ventricular tachyarrhythmia in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2014; 177:392-399.
38. Zeidan-Shwiri T, Yang Y, Lashevsky I, et al. Magnetic resonance estimates of the extent and heterogeneity of scar tissue in ICD patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy predict ventricular arrhythmia. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12:802-808.
39. Assomull RG, Prasad SK, Lyne J, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, fibrosis, and prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48:1977-1985.
40. Iles L, Pfluger H, Lefkovits L, et al. Myocardial fibrosis predicts appropriate device therapy in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57:821-828.
41. Leyva F, Taylor RJ, Foley PW, et al. Left ventricular midwall fibrosis as a predictor of mortality and morbidity after cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:1659-1667.
42. Gulati A, Jabbour A, Ismail TF, et al. Association of fibrosis with mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. JAMA 2013; 309:896-908.
43. Neilan TG, Coelho-Filho OR, Danik SB, et al. CMR quantification of myocardial scar provides additive prognostic information in nonischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 2013; 9:944-954.
44. Perazzolo MM, De Lazzari M, Zorzi A, et al. Impact of the presence and amount of myocardial fibrosis by cardiac magnetic resonance on arrhythmic outcome and sudden cardiac death in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 2014; 11:856-863.
45. Masci PG, Doulaptsis C, Bertella E, et al. Incremental prognostic value of myocardial fibrosis in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy without congestive heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2014; 7:448-456.
46. Chimura M, Kiuchi K, Okajima K, et al. Distribution of ventricular fibrosis associated with life threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2015; 26:1239-1246.
47. Piers SR, Everaerts K, Van der Geest RJ, et al. Myocardial scar predicts monomorphic ventricular tachycardia but not polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12:2106-2114.
48. Fernandez-Armenta J, Berruezo A, Mont L, et al. Use of myocardial scar characterization to predict ventricular arrhythmia in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace 2012; 14:1578-1586.
49. Gao P, Yee R, Gula L, et al. Prediction of arrhythmic events in ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy patients referred for implantable cardiac defibrillator: evaluation of multiple scar quantification measures for Late Gadolinium Enhancement Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5:448-456.
50. Mordi I, Jhund PS, Gardner RS, et al. LGE and NT-proBNP identify low risk of death or arrhythmic events in patients with primary prevention ICDs. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 2014; 7:561-569.
51. Almehmadi F, Joncas SX, Nevis I, et al. Prevalence of myocardial fibrosis patterns in patients with systolic dysfunction: prognostic significance for the prediction of sudden cardiac arrest or appropriate implantable cardiac defibrillator therapy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 7:593-600.
52. Scott PA, Rosengarten JA, Curzen NP, Morgan JM. Late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events: a meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2013; 15:1019.
53. Kuruvilla S, Adenaw N, Katwal AB, Lipinski MJ, Kramer CM, Salerno M. Late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance predicts adverse cardiovascular outcomes in nonischemic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 7:250-258.
54. Verrier RL, Klingenheben T, Malik M, et al. Microvolt T-wave alternans, physiological basis, methods of measurement, and clinical utility-Consensus Guideline by International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58:1309-1324.
55. Hohnloser SH, Klingenheben T, Bloomfield D, Dabbous O, Cohen RJ. Usefulness of microvolt T-wave alternans for prediction of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: results from a prospective observational study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41:2220-2224.
56. Salerno-Uriarte JA, De Ferrari GM, Klersy C, et al. Prognostic value of T-wave alternans in patients with heart failure due to nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Results of the ALPHA Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:1896-1904.
57. Stein PK, Sanghavi D, Domitrovich P, Mackey RA, Deedwania P. Ambulatory ECG-based T-wave alternans predicts sudden cardiac death in high-risk post-MI patients with left ventricular dysfunction in the EPHESUS study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008; 19:1037-1042.
58. Costantini O, Hohnloser SH, Kirk MM, et al. The ABCD (Alternans Before Cardioverter Defibrillator) trial. Strategies using T-wave alternans to improve efficiency of sudden cardiac death prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53:471-479.
59. Shizuta S, Ando K, Nobuyoshi M, et al. Prognostic utility of T-wave alternans in a real-world population of patients with left ventricular dysfunction: the PREVENT-SCD study. Clin Res Cardiol 2012; 101: 89-99.
