European Heart Rhythm Association/Heart Failure Association joint consensus document on arrhythmias in heart failure, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society

European Journal of Heart Failure

Volumn 17, Issue 9, 2015, Pages 848-874

  Lip, Gregory Y H ^a,b,c   Heinzel, Frank R ^a   Gaita, Fiorenzo ^a   Juanatey, Jose Rámon Gonzalez ^a   Le Heuzey, Jean Yves ^a   Potpara, Tatjana ^a   Svendsen, Jesper Hastrup ^a   Vos, Marc A ^a   Anker, Stefan D ^a   Coats, Andrew J ^a   Haverkamp, Wilhelm ^a   Manolis, Antonis S ^a   Chung, Mina K ^a   Sanders, Prashanthan ^a   Pieske, Burkert ^a  

^a City Hospital ^*  (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^c AALBORG UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIVITAMIN K; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; SODIUM CHANNEL NAV1.5;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ARRHYTHMOGENESIS; ARTICLE; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; BRADYCARDIA; CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CARDIOVERSION; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; DEVICE THERAPY; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; FAMILIAL DISEASE; GENE MUTATION; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM FLUTTER; HEART FAILURE; HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION; HEART INFARCTION; HEART RHYTHM; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HISTORY; HUMAN; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR; LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE; LONG QT SYNDROME; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; SCN5A GENE; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; CARDIOLOGY; CAUSE OF DEATH; COMPLICATION; CONSENSUS; EUROPE; HEART RATE; HEART STROKE VOLUME; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MORBIDITY; PHYSIOLOGY; SURVIVAL RATE; TRENDS;

ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; CARDIOLOGY; CAUSE OF DEATH; CONSENSUS; EUROPE; HEART FAILURE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; MORBIDITY; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; STROKE VOLUME; SURVIVAL RATE;

EID: 84941811129     PISSN: 13889842     EISSN: 18790844     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.338     Document Type: Article

References (278)

1. Mosterd A, and, Hoes AW,. Clinical epidemiology of heart failure. Heart 2007; 93: 1137-46.
2. Lau YC, Lane DA, Lip GY,. Atrial fibrillation and heart failure: a bad combination. Am J Cardiol 2014; 113: 1196-7.
3. Luu M, Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW, Baron K, Walden J,. Diverse mechanisms of unexpected cardiac arrest in advanced heart failure. Circulation 1989; 80: 1675-80.
4. Whitman IR, Feldman HI, Deo R,. CKD and sudden cardiac death: epidemiology, mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23: 1929-39.
5. Ambrosy AP, Fonarow GC, Butler J, Chioncel O, Greene SJ, Vaduganathan M, et al., The global health and economic burden of hospitalizations for heart failure: lessons learned from hospitalized heart failure registries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63: 1123-33.
6. Maggioni AP, Dahlstrom U, Filippatos G, Chioncel O, Crespo Leiro M, Drozdz J, et al., EURObservational Research Programme: regional differences and 1-year follow-up results of the Heart Failure Pilot Survey (ESC-HF Pilot). Eur J Heart Fail 2013; 15: 808-17.
7. Rewiuk K, Wizner B, Fedyk-Lukasik M, Zdrojewski T, Opolski G, Dubiel J, et al., Epidemiology and management of coexisting heart failure and atrial fibrillation in an outpatient setting. Pol Arch Med Wewn 2011; 121: 392-9.
8. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. The SOLVD Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 685-91.
9. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1429-35.
10. Sanders P, Morton JB, Davidson NC, Spence SJ, Vohra JK, Sparks PB, et al., Electrical remodeling of the atria in congestive heart failure: electrophysiological and electroanatomic mapping in humans. Circulation 2003; 108: 1461-8.
11. Li D, Fareh S, Leung TK, Nattel S,. Promotion of atrial fibrillation by heart failure in dogs: atrial remodeling of a different sort. Circulation 1999; 100: 87-95.
12. Schnabel RB, Sullivan LM, Levy D, Pencina MJ, Massaro JM, D'Agostino RB Sr, et al., Development of a risk score for atrial fibrillation (Framingham Heart Study): a community-based cohort study. Lancet 2009; 373: 739-45.
13. Middlekauff HR, Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW,. Prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation in advanced heart failure. A study of 390 patients. Circulation 1991; 84: 40-8.
14. Carson PE, Johnson GR, Dunkman WB, Fletcher RD, Farrell L, Cohn JN,. The influence of atrial fibrillation on prognosis in mild to moderate heart failure. The V-HeFT Studies. The V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group. Circulation 1993; 87 (6 Suppl): VI102-10.
15. Natterson PD, Stevenson WG, Saxon LA, Middlekauff HR, Stevenson LW,. Risk of arterial embolization in 224 patients awaiting cardiac transplantation. Am Heart J 1995; 129: 564-70.
16. Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW, Middlekauff HR, Fonarow GC, Hamilton MA, Woo MA, et al., Improving survival for patients with atrial fibrillation and advanced heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 1458-63.
17. Cioffi G, Pozzoli M, Forni G, Franchini M, Opasich C, Cobelli F, et al., Systemic thromboembolism in chronic heart failure. A prospective study in 406 patients. Eur Heart J 1996; 17: 1381-9.
18. Dries DL, Exner DV, Gersh BJ, Domanski MJ, Waclawiw MA, Stevenson LW,. Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk for mortality and heart failure progression in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a retrospective analysis of the SOLVD trials. Studies of left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 695-703.
19. Mahoney P, Kimmel S, DeNofrio D, Wahl P, Loh E,. Prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation in patients at a tertiary medical center referred for heart transplantation because of severe heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83: 1544-7.
20. Mathew J, Hunsberger S, Fleg J, Mc Sherry F, Williford W, Yusuf S,. Incidence, predictive factors, and prognostic significance of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in congestive heart failure. Chest 2000; 118: 914-22.
21. Crijns HJ, Tjeerdsma G, de Kam PJ, Boomsma F, van Gelder IC, van den Berg MP, et al., Prognostic value of the presence and development of atrial fibrillation in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 1238-45.
22. Wang TJ, Larson MG, Levy D, Vasan RS, Leip EP, Wolf PA, et al., Temporal relations of atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure and their joint influence on mortality: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2003; 107: 2920-5.
23. Ahmed A, Thornton P, Perry GJ, Allman RM, DeLong JF,. Impact of atrial fibrillation on mortality and readmission in older adults hospitalized with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2004; 6: 421-6.
24. Swedberg K, Olsson LG, Charlesworth A, Cleland J, Hanrath P, Komajda M, et al., Prognostic relevance of atrial fibrillation in patients with chronic heart failure on long-term treatment with beta-blockers: results from COMET. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 1303-8.
25. Pedersen OD, Sondergaard P, Nielsen T, Nielsen SJ, Nielsen ES, Falstie-Jensen N, et al., Atrial fibrillation, ischaemic heart disease, and the risk of death in patients with heart failure. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2866-70.
26. Olsson LG, Swedberg K, Ducharme A, Granger CB, Michelson EL, McMurray JJ, et al., Atrial fibrillation and risk of clinical events in chronic heart failure with and without left ventricular systolic dysfunction: results from the Candesartan in Heart failure-Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 1997-2004.
27. Wojtkowska I, Sobkowicz B, Musial WJ, Kozuch M,. Persistent atrial fibrillation as a prognostic factor of outcome in patients with advanced heart failure. Kardiol Pol 2006; 64: 777-83. discussion 784-5.
