Remarks on polyparametric assessment of sudden death risk for primary prevention ICD implantation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction of ischemic and non ischemic etiology. Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists (ANMCO) Experts Position Paper;Considerazioni su una valutazione poliparametrica nella stratificazione del rischio di morte improvvisa per l'indicazione all'impianto di cardioverter-defibrillatore in prevenzione primaria, nella disfunzione ventricolare sinistra di origine ischemica e non ischemica. Position paper dell'Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO)

Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia

Volumn 16, Issue 11, 2015, Pages 651-666

  Disertori, Marcello ^a   Gulizia, Michele M ^b   Casolo, Giancarlo ^c   Delise, Pietro ^d   Di Lenarda, Andrea ^e   Di Tano, Giuseppe ^f   Lunati, Maurizio ^g   Mestroni, Luisa ^h   Salerno Uriarte, Jorge A ⁱ   Tavazzi, Luigi ^j  

^a FONDAZIONE BRUNO KESSLER   (Italy)

^b GARIBALDI HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^c Ospedale Versilia   (Italy)

^d Casa di Cura Polispecialistica Pederzoli ^*  (Italy)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TRIESTE   (Italy)

^f UO di Cardiologia   (Italy)

^g OSPEDALE NIGUARDA CA GRANDA   (Italy)

^h UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF INSUBRIA   (Italy)

^j ES Health Science Foundation   (Italy)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; GADOLINIUM;

ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; GENETIC SCREENING; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HUMAN; IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; STIMULATION; SUDDEN DEATH; T WAVE; TREATMENT INDICATION; COMPLICATION; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; ITALY; PATIENT SELECTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROCEDURES; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; THERAPY;

DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; DEFIBRILLATORS, IMPLANTABLE; HUMANS; ITALY; PATIENT SELECTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, LEFT;