60. Merchant FM, Ikeda T, Pedretti RF, et al. Clinical utility of microvolt T-wave alternans testing in identifying patients at high or low risk of sudden cardiac death. Heart Rhythm 2012; 9:1256-1264.
61. Monasterio V, Laguna P, Cygankiewicz I, et al. Average T-wave alternans activity in ambulatory ECG records predicts sudden cardiac death in patients with chronic heart failure. Heart Rhythm 2012; 9:383-389.
62. Hoshida K, Miwa Y, Miyakoshi M, et al. Simultaneous assessment of T-wave alternans and heart rate turbulence on holter electrocardiograms as predictors for serious cardiac events in patients after myocardial infarction. Circ J 2013; 77:432-438.
63. Merchant FM, Salerno-Uriarte JA, Caravati F, et al. Prospective use of microvolt T-wave alternans testing to guide primary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy. Circ J 2015; 79:1912-1919.
64. Gold MR, Ip JH, Costantini O, et al. Role of microvolt T-wave alternans in assessment of arrhythmia vulnerability among patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction: primary results from the T-wave alternans Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial substudy. Circulation 2008; 118:2022-2028.
65. Chow T, Kereiakes DJ, Onufer J, et al. Does microvolt T-wave alternans testing predict ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and prophylactic defibrillators? The MASTER (Microvolt T-Wave Alternans Testing for Risk Stratification of Post-Myocardial Infarction Patients) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 1607-1615.
66. Chan PS, Gold MR, Nallamothu BK. Do beta-blockers impact microvolt T-wave alternans testing in patients at risk for ventricular arrhythmias? A meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2010; 21:1009-1014.
67. Gehi AK, Stein RH, Metz LD, Gomes JA. Microvolt T-wave alternans for risk stratification of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events. A meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46:75-82.
68. Calò L, De Santo T, Nuccio F, et al. Predictive value of microvolt T-wave alternans for cardiac death or ventricular tachyarrhythmic events in ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy patients: a meta-analysis. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2011; 16:388-402.
69. Gupta A, Hoang DD, Karliner L, et al. Ability of microvolt T-wave alternans to modify risk assessment of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events: a meta-analysis. Am Heart J 2012; 163:354-364.
70. Chen Z, Shi Y, Hou X, Xu S, Zou J. Microvolt T-wave alternans for risk stratification of cardiac events in ischemic cardiomyopathy: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167:2061-2065.
71. Golberger JJ, Subacius H, Patel T, Cunnane R, Kadish AH. Sudden cardiac death risk stratification in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63:1879-1889.
72. Alba AC, Agoritsas T, Jankowski M, et al. Risk prediction model for mortality in ambulatory patients with heart failure: a systematic review. Circ Heart Fail 2013; 6:881-889.
73. Levy WC, Lee KL, Hellkamp AS, et al. Maximizing survival benefit with primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in a heart failure population. Circulation 2009; 120:835-842.
74. Barsheshet A, Moss AJ, Huang DT, McNitt S, Zareba W, Goldenberg I. Applicability of a risk score for prediction of the long-term (8-year) benefit of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59:2075-2079.
75. Steinberg BA, Al-Khatib SM, Edwards R, et al. Outcomes of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator use in patients with comorbidities. Results from a combined analysis of 4 randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol HF 2014; 2:623-629.
76. Barlera S, Tavazzi L, Franzosi MG, et al. Predictors of mortality in 6975 patients with chronic heart failure in the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico-Heart Failure trial: proposal for a nomogram. Circ Heart Fail 2013; 6:31-39.
77. Senni M, Parrella P, De Maria R, et al. Predicting heart failure outcome from cardiac and comorbid conditions: the 3C-HF score. Int J Cardiol 2013; 163:206-211.
78. Zhang Y, Guallar E, Blasco-Colmenares E, et al. Clinical and serum-based markers are associated with death within 1 year of de novo implant in primary prevention ICD recipients. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12:360-366.
79. Shadman R, Poole JE, Dardas TF, et al. A novel method to predict the proportional risk of sudden cardiac death in heart failure: derivation of the Seattle Proportional Risk Model. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12:2069-2077.
80. Lee DS, Hardy J, Yee R, et al. Clinical risk stratification for primary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Circ Heart Fail 2015; 8:927-937.