28. Pai RG, and, Varadarajan P,. Prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation is a function of left ventricular ejection fraction. Clin Cardiol 2007; 30: 349-54.
29. Corell P, Gustafsson F, Schou M, Markenvard J, Nielsen T, Hildebrandt P,. Prevalence and prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation in outpatients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Eur J Heart Fail 2007; 9: 258-65.
30. Rusinaru D, Leborgne L, Peltier M, Tribouilloy C,. Effect of atrial fibrillation on long-term survival in patients hospitalised for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10: 566-72.
31. Rivero-Ayerza M, Scholte Op Reimer W, Lenzen M, Theuns DA, Jordaens L, Komajda M, et al., New-onset atrial fibrillation is an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in hospitalized heart failure patients: results of the EuroHeart Failure Survey. Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 1618-24.
32. Sampson UK, Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Lokhnygina Y, White HD, Solomon SD, et al., Predictors of stroke in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: insights from the VALIANT Trial. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 685-91.
33. Santini M, Gasparini M, Landolina M, Lunati M, Proclemer A, Padeletti L, et al., Device-detected atrial tachyarrhythmias predict adverse outcome in real-world patients with implantable biventricular defibrillators. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 167-72.
34. Shanmugam N, Boerdlein A, Proff J, Ong P, Valencia O, Maier SK, et al., Detection of atrial high-rate events by continuous home monitoring: clinical significance in the heart failure-cardiac resynchronization therapy population. Europace 2012; 14: 230-7.
35. Lam CS, Carson PE, Anand IS, Rector TS, Kuskowski M, Komajda M, et al., Sex differences in clinical characteristics and outcomes in elderly patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: the Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (I-PRESERVE) trial. Circ Heart Fail 2012; 5: 571-8.
36. Mentz RJ, Chung MJ, Gheorghiade M, Pang PS, Kwasny MJ, Ambrosy AP, et al., Atrial fibrillation or flutter on initial electrocardiogram is associated with worse outcomes in patients admitted for worsening heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: findings from the EVEREST Trial. Am Heart J 2012; 164: 884-92. e2.
37. McManus DD, Hsu G, Sung SH, Saczynski JS, Smith DH, Magid DJ, et al., Atrial fibrillation and outcomes in heart failure with preserved versus reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e005694.
38. Zakeri R, Borlaug BA, McNulty SE, Mohammed SF, Lewis GD, Semigran MJ, et al., Impact of atrial fibrillation on exercise capacity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a RELAX trial ancillary study. Circ Heart Fail 2014; 7: 123-30.
39. Swedberg K, Komajda M, Bohm M, Borer JS, Ford I, Dubost-Brama A, et al., Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet 2010; 376: 875-85.
40. Martin RI, Pogoryelova O, Koref MS, Bourke JP, Teare MD, Keavney BD,. Atrial fibrillation associated with ivabradine treatment: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Heart 2014; 100: 1506-10.
41. Agostoni P, Emdin M, Corra U, Veglia F, Magri D, Tedesco CC, et al., Permanent atrial fibrillation affects exercise capacity in chronic heart failure patients. Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 2367-72.
42. Pullicino PM, Halperin JL, Thompson JL,. Stroke in patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Neurology 2000; 54: 288-94.
43. Vemmos K, Ntaios G, Savvari P, Vemmou AM, Koroboki E, Manios E, et al., Stroke aetiology and predictors of outcome in patients with heart failure and acute stroke: a 10-year follow-up study. Eur J Heart Fail 2012; 14: 211-8.
44. Lowres N, Neubeck L, Redfern J, Freedman SB,. Screening to identify unknown atrial fibrillation. A systematic review Thromb Haemost 2013; 110: 213-22.
45. Lowres N, Neubeck L, Salkeld G, Krass I, McLachlan AJ, Redfern J, et al., Feasibility and cost-effectiveness of stroke prevention through community screening for atrial fibrillation using iPhone ECG in pharmacies. The SEARCH-AF study. Thromb Haemost 2014; 111: 1167-76.
46. Potpara TS, Polovina MM, Marinkovic JM, Lip GY,. A comparison of clinical characteristics and long-term prognosis in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with first-diagnosed atrial fibrillation: the Belgrade Atrial Fibrillation Study. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168: 4744-9.
47. Agarwal M, Apostolakis S, Lane DA, Lip GY,. The impact of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in predicting stroke, thromboembolism, and mortality in atrial fibrillation patients: a systematic review. Clin Ther 2014; 36: 1135-44.
48. Jang SJ, Kim MS, Park HJ, Han S, Kang DH, Song JK, et al., Impact of heart failure with normal ejection fraction on the occurrence of ischaemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart 2013; 99: 17-21.
49. Banerjee A, Taillandier S, Olesen JB, Lane DA, Lallemand B, Lip GY, et al., Ejection fraction and outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure: the Loire Valley Atrial Fibrillation Project. Eur J Heart Fail 2012; 14: 295-301.
50. Potpara TS, Polovina MM, Licina MM, Marinkovic JM, Lip GY,. Predictors and prognostic implications of incident heart failure following the first diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in patients with structurally normal hearts: the Belgrade Atrial Fibrillation Study. Eur J Heart Fail 2013; 15: 415-24.
51. Gupta S, and, Figueredo VM,. Tachycardia mediated cardiomyopathy: pathophysiology, mechanisms, clinical features and management. Int J Cardiol 2014; 172: 40-6.
52. Chen J, Johnson G, Hellkamp AS, Anderson J, Mark DB, Lee KL, et al., Rapid-rate nonsustained ventricular tachycardia found on implantable cardioverter-defibrillator interrogation: relationship to outcomes in the SCD-HeFT (Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial). J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61: 2161-8.
53. Somers VK, White DP, Amin R, Abraham WT, Costa F, Culebras A, et al., Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: an American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. In collaboration with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Center on Sleep Disorders Research (National Institutes of Health). Circulation 2008; 118: 1080-111.
54. Muller JE, Ludmer PL, Willich SN, Tofler GH, Aylmer G, Klangos I, et al., Circadian variation in the frequency of sudden cardiac death. Circulation 1987; 75: 131-8.
55. Podrid PJ, Fogel RI, Fuchs TT,. Ventricular arrhythmia in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 82G-95G. discussion 95G-96G.
56. Cleland JG, Chattopadhyay S, Khand A, Houghton T, Kaye GC,. Prevalence and incidence of arrhythmias and sudden death in heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2002; 7: 229-42.
57. Liao YC, Hsieh YC, Hung CY, Huang JL, Lin CH, Wang KY, et al., Statin therapy reduces the risk of ventricular arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death, and mortality in heart failure patients: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168: 4805-7.
58. Baldasseroni S, Opasich C, Gorini M, Lucci D, Marchionni N, Marini M, et al., Left bundle-branch block is associated with increased 1-year sudden and total mortality rate in 5517 outpatients with congestive heart failure: a report from the Italian network on congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 2002; 143: 398-405.
59. Packer DL, Prutkin JM, Hellkamp AS, Mitchell LB, Bernstein RC, Wood F, et al., Impact of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, amiodarone, and placebo on the mode of death in stable patients with heart failure: analysis from the sudden cardiac death in heart failure trial. Circulation 2009; 120: 2170-6.
