Harms of breast cancer screening: Systematic review to update the 2009 U.S. Preventive services task force recommendation

Annals of Internal Medicine

Volumn 164, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 256-267

  Nelson, Heidi D ^a   Pappas, Miranda ^a   Cantor, Amy ^a   Griffin, Jessica ^a   Daeges, Monica ^a   Humphrey, Linda ^a  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGE DISTRIBUTION; BREAST CANCER; BREAST DENSITY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER RISK; CANCER SCREENING; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY; ECHOGRAPHY; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; FEMALE; HORMONAL THERAPY; HOSPITAL ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION SCALE; HUMAN; MAMMOGRAPHY; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PREMEDICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SHORT FORM 36; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); ADULT; ADVERSE EFFECTS; AGE; AGED; ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY; ANXIETY; BREAST; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; EARLY CANCER DIAGNOSIS; ECHOMAMMOGRAPHY; HEALTH SERVICE; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; MAMMARY GLAND; MASS SCREENING; MENTAL STRESS; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; PAIN; PSYCHOLOGY; RADIATION INDUCED NEOPLASM; RISK FACTOR; TIME FACTOR;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; ANXIETY; BREAST; BREAST NEOPLASMS; EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER; FALSE POSITIVE REACTIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MAMMARY GLANDS, HUMAN; MAMMOGRAPHY; MASS SCREENING; MEDICAL OVERUSE; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASMS, RADIATION-INDUCED; PAIN; RISK FACTORS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; TIME FACTORS; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, MAMMARY;