EID: 84947753482     PISSN: 18276806     EISSN: 19726481     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1714/2066.22442     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Niemeijer MN, van den Berg ME, Leening MJ, et al. Declining incidence of sudden cardiac death from 1990-2010 in a general middle-Aged and elderly population: the Rotterdam Study. Heart Rhythm 2015;12: 123-9.
2. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al.; Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II Investigators. Prophylactic im-plantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2002;346:877-83.
3. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, et al.; Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT) Invest igators. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:225-37.
4. Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/HR S focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 2013;127: e283-352.
5. Russo AM, Stainback RF, Bailey SR, et al. ACCF/HRS/AHA/ASE/HFSA/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR 2013 appropriate use criteria for implantable cardioverte r-defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, Heart Rhythm Society, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Failu r e Society of America, Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:1318-68.
6. Hartikainen JE, Malik M, Staunton A, Poloniecki J, Camm AJ. Distinction between arrhythmic and nonarrhythmic death after acute myocardial infarction based on heart rate variability, signal-Averaged electrocardiogram, ventricular a rrhythmias and left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:296-304.
7. Makikallio TH, Barthel P, Schneider R, et al. Prediction of sudden cardiac death after acute myocardial inf arction: role of Holter monitoring in the modern treatment era. Eur Heart J 2005;26:762-9.
8. Fishman GI, Chugh SS, DiMarco JP, et al. Sudden cardiac death prediction and prevention: report from a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Heart Rhythm Society Workshop. Circulation 2010;122: 2335-48.
9. Gorgels AP, Gijsbers C, de Vreed-Swagemakers J, Lousberg A, Wellens HJ. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest-the relevance of heart failure. The Maastricht Circulatory Arrest Registry. Eur Heart J 2003; 24:1204-9.
10. Stecker EC, Vickers C, Waltz J, et al. Population-based analy sis of sudden cardiac death with and without left ventricular systolic dysfunction: two-year findings from the Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1161-6.
11. Weeke P,Johansen JB,Jorgensen OD,et al. Mortality and appropriate and inappropriate therapy in patients with ischaemic heart disease and implanted cardioverterdefibrillators for primary prevention: data from the Dani sh ICD Register Europace 2013 15 1150-7.
12. Persson R, Earley A, Garlitski AC, Balk EM, Uhlig K. Adverse events following implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation: a systematic r eview. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2014;40:191-205.
13. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Hafley GE, et al.; MUSTT Investigators. Limitations of ejection fraction for prediction of sudden death risk in patients wi th coronary artery disease: lessons from the MUSTT study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1150-7.
14. Tung R, Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME. A critical appraisal of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator thera py for the prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1111-21.
15. Dagres N, Hindricks G. Risk stratification after myocardial infarction: is left ventricular ejection fraction enough to prevent sudden cardiac death? Eur Heart J 2013;34: 1964-71.
16. Bailey JJ, Berson AS, Handelsman H, Hodges M. Utility of current risk stratification tests for predicting major arrhythmic events aft er myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1902-11.
17. Disertori M, Quintarelli S, Mazzola S, Favalli V, Narula N, Arbustini E. The need to modify patient selection to improve t he benefits of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for primary prevention of sudden death in non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Europace 2013;15:1693-701.
18. Wellens HJ, Schwartz PJ, Lindemans FW, et al. Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death: current status and challenges for the future. Eur Heart J 2014;35:1642-51.
19. Chan MM, Lam CS. How do patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction die? Eur J Heart Fail 2013;15:604-13.
20. Brenyo A, Barsheshet A, Kutyifa V, et al. Predictors of spontaneous reverse remodelling in mild heart failure patients with left ventri cular dysfunction. Circ Heart Fail 2014;7:565-72.
21. Stevenson LW. Heart failure with better ejection fraction: a modern diagnosis. Circulation 2014;129:2364-7.
22. Burke MC, Gold MR, Knight BP, et al. Safety and efficacy of the totally subcutaneous implantable defibrillator: 2-year results from a pooled analysis of the IDE Study and EFFORTLESS Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65:1605-15.
23. Kusumoto FM, Calkins H, Boehmer J, et al. HRS/ACC/AHA expert consensus statement on the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients who are not included or not well represented i n clinical trials. Circulation 2014;130:94-125.