60. Cleland JG, Swedberg K, Cohen-Solal A, Cosin-Aguilar J, Dietz R, Follath F, et al., The Euro Heart Failure Survey of the EUROHEART survey programme. A survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. The Study Group on Diagnosis of the Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. The Medicines Evaluation Group Centre for Health Economics University of York. Eur J Heart Fail 2000; 2: 123-32.
61. McMurray JJ, Carson PE, Komajda M, McKelvie R, Zile MR, Ptaszynska A, et al., Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: clinical characteristics of 4133 patients enrolled in the I-PRESERVE trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10: 149-56.
62. Sweeney MO,. Sudden death in heart failure associated with reduced left ventricular function: substrates, mechanisms, and evidence-based management, Part II. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2001; 24: 1002-22.
63. Whang W, Mittleman MA, Rich DQ, Wang PJ, Ruskin JN, Tofler GH, et al., Heart failure and the risk of shocks in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: results from the Triggers Of Ventricular Arrhythmias (TOVA) study. Circulation 2004; 109: 1386-91.
64. Adabag S, Smith LG, Anand IS, Berger AK, Luepker RV,. Sudden cardiac death in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction. J Card Fail 2012; 18: 749-54.
65. Cleland JG, Tendera M, Adamus J, Freemantle N, Polonski L, Taylor J, et al., The perindopril in elderly people with chronic heart failure (PEP-CHF) study. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2338-45.
66. Ahmed A, Rich MW, Fleg JL, Zile MR, Young JB, Kitzman DW, et al., Effects of digoxin on morbidity and mortality in diastolic heart failure: the ancillary digitalis investigation group trial. Circulation 2006; 114:397- 403.
67. Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, Held P, McMurray JJ, et al., Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet 2003; 362: 777-81.
68. Spirito P, Autore C, Formisano F, Assenza GE, Biagini E, Haas TS, et al., Risk of sudden death and outcome in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with benign presentation and without risk factors. Am J Cardiol 2014; 113: 1550-5.
69. Elliott PM, Anastasakis A, Borger MA, Borggrefe M, Cecchi F, Charron P, et al., 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 2733-79.
70. Saoudi N, Cosio F, Waldo A, Chen SA, Iesaka Y, Lesh M, et al., Classification of atrial flutter and regular atrial tachycardia according to electrophysiologic mechanism and anatomic bases: a statement from a joint expert group from the Working Group of Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001; 12: 852-66.
71. Poole JE, Johnson GW, Hellkamp AS, Anderson J, Callans DJ, Raitt MH, et al., Prognostic importance of defibrillator shocks in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1009-17.
72. Dorian P, Philippon F, Thibault B, Kimber S, Sterns L, Greene M, et al., Randomized controlled study of detection enhancements versus rate-only detection to prevent inappropriate therapy in a dual-chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Heart Rhythm 2004; 1: 540-7.
73. Medi C, Kalman JM, Haqqani H, Vohra JK, Morton JB, Sparks PB, et al., Tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy secondary to focal atrial tachycardia: long-term outcome after catheter ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 1791-7.
74. Bamimore A, and, Mounsey P,. Ablation of atrial tachycardia and atrial flutter in heart failure. Heart Fail Clin 2013; 9: 501-14.
75. Gasparini M, Leclercq C, Lunati M, Landolina M, Auricchio A, Santini M, et al., Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: the CERTIFY study (Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Multinational Registry). JACC Heart Fail 2013; 1: 500-7.
76. Camm AJ, Lip GY, De Caterina R, Savelieva I, Atar D, Hohnloser SH, et al., 2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation-developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Europace 2012; 14: 1385-413.
77. Adan V, and, Crown LA,. Diagnosis and treatment of sick sinus syndrome. Am Fam Physician 2003; 67: 1725-32.
78. Witte KK, Cleland JG, Clark AL,. Chronic heart failure, chronotropic incompetence, and the effects of beta blockade. Heart 2006; 92: 481-6.
79. Magri D, Corra U, Di Lenarda A, Cattadori G, Maruotti A, Iorio A, et al., Cardiovascular mortality and chronotropic incompetence in systolic heart failure: the importance of a reappraisal of current cut-off criteria. Eur J Heart Fail 2014; 16: 201-9.
80. Bloch Thomsen PE, Jons C, Raatikainen MJ, Moerch Joergensen R, Hartikainen J, Virtanen V, et al., Long-term recording of cardiac arrhythmias with an implantable cardiac monitor in patients with reduced ejection fraction after acute myocardial infarction: the Cardiac Arrhythmias and Risk Stratification After Acute Myocardial Infarction (CARISMA) study. Circulation 2010; 122: 1258-64.
81. Lip GY, Windecker S, Huber K, Kirchhof P, Marin F, Ten Berg JM, et al., Management of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and/or undergoing percutaneous coronary or valve interventions: a joint consensus document of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis, European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) and European Association of Acute Cardiac Care (ACCA) endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) and Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS). Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 3155-79.
82. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Blaha MJ, et al., Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics-2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2014; 129: 399-410.
83. Ohlow MA, Geller JC, Richter S, Farah A, Muller S, Fuhrmann JT, et al., Incidence and predictors of ventricular arrhythmias after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Emerg Med 2012; 30: 580-6.
84. Barron HV, Bowlby LJ, Breen T, Rogers WJ, Canto JG, Zhang Y, et al., Use of reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction in the United States: data from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2. Circulation 1998; 97: 1150-6.
85. Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL,. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet 2003; 361: 13-20.
86. Heper G, Korkmaz ME, Kilic A,. Reperfusion arrhythmias: are they only a marker of epicardial reperfusion or continuing myocardial ischemia after acute myocardial infarction? Angiology 2007; 58: 663-70.
87. Wu AH, Parsons L, Every NR, Bates ER, Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. Hospital outcomes in patients presenting with congestive heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction: a report from the Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI-2). J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1389-94.
88. Pfeffer MA, Greaves SC, Arnold JM, Glynn RJ, LaMotte FS, Lee RT, et al., Early versus delayed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition therapy in acute myocardial infarction. The healing and early afterload reducing therapy trial. Circulation 1997; 95: 2643-51.
89. Bunch TJ, May HT, Bair TL, Crandall BG, Weiss JP, Osborn JS, et al., Trends in early and late mortality in patients undergoing coronary catheterization for myocardial infarction: implications on observation periods and risk factors to determine ICD candidacy. Heart Rhythm 2011; 8: 1460-6.
90. Adabag AS, Therneau TM, Gersh BJ, Weston SA, Roger VL,. Sudden death after myocardial infarction. JAMA 2008; 300: 2022-9.
91. Ellis ER, and, Josephson ME,. Heart failure and tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2013; 10: 296-306.
92. Fenelon G, Wijns W, Andries E, Brugada P,. Tachycardiomyopathy: mechanisms and clinical implications. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996; 19: 95-106.
93. Duffee DF, Shen WK, Smith HC,. Suppression of frequent premature ventricular contractions and improvement of left ventricular function in patients with presumed idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Mayo Clin Proc 1998; 73: 430-3.
94. Kanei Y, Friedman M, Ogawa N, Hanon S, Lam P, Schweitzer P,. Frequent premature ventricular complexes originating from the right ventricular outflow tract are associated with left ventricular dysfunction. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2008; 13: 81-5.
95. Yokokawa M, Kim HM, Good E, Crawford T, Chugh A, Pelosi F Jr, et al., Impact of QRS duration of frequent premature ventricular complexes on the development of cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 2012; 9: 1460-4.