81. Buxton AE, Waxman HL, Marchlinski FE, Untereker WJ, Waspe LE, Josephson ME. Role of triple extrastimuli during elctrophysiologic study of patients with documented sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Circulation 1984; 69:532-540.
82. Zoni-Berisso M, Molini D, Mela GS, Vecchio C. Value of programmed ventricular stimulation in predicting sudden death and sustained ventricular tachycardia in survivors of myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77:673-680.
83. Buxton AE, Lee KL, DiCarlo L, et al. Electrophysiologic testing to identify patients with coronary artery disease who are at high risk for sudden death. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1937-1945.
84. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Hafley GE, et al. Relation of ejection fraction and inducible ventricular tachycardia to mode of death in patients with coronary artery disease: an analysis of patients enrolled in the Multicenter UnSustained Tachycardia Trial. Circulation 2002; 106:2466-2472.
85. De Ferrari GM, Rordorf R, Frattini F, Petracci B, De Filippo P, Landolina M. Predictive value of programmed ventricular stimulation in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy: implications for the selection of candidates for an implantable defibrillator. Europace 2007; 9:1151-1157.
86. Buxton AE. Programmed ventricular stimulation: not dead. Circulation 2014; 129:831-833.
87. La Rovere MT, Bigger JT, Marcus FI, Mortara A, Schwartz PJ. Baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability in prediction of total cardiac mortality after myocardial infarction. ATRAMI (Autonomic Tone and Reflexes After Myocardial Infarction) Investigators. Lancet 1998; 351:478-484.
88. Exner DV, Kavanagh KM, Slawnych MP, et al. Noninvasive risk assessment early after a myocardial infarction. The REFINE study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:2275-2284.
89. Bauer A, Barthel P, Schneider R, et al. Improved stratification of autonomic regulation for prediction in postinfarction patients with preserved left ventricular function (ISAR-Risk). Eur Heart J 2009; 30:576-583.
90. Huikuri HV, Exner DV, Kavanagh KM, et al. Attenuated recovery of heart rate turbulence early after myocardial infarction identifies patients at high risk for fatal or near-fatal arrhythmic events. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7:229-235.
91. La Rovere MT, Pinna GD, Maestri R, et al. Autonomic markers and cardiovascular and arrhythmic events in heart failure patients: still a place in prognostication? Data from the GISSI-HF trail. Eur J Heart Fail 2012; 14:1410-1419.
92. Hershberger RE, Lindenfeld J, Mestroni L, Seidman CE, Taylor MR, Towbin JA. Genetic evaluation of cardiomyopathy-A Heart Failure Society of America practice guideline. J Card Fail 2009; 15:83-97.
93. Ganesh SK, Arnett DK, Assimes TL, et al. Genetics and genomics for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease: update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2013; 128:2813-2851.
94. Kusumoto FM, Calkins H, Boehmer J, et al. HRS/ACC/AHA expert consensus statement on the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients who are not included or not well represented in clinical trials. Circulation 2014; 130:94-125.
95. Taylor MR, Fain PR, Sinagra G, et al. Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy Registry Research Group. Natural history of dilated cardiomyopathy due to lamin A/C gene mutations. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41:771-780.
96. Meune C, Van Berlo JH, Anselme F, Bonne G, Pinto YM, Duboc D. Primary prevention of sudden death in patients with lamin A/C gene mutations. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:209-210.
97. Pasotti M, Klersy C, Pilotto A, et al. Long-term outcome and risk stratification in dilated cardiolaminopathies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52:1250-1260.
98. Van Rijsingen IA, Arbustini E, Elliott PM, et al. Risk factors for malignant ventricular arrhythmias in lamin A/C mutation carriers. A European cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59:493-500.
99. Burke MC, Gold MR, Knight BP, et al. Safety and efficacy of the totally subcutaneous implantable defibrillator: a 2-year results from a pooled analysis of the IDE Study and EFFORTLESS Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65:1605-1615.
100. Tung R, Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME. A critical appraisal of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy for the prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52:1111-1121.
101. Smith T, Jordaens L, Theuns DA, Van Dessel PF, Wilde AA, Hunink MG. The cost-effectiveness of primary prophylactic implantable defibrillator therapy in patients with ischaemic and nonischaemic heart disease: a European analysis. Eur Heart J 2013; 34:211-219.
102. Lauer MS, D'Agostino R. The randomized registry trial-the next disruptive technology in clinical research? N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1579-1581.