24. Hess PL, Hellkamp AS, Peterson ED, et al. Survival after primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement among patients wit h chronic kidney disease. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014; 7:793-9.
25. Makki N, Swaminathan PD, Hanmer J, Olshansky B. Do implantable cardioverter defibrillators improve survival in patients with chronic kidney disease at high risk of sudden cardiac death? A meta-Analysis of observational studies. Europace 2014; 16:55-62.
26. Desai AS, Fang JC, Maisel WH, Baughman KL. Implantable defibrillators for the prevention of mortality in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. A me ta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2004;292:2874-9.
27. Theuns DA, Smith T, Hunink MG, Bardy GH, Jordaens L. Effectiveness of prophylactic implantation of cardioverter-defibrillator s without cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with ischaemic or non-ischaemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-Analysis. Europace 2010; 12:1564-70.
28. Hlatky MA, Greenland P, Arnett DK, et al. Criteria for evaluation of novel markers of cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2009;119:2408-16.
29. Pratt CM, Greenway PS, Schoenfeld MH, Hibben ML, Reiffel JA. Exploration of the precision of classifying sudden cardiac death. Implications for the interpretation of clinical trials. Circulation 1996;93:519-24.
30. Dorian P, Hohnloser SH, Thorpe KE, et al. Mechanisms underlying the lack of effect of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy on mortality in high-risk patients with recent myocardial infarction: insights from the Defibrillation in Acute My ocardial Infarction Trial (DINAMIT). Circulation 2010; 122:2645-52.
31. Pouleur AC, Barkoudah E, Uno H, et al.; VALIANT Investigators. Pathogenesis of sudden unexpected death in a clinical trial of patients with myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure, or both. Circulat ion 2010;122:597-602.
32. Elliott PM, Anastasakis A, Borger MA, et al. 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Manageme nt of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2014;35:2733-79.
33. Ellenbogen KA,Levine JH,Berger RD,et al. Defibrillators in Non-Ischemic Cardi omyopathy Treatment Evaluation (DEFINITE) Investigators. Are implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks a surrogate for sudden cardiac death in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy? Circulation 2006 113 776-82.
34. . Goldenberg I, Vyas AK, Hall WJ, et al.; MADIT-II Investigators. Risk stratification for primary implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with ischemic left ven-tricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:288-96.
35. Buxton AE. Implantable cardioverterdefibrillators for primary prevention of sudden death: the quest to identify patients most likely to benefit. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:1656-8.
36. Betts TR, Sadarmin PP, Tomlinson DR, et al. Absolute risk reduction in total mortality with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: analysis of primary and secondary prevention trial data to aid risk/benefit analysis. Europace 2013;15:813-9.
37. Huikuri HV, Raatikainen MJ, Moerch-Joergensen R, et al.; Cardiac Arrhythmias and Risk Stratification after Acute Myocardial Infarction Study Group. Prediction of fatal or near-fatal cardiac arrhythmia events in patients with depressed left ventricular function after an acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2009;30:689-98.
38. Barsheshet A, Goldenberg I, Narins CR, et al. Time dependence of life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias after coronary revascularization in MADIT-CRT. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:1421-7.
39. Muntwyler J, Abetel G, Gruner C, Follath F. One-year mortality among unselected outpatients with heart failure. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1861-6.
40. Alba AC, Agoritsas T, Jankowski M, et al. Risk prediction model for mortality in ambulatory patients with heart failure: a systematic review. Circ Heart Fail 2013;6: 881-9.
41. Barsheshet A, Moss AJ, Huang DT, Mc-N itt S, Zareba W, Goldenberg I. Applicability of a risk score for prediction of the longterm (8-year) benefit of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:2075-9.
42. Levy WC, Lee KL, Hellkamp AS, et al. Maximizing survival benefit with primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in a heart failure population. Circulation 2009;120:835-42.
43. Zhang Y, Guallar E, Blasco-Colmenares E, et al. Clinical and serum-based markers are associated with death within 1 year of de novo implant in primary prevention ICD recipients. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:360-6.
44. Levy WC, Mozaffarian D, Linker DT, et al. The Seattle Heart Failure Model: prediction of survival in heart failure. Circulation 2006;113:1424-33.
45. Barlera S, Tavazzi L, Franzosi MG, et al.; GISSI-HF Investigators. Predictors of mortality in 6975 patients with chronic heart failure in the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico-Heart Failure trial: proposal for a nomogram. Circ Heart Fai l 2013;6:31-9.
46. Senni M, Parrella P, De Maria R, et al. Predicting heart failure outcome from cardiac and comorbid conditions: the 3C-HF score. Int J Cardiol 2013;163:206-11.