96. Deyell MW, Park KM, Han Y, Frankel DS, Dixit S, Cooper JM, et al., Predictors of recovery of left ventricular dysfunction after ablation of frequent ventricular premature depolarizations. Heart Rhythm 2012; 9: 1465-72.
97. Sarrazin JF, Labounty T, Kuhne M, Crawford T, Armstrong WF, Desjardins B, et al., Impact of radiofrequency ablation of frequent post-infarction premature ventricular complexes on left ventricular ejection fraction. Heart Rhythm 2009; 6: 1543-9.
98. Natale A, Zimerman L, Tomassoni G, Kearney M, Kent V, Brandon MJ, et al., Impact on ventricular function and quality of life of transcatheter ablation of the atrioventricular junction in chronic atrial fibrillation with a normal ventricular response. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 1431-3.
99. Isbister GK, and, Page CB,. Drug induced QT prolongation: the measurement and assessment of the QT interval in clinical practice. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 76: 48-57.
100. Pizzale S, Lemery R, Green MS, Gollob MH, Tang AS, Birnie DH,. Frequency and predictors of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy in patients with persistent atrial flutter. Can J Cardiol 2009; 25: 469-72.
101. Aguinaga L, Primo J, Anguera I, Mont L, Valentino M, Brugada P, et al., Long-term follow-up in patients with the permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia treated with radiofrequency ablation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998; 21 (11 Pt 1): 2073-8.
102. Zannad F, Huvelle E, Dickstein K, van Veldhuisen DJ, Stellbrink C, Kober L, et al., Left bundle branch block as a risk factor for progression to heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2007; 9: 7-14.
103. Vaillant C, Martins RP, Donal E, Leclercq C, Thebault C, Behar N, et al., Resolution of left bundle branch block-induced cardiomyopathy by cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61: 1089-95.
104. Wilkoff BL, Cook JR, Epstein AE, Greene HL, Hallstrom AP, Hsia H, et al., Dual-chamber pacing or ventricular backup pacing in patients with an implantable defibrillator: the Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator (DAVID) Trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 3115-23.
105. Yokokawa M, Good E, Crawford T, Chugh A, Pelosi F Jr, Latchamsetty R, et al., Recovery from left ventricular dysfunction after ablation of frequent premature ventricular complexes. Heart Rhythm 2013; 10: 172-5.
106. Houmsse M, Tyler J, Kalbfleisch S,. Supraventricular tachycardia causing heart failure. Curr Opin Cardiol 2011; 26: 261-9.
107. Butt M, Dwivedi G, Khair O, Lip GY,. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease. Int J Cardiol 2010; 139: 7-16.
108. Chami HA, Devereux RB, Gottdiener JS, Mehra R, Roman MJ, Benjamin EJ, et al., Left ventricular morphology and systolic function in sleep-disordered breathing: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Circulation 2008; 117: 2599-607.
109. Otto ME, Belohlavek M, Romero-Corral A, Gami AS, Gilman G, Svatikova A, et al., Comparison of cardiac structural and functional changes in obese otherwise healthy adults with versus without obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Cardiol 2007; 99: 1298-302.
110. Javaheri S, Javaheri S, Javaheri A,. Sleep apnea, heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2013; 10: 315-20.
111. Gami AS, Hodge DO, Herges RM, Olson EJ, Nykodym J, Kara T, et al., Obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 565-71.
112. Neilan TG, Farhad H, Dodson JA, Shah RV, Abbasi SA, Bakker JP, et al., Effect of sleep apnea and continuous positive airway pressure on cardiac structure and recurrence of atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000421.
113. Kaneko Y, Floras JS, Usui K, Plante J, Tkacova R, Kubo T, et al., Cardiovascular effects of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1233-41.
114. Arzt M, Floras JS, Logan AG, Kimoff RJ, Series F, Morrison D, et al., Suppression of central sleep apnea by continuous positive airway pressure and transplant-free survival in heart failure: a post hoc analysis of the Canadian Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Patients with Central Sleep Apnea and Heart Failure Trial (CANPAP). Circulation 2007; 115: 3173-80.
115. Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y, Levin A, Coresh J, Rossert J, et al., Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2005; 67: 2089-100.
116. Herzog CA, Asinger RW, Berger AK, Charytan DM, Diez J, Hart RG, et al., Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. A clinical update from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2011; 80: 572-86.
117. Roberts PR, and, Green D,. Arrhythmias in chronic kidney disease. Heart 2011; 97: 766-73.
118. Olesen JB, Lip GY, Kamper AL, Hommel K, Kober L, Lane DA, et al., Stroke and bleeding in atrial fibrillation with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 625-35.
119. Bonde AN, Lip GY, Kamper AL, Hansen PR, Lamberts M, Hommel K, et al., Net clinical benefit of antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease: a Nationwide Observational Cohort Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64: 2471-82.
120. Friberg L, Benson L, Lip GY,. Balancing stroke and bleeding risks in patients with atrial fibrillation and renal failure: the Swedish Atrial Fibrillation Cohort study. Eur Heart J 2015; 36: 297-306.
121. Barr CS, Naas A, Freeman M, Lang CC, Struthers AD,. QT dispersion and sudden unexpected death in chronic heart failure. Lancet 1994; 343: 327-9.
122. Middlekauff HR, Stevenson WG, Saxon LA, Stevenson LW,. Amiodarone and torsades de pointes in patients with advanced heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76: 499-502.
123. O'Callaghan PA, and, McGovern BA,. Evolving role of sotalol in the management of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78 (4A): 54-60.
124. Doval HC,. Class III antiarrhythmic agents in cardiac failure: lessons from clinical trials with a focus on the Grupo de Estudio de la Sobrevida en la Insuficiencia Cardiaca en Argentina (GESICA). Am J Cardiol 1999; 84 (9A): 109R-14R.
125. Macdonald JE, and, Struthers AD,. What is the optimal serum potassium level in cardiovascular patients? J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 155-61.
126. Brady WJ, DeBehnke DJ, Laundrie D,. Prevalence, therapeutic response, and outcome of ventricular tachycardia in the out-of-hospital setting: a comparison of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, and torsades de pointes. Acad Emerg Med 1999; 6: 609-17.
127. Varriale P, and, Leonardi M,. Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in the coronary care unit. Heart Lung 2006; 35: 283-9.
128. McNair WP, Sinagra G, Taylor MR, Di Lenarda A, Ferguson DA, Salcedo EE, et al., SCN5A mutations associate with arrhythmic dilated cardiomyopathy and commonly localize to the voltage-sensing mechanism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 2160-8.
129. Ziv O, Dizon J, Thosani A, Naka Y, Magnano AR, Garan H,. Effects of left ventricular assist device therapy on ventricular arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1428-34.
130. Nakahara S, Chien C, Gelow J, Dalouk K, Henrikson CA, Mudd J, et al., Ventricular arrhythmias after left ventricular assist device. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2013; 6: 648-54.
131. Pecha S, Wilke I, Bernhardt A, Hakmi S, Yildirim Y, Steven D, et al., Clinical experience of combined HeartWare ventricular assist device and implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2014; 25: 1109-14.
132. Oswald H, Schultz-Wildelau C, Gardiwal A, Lusebrink U, Konig T, Meyer A, et al., Implantable defibrillator therapy for ventricular tachyarrhythmia in left ventricular assist device patients. Eur J Heart Fail 2010; 12: 593-9.
133. Boilson BA, and, Friedman PA,. Role of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients with continuous flow ventricular assist devices. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2013; 6: 663-5.
134. Hamzeh N, Steckman DA, Sauer WH, Judson MA,. Pathophysiology and clinical management of cardiac sarcoidosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2015; 12: 278-88.
135. Marcus FI, McKenna WJ, Sherrill D, Basso C, Bauce B, Bluemke DA, et al., Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: proposed modification of the task force criteria. Circulation 2010; 121: 1533-41.
136. Tham YK, Bernardo BC, Ooi JY, Weeks KL, McMullen JR,. Pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure: signaling pathways and novel therapeutic targets. Arch Toxicol 2015 [Epub ahead of print].
137. Allen LA, Stevenson LW, Grady KL, Goldstein NE, Matlock DD, Arnold RM, et al., Decision making in advanced heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2012; 125: 1928-52.
138. Baman TS, Lange DC, Ilg KJ, Gupta SK, Liu TY, Alguire C, et al., Relationship between burden of premature ventricular complexes and left ventricular function. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7: 865-9.
139. Lerma C, Gorelick A, Ghanem RN, Glass L, Huikuri HV,. Patterns of ectopy leading to increased risk of fatal or near-fatal cardiac arrhythmia in patients with depressed left ventricular function after an acute myocardial infarction. Europace 2013; 15: 1304-12.
140. Guglin M, Chen R, Curtis AB,. Sinus rhythm is associated with fewer heart failure symptoms: insights from the AFFIRM trial. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7: 596-601.
141. Baerman JM, Morady F, DiCarlo LA Jr, de Buitleir M,. Differentiation of ventricular tachycardia from supraventricular tachycardia with aberration: value of the clinical history. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16: 40-3.
142. Teerlink JR, Jalaluddin M, Anderson S, Kukin ML, Eichhorn EJ, Francis G, et al., Ambulatory ventricular arrhythmias in patients with heart failure do not specifically predict an increased risk of sudden death. PROMISE (Prospective Randomized Milrinone Survival Evaluation) Investigators. Circulation 2000; 101: 40-6.
143. Singh SN, Fisher SG, Carson PE, Fletcher RD,. Prevalence and significance of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with premature ventricular contractions and heart failure treated with vasodilator therapy. Department of Veterans Affairs CHF STAT Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 942-7.
144. Zecchin M, Di Lenarda A, Gregori D, Merlo M, Pivetta A, Vitrella G, et al., Are nonsustained ventricular tachycardias predictive of major arrhythmias in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy on optimal medical treatment? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2008; 31: 290-9.
145. Wilkoff BL, Williamson BD, Stern RS, Moore SL, Lu F, Lee SW, et al., Strategic programming of detection and therapy parameters in implantable cardioverter-defibrillators reduces shocks in primary prevention patients: results from the PREPARE (Primary Prevention Parameters Evaluation) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 541-50.
146. Lusebrink U, Duncker D, Hess M, Heinrichs I, Gardiwal A, Oswald H, et al., Clinical relevance of slow ventricular tachycardia in heart failure patients with primary prophylactic implantable cardioverter defibrillator indication. Europace 2013; 15: 820-6.
147. Gasparini M, Proclemer A, Klersy C, Kloppe A, Lunati M, Ferrer JB, et al., Effect of long-detection interval vs standard-detection interval for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators on antitachycardia pacing and shock delivery: the ADVANCE III randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013; 309: 1903-11.
148. Moss AJ, Schuger C, Beck CA, Brown MW, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, et al., Reduction in inappropriate therapy and mortality through ICD programming. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 2275-83.
149. Disertori M, Lombardi F, Barlera S, Maggioni AP, Favero C, Franzosi MG, et al., Clinical characteristics of patients with asymptomatic recurrences of atrial fibrillation in the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico-Atrial Fibrillation (GISSI-AF) trial. Am Heart J 2011; 162: 382-9.
150. Healey JS, Connolly SJ, Gold MR, Israel CW, Van Gelder IC, Capucci A, et al., Subclinical atrial fibrillation and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 120-9.
151. Reiffel J, Verma A, Halperin JL, Gersh B, Tombul S, Carrithers J, et al., Rationale and design of REVEAL AF: a prospective study of previously undiagnosed atrial fibrillation as documented by an insertable cardiac monitor in high-risk patients. Am Heart J 2014; 167: 22-7.
152. McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, Auricchio A, Bohm M, Dickstein K, et al., ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 2012; 14: 803-69.
153. Pisters R, Lane DA, Nieuwlaat R, de Vos CB, Crijns HJ, Lip GY,. A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey. Chest 2010; 138: 1093-100.
154. De Caterina R, Husted S, Wallentin L, Andreotti F, Arnesen H, Bachmann F, et al., Vitamin K antagonists in heart disease: current status and perspectives (Section III). Position paper of the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis-Task Force on Anticoagulants in Heart Disease. Thromb Haemost 2013; 110: 1087-107.
155. Gallego P, Roldan V, Marin F, Romera M, Valdes M, Vicente V, et al., Cessation of oral anticoagulation in relation to mortality and the risk of thrombotic events in patients with atrial fibrillation. Thromb Haemost 2013; 110: 1189-98.
156. Apostolakis S, Sullivan RM, Olshansky B, Lip GY,. Factors affecting quality of anticoagulation control among patients with atrial fibrillation on warfarin: the SAMe-TT(2)R(2) score. Chest 2013; 144: 1555-63.
157. 2 score and quality of anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation: a simple aid to decision-making on who is suitable (or not) for vitamin K antagonists. Europace 2015; 17: 671-3.
158. Ferreira J, Ezekowitz MD, Connolly SJ, Brueckmann M, Fraessdorf M, Reilly PA, et al., Dabigatran compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and symptomatic heart failure: a subgroup analysis of the RE-LY trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2013; 15: 1053-61.
159. van Diepen S, Hellkamp AS, Patel MR, Becker RC, Breithardt G, Hacke W, et al., Efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban in patients with heart failure and nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: insights from ROCKET AF. Circ Heart Fail 2013; 6: 740-7.
160. McMurray JJ, Ezekowitz JA, Lewis BS, Gersh BJ, van Diepen S, Amerena J, et al., Left ventricular systolic dysfunction, heart failure, and the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from the ARISTOTLE trial. Circ Heart Fail 2013; 6: 451-60.
161. Heidbuchel H, Verhamme P, Alings M, Antz M, Hacke W, Oldgren J, et al., European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the use of new oral anticoagulants in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Europace 2013; 15: 625-51.
162. Meier B, Blaauw Y, Khattab AA, Lewalter T, Sievert H, Tondo C, et al., EHRA/EAPCI expert consensus statement on catheter-based left atrial appendage occlusion. Europace 2014; 16: 1397-416.
163. Corley SD, Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Domanski MJ, Geller N, Greene HL, et al., Relationships between sinus rhythm, treatment, and survival in the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-Up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) study. Circulation 2004; 109: 1509-13.
164. Ionescu-Ittu R, Abrahamowicz M, Jackevicius CA, Essebag V, Eisenberg MJ, Wynant W, et al., Comparative effectiveness of rhythm control vs rate control drug treatment effect on mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med 2012; 172: 997-1004.
165. Talajic M, Khairy P, Levesque S, Connolly SJ, Dorian P, Dubuc M, et al., Maintenance of sinus rhythm and survival in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 1796-802.