47. Kadish AH, Bello D, Finn JP, et al. Rationale and design for the Defibrillators to Reduce Risk by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation (DETERMINE) trial. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2009;20:98 2-7.
48. Klem I, Weinsaft JW, Bahnson TD, et al. Assessment of myocardial scarring improves risk stratification in patients evaluated for cardiac defibrillator implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:408-20.
49. Bauer A, Barthel P, Schneider R, et al. Improved stratification of autonomic regulation for risk prediction in post-infarction patients with preserved left ventricular function (ISAR-Risk). Eur Heart J 2009,30:576-83.
50. Wu TJ, Ong JJ, Hwang C, et al. Characteristics of wave fronts during ventricular fibrillation in human hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy: role of increased fibrosis in the generation of reentry. J Am Coll Car diol 1998;32:187-96.
51. Mann DL, Bristow MR. Mechanisms and models in heart failure: the biomechanical model and beyond. Circulation 2005;111:2837-49.
52. Gulati A, Jabbour A, Ismail TF, et al. Association of fibrosis with mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. JAMA 2013;309:896-908.
53. Iles LM, Ellims AH, Llewellyn H, et al. Histological validation of cardiac magnetic resonance analysis of regional and diffuse interstitial myocardial fibrosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;16:14-22.
54. Bogun FM,Desjardins B,Good E,et al. Delayed-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in nonischemic cardiomyopathy: utility for identifying the ventricular arrhythmia substrate J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 53, 1138-45.
55. Schmidt A, Azevedo CF, Cheng A, et al. Infarct tissue heterogeneity by magnetic resonance imaging identifies enhanced cardiac arrhythmia susceptibility in patients with left ventricul ar dysfunction. Circulation 2007;115:2006-14.
56. Roes SD, Borleffs CJ, van der Geest RJ, et al. Infarct tissue heterogeneity assessed with contrast-enhanced MRI predicts spontaneous ventricular arrhythmia in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2:183-90.
57. Scott PA, Morgan JM, Carroll N, et al. The extent of lef t ventricular scar quantified by late gadolinium enhancement MRI is associated with spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias in patients with coronary artery disease and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011; 4:324-30.
58. Alexandre J, Saloux E, Dugué, AE, et al. Scar extent evaluated by late gadolinium enhancement CMR: a powerful predictor of long term appropriate ICD therapy in patients with coronary artery diseas e. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013;15:12.
59. Demirel F, Adiyaman A, Timmer JR, et al. Myocardial scar characteristics based on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is associated with ventricular tach yarrhythmia in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2014;177:392-9.
60. Zeidan-Shwiri T, Yang Y, Lashevsky I, et al. Magnetic resonance estimates of the extent and heterogeneity o f scar tissue in ICD patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy predict ventricular arrhythmia. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:802-8.
61. Assomull RG, Prasad SK, Lyne J, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, fibrosis, and prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1977-85.
62. Iles L, Pfluger H, Lefkovits L, et al. Myocardial fibrosis predicts appropriate device therapy in patie nts with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:821-8.
63. Leyva F, Taylor RJ, Foley PW, et al. Left ventricular midwall fibrosis as a predictor of mortality and morbidity after cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:1659-67.
64. Neilan TG, Coelho-Filho OR, Danik SB, et al. CMR quantification of myocardial scar provides additive prognostic information in nonischemic cardiomyopathy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;9:944-54.
65. Perazzolo Marra M, De Lazzari M, Zorzi A, et al. Impact of the presence and amount of myocardial fibrosis by cardiac magnetic resonance on arrhythmic outcome and sudden cardiac death in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 2014;11:856-63.
66. Masci PG, Doulaptsis C, Bertella E, et al. Incremental prognostic value of myocardial fibrosis in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy without congestive heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2014;7:448-56.
67. Fernandez-Armenta J, Berruezo A, Mont L, et al. Use of myocardial scar characterization to predict ventricular arrhythmia in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace 2012;14:1578-86.
68. Gao P, Yee R, Gula L, et al. Prediction of arrhythmic events in ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy patients referred for implantable cardiac defibrillator: evaluation of multiple scar quantification measures for late gadoli nium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;5:448-56.
69. Mordi I, Jhund PS, Gardner RS, et al. LGE and NT-proBNP identify low risk of death or arrhythmic events in patients with primary prevention ICDs. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2014;7:561-9.
70. Almehmadi F, Joncas SX, Nevis I, et al. Prevalence of myocardial fibrosis patterns in patients with systolic dysfu nction: prognostic significance for the prediction of sudden cardiac arrest or appropriate implantable cardiac defibrillator therapy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2014;7:593-600.