166. Tsadok MA, Jackevicius CA, Essebag V, Eisenberg MJ, Rahme E, Humphries KH, et al., Rhythm versus rate control therapy and subsequent stroke or transient ischemic attack in patients with atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2012; 126: 2680-7.
167. Gaita F, Corsinovi L, Anselmino M, Raimondo C, Pianelli M, Toso E, et al., Prevalence of silent cerebral ischemia in paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation and correlation with cognitive function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: 1990-7.
168. Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, McMurray JJ, Gotzsche O, Levy S, Crijns H, et al., Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2678-87.
169. Singh SN, Fletcher RD, Fisher SG, Singh BN, Lewis HD, Deedwania PC, et al., Amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmia. Survival Trial of Antiarrhythmic Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 77-82.
170. Deedwania PC, Singh BN, Ellenbogen K, Fisher S, Fletcher R, Singh SN,. Spontaneous conversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm by amiodarone in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation: observations from the veterans affairs congestive heart failure survival trial of antiarrhythmic therapy (CHF-STAT). The Department of Veterans Affairs CHF-STAT Investigators. Circulation 1998; 98: 2574-9.
171. Hsu LF, Jais P, Sanders P, Garrigue S, Hocini M, Sacher F, et al., Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2373-83.
172. Chen MS, Marrouche NF, Khaykin Y, Gillinov AM, Wazni O, Martin DO, et al., Pulmonary vein isolation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation in patients with impaired systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1004-9.
173. Tondo C, Mantica M, Russo G, Avella A, De Luca L, Pappalardo A, et al., Pulmonary vein vestibule ablation for the control of atrial fibrillation in patients with impaired left ventricular function. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2006; 29: 962-70.
174. Gentlesk PJ, Sauer WH, Gerstenfeld EP, Lin D, Dixit S, Zado E, et al., Reversal of left ventricular dysfunction following ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007; 18: 9-14.
175. Nademanee K, Schwab MC, Kosar EM, Karwecki M, Moran MD, Visessook N, et al., Clinical outcomes of catheter substrate ablation for high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 843-9.
176. Lutomsky BA, Rostock T, Koops A, Steven D, Mullerleile K, Servatius H, et al., Catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation improves cardiac function: a prospective study on the impact of atrial fibrillation ablation on left ventricular function assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Europace 2008; 10: 593-9.
177. Khan MN, Jais P, Cummings J, Di Biase L, Sanders P, Martin DO, et al., Pulmonary-vein isolation for atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1778-85.
178. De Potter T, Berruezo A, Mont L, Matiello M, Tamborero D, Santibanez C, et al., Left ventricular systolic dysfunction by itself does not influence outcome of atrial fibrillation ablation. Europace 2010; 12: 24-9.
179. Cha YM, Wokhlu A, Asirvatham SJ, Shen WK, Friedman PA, Munger TM, et al., Success of ablation for atrial fibrillation in isolated left ventricular diastolic dysfunction: a comparison to systolic dysfunction and normal ventricular function. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011; 4: 724-32.
180. MacDonald MR, Connelly DT, Hawkins NM, Steedman T, Payne J, Shaw M, et al., Radiofrequency ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with advanced heart failure and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a randomised controlled trial. Heart 2011; 97: 740-7.
181. Anselmino M, Grossi S, Scaglione M, Castagno D, Bianchi F, Senatore G, et al., Long-term results of transcatheter atrial fibrillation ablation in patients with impaired left ventricular systolic function. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2013; 24: 24-32.
182. Calvo N, Bisbal F, Guiu E, Ramos P, Nadal M, Tolosana JM, et al., Impact of atrial fibrillation-induced tachycardiomyopathy in patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168: 4093-7.
183. Jones DG, Haldar SK, Hussain W, Sharma R, Francis DP, Rahman-Haley SL, et al., A randomized trial to assess catheter ablation versus rate control in the management of persistent atrial fibrillation in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61: 1894-903.
184. Wilton SB, Fundytus A, Ghali WA, Veenhuyzen GD, Quinn FR, Mitchell LB, et al., Meta-analysis of the effectiveness and safety of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with versus without left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2010; 106: 1284-91.
185. Dagres N, Varounis C, Gaspar T, Piorkowski C, Eitel C, Iliodromitis EK, et al., Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Card Fail 2011; 17: 964-70.
186. Anselmino M, Matta M, D'Ascenzo F, Bunch TJ, Schilling RJ, Hunter RJ, et al., Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014; 7: 1011-8.
187. Weerasooriya R, Khairy P, Litalien J, Macle L, Hocini M, Sacher F, et al., Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: are results maintained at 5 years of follow-up? J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 160-6.
188. Marrouche NF, and, Brachmann J,. Catheter ablation versus standard conventional treatment in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and atrial fibrillation (CASTLE-AF)-study design. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009; 32: 987-94.
189. Anselmino M, Scaglione M, Blandino A, Beninati S, Caponi D, Boffano C, et al., Pulmonary veins branching pattern, assessed by magnetic resonance, does not affect transcatheter atrial fibrillation ablation outcome. Acta Cardiol 2010; 65: 665-74.
190. Berruezo A, Tamborero D, Mont L, Benito B, Tolosana JM, Sitges M, et al., Pre-procedural predictors of atrial fibrillation recurrence after circumferential pulmonary vein ablation. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 836-41.
191. Kotecha D, Holmes J, Krum H, Altman DG, Manzano L, Cleland JG, et al., Efficacy of beta blockers in patients with heart failure plus atrial fibrillation: an individual-patient data meta-analysis. Lancet 2014; 384: 2235-43.
192. Khand AU, Rankin AC, Martin W, Taylor J, Gemmell I, Cleland JG,. Carvedilol alone or in combination with digoxin for the management of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure? J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 1944-51.
193. Mulder BA, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Crijns HJ, Tijssen JG, Hillege HL, Alings M, et al., Lenient vs. strict rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure: a post-hoc analysis of the RACE II study. Eur J Heart Fail 2013; 15: 1311-8.
194. Brignole M, Botto G, Mont L, Iacopino S, De Marchi G, Oddone D, et al., Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients undergoing atrioventricular junction ablation for permanent atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial. Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 2420-9.
195. Orlov MV, Gardin JM, Slawsky M, Bess RL, Cohen G, Bailey W, et al., Biventricular pacing improves cardiac function and prevents further left atrial remodeling in patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation after atrioventricular node ablation. Am Heart J 2010; 159: 264-70.
196. Stavrakis S, Garabelli P, Reynolds DW,. Cardiac resynchronization therapy after atrioventricular junction ablation for symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Europace 2012; 14: 1490-7.
197. Pedersen CT, Kay GN, Kalman J, Borggrefe M, Della-Bella P, Dickfeld T, et al., EHRA/HRS/APHRS expert consensus on ventricular arrhythmias. Europace 2014; 16: 1257-83.
198. Dargie HJ,. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1385-90.
199. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 9-13.
200. Elizari MV, Martinez JM, Belziti C, Ciruzzi M, Perez de la Hoz R, Sinisi A, et al., Morbidity and mortality following early administration of amiodarone in acute myocardial infarction. GEMICA study investigators, GEMA Group, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Grupo de Estudios Multicentricos en Argentina. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 198-205.
201. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, et al., Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 225-37.
202. Piepoli M, Villani GQ, Ponikowski P, Wright A, Flather MD, Coats AJ,. Overview and meta-analysis of randomised trials of amiodarone in chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 1998; 66: 1-10.