71. Kuruvilla S, Adenaw N, Katwal AB, Lipinski MJ, Kramer CM, Salerno M. Late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance predicts adverse cardiovascular outcomes in nonischemic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Circ Cardiovasc Imagin g 2014;7: 250-8.
72. Wu KC, Gerstenblith G, Guallar E, et al. Combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and C-reactive protein levels identify a cohort at low risk for defibrillation firings and deat h. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;5:178-86.
73. Scott PA, Rosengarten JA, Curzen NP, Morgan JM. Late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of ventricular tach yarrhythmic events: a meta-Analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2013;15:1019-27.
74. Buxton AE, Waxman HL, Marchlinski FE, Untereker WJ, Waspe LE, Josephson ME. Role of triple extrastimuli during e lectrophysiologic study of patients with documented sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Circulation 1984;69:532-40.
75. Buxton AE,Lee KL,Fisher JD,Josephson ME,Prystowsky EN,Hafley G. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators N Engl J Med 1999 341 1882-90.
76. Buxton AE, Lee KL, DiCarlo L, et al. Electrophysiologic testing to identify patients with coronary artery disease who are at high risk for sudden death. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:193 7-45.
77. Zoni-Berisso M, Molini D, Mela GS, Vecchio C. Value of programmed ventricular stimulation in predicting sudden death and sustained ventricular tachycardia in survivors of myocardial infarction. Am J Car diol 1996;77:673-80.
78. De Ferrari GM, Rordorf R, Frattini F, Petracci B, De Filippo P, Landolina M. Predictive value of programmed ventricular stimulation in patients with ischaemic cardiomy opathy: implications for the selection of candidates for an implantable defibrillator. Europace 2007;9:1151-7.
79. Zoni-Berisso M, Bongiorni MG, Curnis A, et al. Considerazioni sulle raccomandazi oni delle linee guida all'impianto del cardioverter-defibrillatore per la prevenzione primaria della morte cardiaca improvvisa nei pazienti con grave disfunzione ventricolare. Documento di Consenso dell'Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospeda lieri (ANMCO)/Societá Italiana di Cardiologia (SIC)/Associazione Italiana di Aritmologia e Cardiostimolazione (AIAC). G Ital Cardiol 2013;14:752-72.
80. Zaman S, Narayan A, Thiagalingam A, et al. What is the optimal left ventricular ejection fraction cut-off for risk stratification for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction? Europace 2014;16:1315-21.
81. Costantini O, Hohnloser SH, Kirk MM, et al.; ABCD Trial Investigators. The ABCD (Alternans Before Cardioverter Defibrillator) Trial: strategies using T-wave alternans to improve efficiency of sudden cardiac death prevention . J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:471-9.
82. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Hafley GE, et al.; MUSTT Investigators. Relation of ejection fraction and inducible ventricular tachycardia to mode of death in patients with coronary artery disease. An analysis of patients enrolled in the Multicenter UnSustained Tachycardia Trial. Circulation 2002;106: 2466-72.
83. Daubert JP, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al.; MADIT II Study I nvestigators. Predictive value of ventricular arrhythmia inducibility for subsequent ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation in Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT) II patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47 :98-107.
84. Lunati M, Santini M, Bongiorni MG, et al. Linee guida AIAC all'impianto di pacemaker, dispositivi per la resincronizzazione cardiaca, defibrillatori automatici e loop recorder. Update 2011. Giornale Italiano di Aritmologia e Cardiostimolazione 2011;14: 1-64.
85. Buxton AE. Programmed ventricular stimulation: not dead. Circulation 2014; 129:831-3.
86. Zaman S, Narayan A, Thiagalingam A, et al. Long-term arrhythmia-free survival in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction and no inducible ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2014;129:848-54.
87. Grimm W, Hoffmann J, Menz V, Luck K, Maisch B. Programmed ventricular stimulation for arrhythmia risk prediction in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and nonsustained ventricular tachy cardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:739-45.
88. Golberger JJ, Subacius H, Patel T, Cunnane R, Kadish AH. Sudden cardiac death risk stratification in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyop athy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:1879-89.
89. Seegers J, Vos MA, Flevari P, et al.; EUTrigTreat Clinical Study Investigators. Rationale, objectives, and design of the EUTrigTreat clinical study: a prospect ive observational study for arrhythmia risk stratification and assessment of interrelationships among repolarization markers and genotype. Europace 2012;14:416-22.
90. Verrier RL, Klingenheben T, Malik M, et al. Microvolt T-wave alternans, physiological basis, methods of measurement, and clinical utility-Consensus Guideline by International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:1309-24.