203. Piccini JP, Berger JS, O'Connor CM,. Amiodarone for the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Heart J 2009; 30: 1245-53.
204. Katritsis DG, Zareba W, Camm AJ,. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60: 1993-2004.
205. Waldo AL, Camm AJ, deRuyter H, Friedman PL, MacNeil DJ, Pauls JF, et al., Effect of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. The SWORD Investigators. Survival with oral d-Sotalol. Lancet 1996; 348: 7-12.
206. Kowey PR, Crijns HJ, Aliot EM, Capucci A, Kulakowski P, Radzik D, et al., Efficacy and safety of celivarone, with amiodarone as calibrator, in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for prevention of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator interventions or death: the ALPHEE study. Circulation 2011; 124: 2649-60.
207. Verrier RL, Pagotto VP, Kanas AF, Sobrado MF, Nearing BD, Zeng D, et al., Low doses of ranolazine and dronedarone in combination exert potent protection against atrial fibrillation and vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocardial ischemia. Heart Rhythm 2013; 10: 121-7.
208. Verrier RL, Kumar K, Nieminen T, Belardinelli L,. Mechanisms of ranolazine's dual protection against atrial and ventricular fibrillation. Europace 2013; 15: 317-24.
209. Doval HC, Nul DR, Grancelli HO, Varini SD, Soifer S, Corrado G, et al., Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in severe heart failure. Independent marker of increased mortality due to sudden death. GESICA-GEMA Investigators. Circulation 1996; 94: 3198-203.
210. Stein PK, Sanghavi D, Domitrovich PP, Mackey RA, Deedwania P,. Ambulatory ECG-based T-wave alternans predicts sudden cardiac death in high-risk post-MI patients with left ventricular dysfunction in the EPHESUS study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008; 19: 1037-42.
211. Rashba EJ, Estes NA, Wang P, Schaechter A, Howard A, Zareba W, et al., Preserved heart rate variability identifies low-risk patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: results from the DEFINITE trial. Heart Rhythm 2006; 3: 281-6.
212. Zeidan-Shwiri T, Yang Y, Lashevsky I, Kadmon E, Kagal D, Dick A, et al., Magnetic resonance estimates of the extent and heterogeneity of scar tissue in ICD patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy predict ventricular arrhythmia. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12: 802-8.
213. Christensen TE, Kjaer A, Hasbak P,. The clinical value of cardiac sympathetic imaging in heart failure. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 34: 178-82.
214. Gorenek B, Blomstrom Lundqvist C, Brugada Terradellas J, Camm AJ, Hindricks G, Huber K, et al., Cardiac arrhythmias in acute coronary syndromes: position paper from the joint EHRA, ACCA, and EAPCI task force. Europace 2014; 16: 1655-73.
215. Weir RA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ,. Epidemiology of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction: prevalence, clinical characteristics, and prognostic importance. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 13F-25F.
216. Myerburg RJ,. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 2245-53.
217. Makikallio TH, Barthel P, Schneider R, Bauer A, Tapanainen JM, Tulppo MP, et al., Frequency of sudden cardiac death among acute myocardial infarction survivors with optimized medical and revascularization therapy. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 480-4.
218. Bougouin W, Marijon E, Puymirat E, Defaye P, Celermajer DS, Le Heuzey JY, et al., Incidence of sudden cardiac death after ventricular fibrillation complicating acute myocardial infarction: a 5-year cause-of-death analysis of the FAST-MI 2005 registry. Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 116-22.
219. Carbucicchio C, Santamaria M, Trevisi N, Maccabelli G, Giraldi F, Fassini G, et al., Catheter ablation for the treatment of electrical storm in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: short- and long-term outcomes in a prospective single-center study. Circulation 2008; 117: 462-9.
220. Kozeluhova M, Peichl P, Cihak R, Wichterle D, Vancura V, Bytesnik J, et al., Catheter ablation of electrical storm in patients with structural heart disease. Europace 2011; 13: 109-13.
221. Tan VH, Yap J, Hsu LF, Liew R,. Catheter ablation of ventricular fibrillation triggers and electrical storm. Europace 2012; 14: 1687-95.
222. Exner D., Noninvasive risk stratification after myocardial infarction: rationale, current evidence and the need for definitive trials. Can J Cardiol 2009; 25 (Suppl A): 21A-7A.
223. Steg PG, James SK, Atar D, Badano LP, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Borger MA, et al., ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 2012; 33: 2569-619.
224. Kumar S, Sivagangabalan G, Zaman S, West EB, Narayan A, Thiagalingam A, et al., Electrophysiology-guided defibrillator implantation early after ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7: 1589-97.
225. Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Dorian P, Roberts RS, Hampton JR, Hatala R, et al., Prophylactic use of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2481-8.
226. Steinbeck G, Andresen D, Seidl K, Brachmann J, Hoffmann E, Wojciechowski D, et al., Defibrillator implantation early after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1427-36.
227. Raviele A, Bongiorni MG, Brignole M, Cappato R, Capucci A, Gaita F, et al., Early EPS/ICD strategy in survivors of acute myocardial infarction with severe left ventricular dysfunction on optimal beta-blocker treatment. The BEta-blocker STrategy plus ICD trial. Europace 2005; 7: 327-37.
228. Pitt B, White H, Nicolau J, Martinez F, Gheorghiade M, Aschermann M, et al., Eplerenone reduces mortality 30 days after randomization following acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 425-31.
229. Montalescot G, Pitt B, Lopez de Sa E, Hamm CW, Flather M, Verheugt F, et al., Early eplerenone treatment in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction without heart failure: the Randomized Double-Blind Reminder Study. Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 2295-302.
230. Epstein AE, Abraham WT, Bianco NR, Kern KB, Mirro M, Rao SV, et al., Wearable cardioverter-defibrillator use in patients perceived to be at high risk early post-myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: 2000-7.
231. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Toff WD, Tonkin AM, et al., Home use of automated external defibrillators for sudden cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1793-804.
232. Shiga T, Hagiwara N, Ogawa H, Takagi A, Nagashima M, Yamauchi T, et al., Sudden cardiac death and left ventricular ejection fraction during long-term follow-up after acute myocardial infarction in the primary percutaneous coronary intervention era: results from the HIJAMI-II registry. Heart 2009; 95: 216-20.
233. Mehta RH, Starr AZ, Lopes RD, Hochman JS, Widimsky P, Pieper KS, et al., Incidence of and outcomes associated with ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA 2009; 301: 1779-89.
234. Ottervanger JP, Ramdat Misier AR, Dambrink JH, de Boer MJ, Hoorntje JC, Gosselink AT, et al., Mortality in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤30% after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2007; 100: 793-7.
235. Zaman S, Sivagangabalan G, Narayan A, Thiagalingam A, Ross DL, Kovoor P,. Outcomes of early risk stratification and targeted implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation after ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 2009; 120: 194-200.
236. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS, et al., Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 877-83.
237. Wilber DJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Brown MW, Lin AC, Andrews ML, et al., Time dependence of mortality risk and defibrillator benefit after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2004; 109: 1082-4.
238. Voller H, Kamke W, Klein HU, Block M, Reibis R, Treusch S, et al., Clinical practice of defibrillator implantation after myocardial infarction: impact of implant time: results from the PreSCD II registry. Europace 2011; 13: 499-508.