91. Verrier RL, Malik M. Quantitative Twave alternans analysis for guiding medical therapy: an underexploited opportunity. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2015;25:201-13.
92. Merchant FM, Salerno-Uriarte JA, Caravati F, et al. Prospective use of microvolt Twave alternans testing to guide primary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy. Circ J 2015;79:1912-9.
93. Janse MJ, Wit AL. Electrophysiological mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias resulting from myocardial ischemia and infarction. Physiol Rev 1989;69:1049-169.
94. Salerno JA, Previtali M, Panciroli C, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocardial ischaemia in man. The role and significance of R-ST-T alternans and the prevention of ischemic sudden death by medical treatment. Eur Heart J 1986;7(Suppl A): 63-75.
95. Hohnloser SH, Klingenheben T, Bloomfield D, Dabbous O, Cohen RJ. Usefulness of microvolt T-wave alternans for prediction of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: results from a prospective observational study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:2220-4.
96. Bloomfield DM, Bigger JT, Steinman RC, et al. Microvolt T-wave alternans and risk of death or sustained ventricular arrhythm ias in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47: 456-63.
97. Ikeda T,Yoshino H,Sugi K,et al. Predictive value of microvolt T-wave alternans for sudden cardiac deat h in patients with preserved cardiac function after acute myocardial infarction: results of a collaborative cohort study J Am Coll Cardiol 2006 48 2268-74.
98. Salerno-Uriarte JA, De Ferrari GM, Klersy C, et al.; ALPHA Study Group Investigators. Prognostic value of T-wave alternans in patients with heart failure due to nonischemic cardiomyopathy: results of the ALPHA Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50: 1896-904.
99. Shizuta S, Ando K, Nobuyoshi M, et al.; PREVENT-SCD Investigators. Prognostic utility of T-wave alternans in a real-world population of patients with left ventricular dysfunction: the PREVENT-SCD study. Clin Res Cardiol 2012;101:89-99.
100. Merchant FM, Ikeda T, Pedretti RF, et al. Clinical utility of microvolt T-wave alternans testing in identifying patients at high or low risk of sudden cardiac death. Heart Rhythm 2012; 9:1256-64.
101. Merchant FM, Zheng H, Bigger T, et al. A combined anatomic and electrophysiologic substrate based approach for sudden cardiac death risk stratification. Am Heart J 2013;166:744-52.
102. Gold MR, Ip JH, Costantini O, et al. Role of microvolt T-wave alternans in assessment of arrhythmia vulnerability among patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction: primary results from the T-w ave alternans Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Fail-ure Trial substudy. Circulation 2008;118: 2022-8.
103. Chow T, Kereiakes DJ, Onufer J, et al.; MASTER Trial Investigators. Does microvolt T-wave alter nans testing predict ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and prophylactic defibrillators? The MASTER (Microvolt TWave Alternans Testing for Risk Stratification of Post-Myocardial Infarction Patients) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1607-15.
104. Jackson CE, Myles RC, Tsorlalis IK, et al. Profile of microvolt T wave alternans testing in 1003 patients hospitalized with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2012;14:377-86.
105. Chan PS, Gold MR, Nallamothu BK. Do beta-blockers impact microvolt T-wave alternans testing in patients at risk for ventricular arrhythmias? A meta-Analysis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2010;21:1009-14.
106. Gehi AK, Stein RH, Metz LD, Gomes JA. Microvolt T-wave alternans for risk stratification of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events: a meta-Analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:75-82.
107. Caló L, De Santo T, Nuccio F, et al. Predictive value of microvolt T-wave alternans for cardiac death or ventricular tachy-Arrhythmic events in ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy patient s: a metaanalysis. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2011;16:388-402.
108. Gupta A, Hoang DD, Karliner L, et al. Ability of microvolt T-wave alternans to modify risk assessment of ventricular tachya rrhythmic events: a meta-Analysis. Am Heart J 2012;163:354-64.
109. Monasterio V, Laguna P, Cygankiewicz I, et al. Average T-wave alternans activity in ambulatory ECG records predicts sudden cardiac death in patients with chronic heart failure. Heart Rhythm 2012;9: 383-9.
110. Hoshida K, Miwa Y, Miyakoshi M, et al. Simultaneous assessment of T-wave alternans and heart rate turbulence on Holter electrocardiograms as predictors for serious cardiac events in patients after myocard ial infarction. Circ J 2013;77:432-8.
111. De Ferrari GM, Landolina M, Mantica M, Manfredini R, Schwartz PJ, Lotto A. Baroreflex sensitivity, but not heart rate variability, is reduced in patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias long after myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1995;130: 473-80.
112. Landolina M, Mantica M, Pessano P, et al. Impaired baroreflex sensitivi ty is correlated with hemodynamic deterioration of sustained ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:568-75.
113. La Rovere MT, Bigger JT, Marcus FI, Mortara A, Schwartz PJ. Barore flex sensitivity and heart-rate variability in prediction of total cardiac mortality after myocardial infarction. ATRAMI (Autonomic Tone and Reflexes After Myocardial Infarction) Investigators. Lancet 1998;351:478-84.
114. Exner DV, Kavanagh KM, Slawnych MP, et al.; REFINE Investigators. Noninvasive risk assessment early after a myocardial infarction: the REFINE study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:2275-84.
115. Huikuri HV, Exner DV, Kavanagh KM, et al.; CARISMA and REFINE Investigators. Attenuated recovery of heart rate turbulence early after myocardial infarction identifies patients at high risk for fatal or nearfatal arrhythmic events. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:229-35.
116. La Rovere MT, Pinna GD, Maestri R, et al.; GISSI-HF Investigators. Autonomic markers and cardiovascular and arrhythmic events in heart failure patients: still a place in prognostication? Data from the GISSI-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2012;14:1410-9.
117. Patton KK, Sotoodehnia N, DeFilippi C, Siscovick DS, Gottdiener JS, Kronmal RA. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic pepti de is associated with sudden cardiac death risk: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Heart Rhythm 2011;8:228-33.
118. Levine YC,Rosenberg MA,Mittleman M,et al. B-type natriuretic peptide is a major predictor of ventricular tachyar-rhy thmias Heart Rhythm 2014 11 1109-16.
119. Scott PA, Barry J, Roberts PR, Morgan JM. Brain natriuretic peptide for the prediction of sudden cardiac death a nd ventricular arrhythmias: a meta-Analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2009;11:958-66.
120. Hussein AA, Gottdiener JS, Bartz TM, et al. Cardiomyocyte injury assessed by highly sensitive troponin assay and sudden cardiac death in the community: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:2112-20.
121. Biasucci LM, Bellocci F, Landolina M, et al. Risk stratification of ischaemic patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators by C-reactive protein and multi-markers strategy: results of the CAMI-GUIDE study. Eur Heart J 2012;33:1344-50.
122. Cheng A, Zhang Y, Blasco-Colmenares E, et al. Protein biomarkers identify patients unlike to benefit from primary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillators : findings from the Prospective Observational Study of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (PROSE-ICD). Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014;7:1084-91.
123. Ahmad T, Fiuzad M, Neely B, et al. Biomarkers of myocardial stress and fibrosis as predictors of mode of death in patients with chronic heart failure. JACC Heart Fail 2014;2:260-8.
124. Bezzina CR, Pazoki R, Bardai A, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies a susceptibility locus at 21q21 for ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction. Nat Genet 2010;42:688-91.
125. Aouizerat BE, Vittinghoff E, Musone SL, et al. GWAS for discovery and replication of genetic loci associated with sudden cardiac arrest in patients with coronary artery disease. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2011;11:29.
126. Hershberger RE, Lindenfeld J, Mestroni L, Seidman CE, Taylor MR, Towbin JA. Genetic evaluation of cardiomyopathy-A Heart Failure Society of America practice guideline. J Card Fail 2009;15:83-97.
127. Ganesh SK, Arnett DK, Assimes TL, et al. Genetics and genomics for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease: update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Assoc iation. Circulation 2013;128:2813-51.
128. Meune C, Van Berlo JH, Anselme F, Bonne G, Pinto YM, Duboc D. Primary prevention of sudden death in patients with lamin A/C gene mutations. N Engl J Med 2006;354:209-10.
129. van Rijsingen IA, Arbustini E, Elliott PM, et al. Risk factors for malignant ventricular arrhythmias in lamin A/C mutation carriers: a European cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:493-500.
130. Taylor MR, Fain PR, Sinagra G, et al.; Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy Registry Research Group. Natural history of dilated cardiomyopathy due to lamin A/C gene mutat ions. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:771-80.
131. Arbustini E, Pilotto A, Repetto A, et al. Autosomal dominant dilated cardiomyopathy with atrioventricular block: a lamin A/C defect-related disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:981-90.
132. Pasotti M, Klersy C, Pilotto A, et al. Long-term outcome and risk stratification in dilated cardiolaminopathies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1250-60.
133. Diegoli M, Grasso M, Favalli V, et al. Diagnostic work-up and risk stratification in X-linked dilated cardiomyopathies caused by dystrophin defects. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:925-34.
134. Cheng A, Dalal D, Butcher B, et al. Prospective observational study of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in primary prevention of sudden cardiac death: study design and cohort description. J Am H eart Assoc 2013;2:e000083.
135. Proietti R, Labos C, Davis M, et al. A systematic review and meta-Analysis of the association between implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks and long-term mortal ity. Can J Cardiol 2015;31:270-7.
136. Smith T, Jordaens L, Theuns DA, van Dessel PF, Wilde AA, Hunink MG. The cost-effectiveness of primary prophylactic implantable defibrillator therapy in patients with ischaemic and non-ischaemic heart disease: a European analysis. Eur Heart J 2013;34:211-9.