239. A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. The Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1576-83.
240. Kuck KH, Cappato R, Siebels J, Ruppel R,. Randomized comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest: the Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg (CASH). Circulation 2000; 102: 748-54.
241. Connolly SJ, Gent M, Roberts RS, Dorian P, Roy D, Sheldon RS, et al., Canadian implantable defibrillator study (CIDS): a randomized trial of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator against amiodarone. Circulation 2000; 101: 1297-302.
242. Connolly SJ, Hallstrom AP, Cappato R, Schron EB, Kuck KH, Zipes DP, et al., Meta-analysis of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator secondary prevention trials. AVID, CASH and CIDS studies. Antiarrhythmics vs Implantable Defibrillator study. Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg. Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 2071-8.
243. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Klein H, et al., Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1933-40.
244. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Prystowsky EN, Hafley G,. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1882-90.
245. Kadish A, Dyer A, Daubert JP, Quigg R, Estes NA, Anderson KP, et al., Prophylactic defibrillator implantation in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2151-8.
246. Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, Delurgio DB, Leon AR, Loh E, et al., Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1845-53.
247. Young JB, Abraham WT, Smith AL, Leon AR, Lieberman R, Wilkoff B, et al., Combined cardiac resynchronization and implantable cardioversion defibrillation in advanced chronic heart failure: the MIRACLE ICD Trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 2685-94.
248. Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, Krueger S, Kass DA, De Marco T, et al., Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2140-50.
249. Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L, et al., The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1539-49.
250. Linde C, Abraham WT, Gold MR, St John Sutton M, Ghio S, Daubert C, et al., Randomized trial of cardiac resynchronization in mildly symptomatic heart failure patients and in asymptomatic patients with left ventricular dysfunction and previous heart failure symptoms. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 1834-43.
251. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Klein H, Brown MW, Daubert JP, et al., Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1329-38.
252. Tang AS, Wells GA, Talajic M, Arnold MO, Sheldon R, Connolly S, et al., Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for mild-to-moderate heart failure. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 2385-95.
253. Ruschitzka F, Abraham WT, Singh JP, Bax JJ, Borer JS, Brugada J, et al., Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with a narrow QRS complex. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 1395-405.
254. Curtis AB, Worley SJ, Adamson PB, Chung ES, Niazi I, Sherfesee L, et al., Biventricular pacing for atrioventricular block and systolic dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 1585-93.
255. Refaat M, Chemaly E, Lebeche D, Gwathmey JK, Hajjar RJ,. Ventricular arrhythmias after left ventricular assist device implantation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2008; 31: 1246-52.
256. Andersen M, Videbaek R, Boesgaard S, Sander K, Hansen PB, Gustafsson F,. Incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients on long-term support with a continuous-flow assist device (HeartMate II). J Heart Lung Transplant 2009; 28: 733-5.
257. Bedi M, Kormos R, Winowich S, McNamara DM, Mathier MA, Murali S,. Ventricular arrhythmias during left ventricular assist device support. Am J Cardiol 2007; 99: 1151-3.
258. Enriquez AD, Calenda B, Miller MA, Anyanwu AC, Pinney SP,. The role of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients with continuous flow left ventricular assist devices. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2013; 6: 668-74.
259. Garan AR, Yuzefpolskaya M, Colombo PC, Morrow JP, Te-Frey R, Dano D, et al., Ventricular arrhythmias and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices: need for primary prevention? J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61: 2542-50.
260. Adams KF Jr, Fonarow GC, Emerman CL, LeJemtel TH, Costanzo MR, Abraham WT, et al., Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, and preliminary observations from the first 100,000 cases in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). Am Heart J 2005; 149: 209-16.
261. Metra M, Cotter G, El-Khorazaty J, Davison BA, Milo O, Carubelli V, et al., Acute heart failure in the elderly: differences in clinical characteristics, outcomes, and prognostic factors in the VERITAS study. J Card Fail 2015; 21: 179-88.
262. Cleland JG, Swedberg K, Follath F, Komajda M, Cohen-Solal A, Aguilar JC, et al., The EuroHeart Failure survey programme-a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 1: patient characteristics and diagnosis. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 442-63.
263. Benza RL, Tallaj JA, Felker GM, Zabel KM, Kao W, Bourge RC, et al., The impact of arrhythmias in acute heart failure. J Card Fail 2004; 10: 279-84.
264. Packer M, Colucci W, Fisher L, Massie BM, Teerlink JR, Young J, et al., Effect of levosimendan on the short-term clinical course of patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. JACC Heart Fail 2013; 1: 103-11.
265. Jabre P, Roger VL, Murad MH, Chamberlain AM, Prokop L, Adnet F, et al., Mortality associated with atrial fibrillation in patients with myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation 2011; 123: 1587-93.
266. Boldt LH, Rolf S, Huemer M, Parwani AS, Luft FC, Dietz R, et al., Optimal heart failure therapy and successful cardioversion in heart failure patients with atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 2008; 155: 890-5.
267. Gatzoulis KA, Andrikopoulos GK, Apostolopoulos T, Sotiropoulos E, Zervopoulos G, Antoniou J, et al., Electrical storm is an independent predictor of adverse long-term outcome in the era of implantable defibrillator therapy. Europace 2005; 7: 184-92.
268. Guerra F, Shkoza M, Scappini L, Flori M, Capucci A,. Role of electrical storm as a mortality and morbidity risk factor and its clinical predictors: a meta-analysis. Europace 2014; 16: 347-53.
269. Hayashi M, Miyauchi Y, Murata H, Takahashi K, Tsuboi I, Uetake S, et al., Urgent catheter ablation for sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with acute heart failure decompensation. Europace 2014; 16: 92-100.
270. Guerra F, Flori M, Bonelli P, Patani F, Capucci A,. Electrical storm and heart failure worsening in implantable cardiac defibrillator patients. Europace 2015; 17: 247-54.
271. 2 score. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother [Epub ahead of print (4 March 2015)].
272. Ganesan AN, Shipp NJ, Brooks AG, Kuklik P, Lau DH, Lim HS, et al., Long-term outcomes of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e004549.
273. Vakil K, Taimeh Z, Sharma A, Abidi KS, Colvin M, Luepker R, et al., Incidence, predictors, and temporal trends of sudden cardiac death after heart transplantation. Heart Rhythm 2014; 11: 1684-90.
274. Marzoa-Rivas R, Perez-Alvarez L, Paniagua-Martin MJ, Ricoy-Martinez E, Flores-Rios X, Rodriguez-Fernandez JA, et al., Sudden cardiac death of two heart transplant patients with correctly functioning implantable cardioverter defibrillators. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009; 28: 412-4.
275. Tsai VW, Cooper J, Garan H, Natale A, Ptaszek LM, Ellinor PT, et al., The efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in heart transplant recipients: results from a multicenter registry. Circ Heart Fail 2009; 2: 197-201.
276. Scott PA, Barry J, Roberts PR, Morgan JM,. Brain natriuretic peptide for the prediction of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias: a meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2009; 11: 958-66.
277. Zhang Y, Guallar E, Blasco-Colmenares E, Dalal D, Butcher B, Norgard S, et al., Clinical and serum-based markers are associated with death within 1 year of de novo implant in primary prevention ICD recipients. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12: 360-6.
278. Goldenberg I, Vyas AK, Hall WJ, Moss AJ, Wang H, He H, et al., Risk stratification for primary implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 288-96.