EID: 84958787274     PISSN: 00034819     EISSN: 15393704     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7326/M15-0970     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for breast cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:716-26. [PMID: 19920272] doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-10-200911170-00008
2. Nelson HD, Tyne K, Naik A, Bougatsos C, Chan B, Nygren P, et al. Screening for Breast Cancer: Systematic Evidence Review Update for the US Preventive Services Task Force. AHRQ Publication No. 10-05142-EF-1. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2009. [PMID: 20722173] Accessed at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20722173 on 19 September 2014.
3. Nelson HD, Tyne K, Naik A, Bougatsos C, Chan BK, Humphrey L; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for breast cancer: an update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:727-37. [PMID: 19920273] doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-10-200911170-00009
4. Nelson HD, Cantor A, Humphrey L, Fu R, Pappas M, Daeges M, et al. Screening for Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review to Update the 2009 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. Evidence Synthesis No. 124. AHRQ Publication No. 14-05201-EF-1. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2015. Accessed at www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-evidence-review-screening-for-breast-cancer/breast-cancer-screening1 on 22 April 2014.
5. Melnikow J, Fenton JJ, Whitlock E, Miglioretti D, Weyrich M, Thompson J, et al. Adjunctive Screening for Breast Cancer in Women With Dense Breasts: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Evidence Synthesis No. 126. AHRQ Publication No. 14-05201-EF-2. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2015.
6. Melnikow J, Fenton JJ, Miglioretti D, Whitlock E, Weyrich M. Screening for Breast Cancer with Digital Breast Tomosynthesis. Evidence Synthesis No. 125. AHRQ Publication No. 14-05201-EF-2. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2015.
7. Harris RP, Helfand M, Woolf SH, Lohr KN, Mulrow CD, Teutsch SM, et al; Methods Work Group, Third US Preventive Services Task Force. Current methods of the US Preventive Services Task Force: a review of the process. Am J Prev Med. 2001;20:21-35. [PMID: 11306229]
8. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Procedure Manual. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2011.
9. Nelson HD, Zakher B, Cantor A, Fu R, Griffin J, O'Meara ES, et al. Risk factors for breast cancer for women aged 40 to 49 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:635-48. [PMID: 22547473] doi:10.7326/0003-4819-156-9-201205010-00006
10. Hubbard RA, Kerlikowske K, Flowers CI, Yankaskas BC, Zhu W, Miglioretti DL. Cumulative probability of false-positive recall or biopsy recommendation after 10 years of screening mammography: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:481-92. [PMID: 22007042] doi:10.7326/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00004
11. Kerlikowske K, Zhu W, Hubbard RA, Geller B, Dittus K, Braith-waite D, et al; Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. Outcomes of screening mammography by frequency, breast density, and post-menopausal hormone therapy. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173:807-16. [PMID: 23552817] doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.307
12. Elmore JG, Barton MB, Moceri VM, Polk S, Arena PJ, Fletcher SW. Ten-year risk of false positive screening mammograms and clinical breast examinations. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1089-96. [PMID: 9545356]
13. Marmot MG, Altman DG, Cameron DA, Dewar JA, Thompson SG, Wilcox M. The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review. Br J Cancer. 2013;108:2205-40. [PMID: 23744281] doi:10.1038/bjc.2013.177
14. Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening. The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review. Lancet. 2012;380:1778-86. [PMID: 23117178] doi:10.1016/S0140-6736 (12)61611-0
15. Puliti D, Duffy SW, Miccinesi G, de Koning H, Lynge E, Zappa M, et al; EUROSCREEN Working Group. Overdiagnosis in mammo-graphic screening for breast cancer in Europe: a literature review. J Med Screen. 2012;19 Suppl 1:42-56. [PMID: 22972810]
16. Bleyer A, Welch HG. Effect of three decades of screening mam-mography on breast-cancer incidence. N Engl J Med. 2012;367: 1998-2005. [PMID: 23171096] doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1206809
17. Coldman A, Phillips N. Incidence of breast cancer and estimates of overdiagnosis after the initiation of a population-based mammog-raphy screening program. CMAJ. 2013;185:E492-8. [PMID: 23754101] doi:10.1503/cmaj.121791
18. de Gelder R, Fracheboud J, Heijnsdijk EA, den Heeten G, Ver-beek AL, Broeders MJ, et al. Digital mammography screening: weighing reduced mortality against increased overdiagnosis. Prev Med. 2011;53:134-40. [PMID: 21718717] doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.06.009
19. de Gelder R, Heijnsdijk EA, van Ravesteyn NT, Fracheboud J, Draisma G, de Koning HJ. Interpreting overdiagnosis estimates in population-based mammography screening. Epidemiol Rev. 2011; 33:111-21. [PMID: 21709144] doi:10.1093/epirev/mxr009
20. Falk RS, Hofvind S, Skaane P, Haldorsen T. Overdiagnosis among women attending a population-based mammography screening program. Int J Cancer. 2013;133:705-12. [PMID: 23355313] doi:10.1002/ijc.28052
21. Hellquist BN, Duffy SW, Nyströ m L, Jonsson H. Overdiagnosis in the population-based service screening programme with mammog-raphy for women aged 40 to 49 years in Sweden. J Med Screen. 2012;19:14-9. [PMID: 22355181] doi:10.1258/jms.2012.011104
22. Jørgensen KJ, Zahl PH, Gøtzsche PC. Overdiagnosis in organised mammography screening in Denmark. A comparative study. BMC Womens Health. 2009;9:36. [PMID: 20028513] doi:10.1186/1472-6874-9-36
23. Kalager M, Adami HO, Bretthauer M, Tamimi RM. Overdiagnosis of invasive breast cancer due to mammography screening: results from the Norwegian screening program. Ann Intern Med. 2012; 156:491-9. [PMID: 22473436] doi:10.7326/0003-4819-156-7-201204030-00005
24. Martinez-Alonso M, Vilaprinyo E, Marcos-Gragera R, Rue M. Breast cancer incidence and overdiagnosis in Catalonia (Spain). Breast Cancer Res. 2010;12:R58. [PMID: 20682042] doi:10.1186/bcr2620
25. Morrell S, Barratt A, Irwig L, Howard K, Biesheuvel C, Armstrong B. Estimates of overdiagnosis of invasive breast cancer associated with screening mammography. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21: 275-82. [PMID: 19894130] doi:10.1007/s10552-009-9459-z
26. Njor SH, Olsen AH, Blichert-Toft M, Schwartz W, Vejborg I, Lynge E. Overdiagnosis in screening mammography in Denmark: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2013;346:f1064. [PMID: 23444414] doi:10.1136/bmj.f1064
27. Puliti D, Zappa M, Miccinesi G, Falini P, Crocetti E, Paci E. An estimate of overdiagnosis 15 years after the start of mammographic screening in Florence. Eur J Cancer. 2009;45:3166-71. [PMID: 19879130] doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2009.06.014
28. Seigneurin A, François O, Labarè re J, Oudeville P, Monlong J, Colonna M. Overdiagnosis from non-progressive cancer detected by screening mammography: stochastic simulation study with calibration to population based registry data. BMJ. 2011;343:d7017. [PMID: 22113564] doi:10.1136/bmj.d7017
29. Yen AM, Duffy SW, Chen TH, Chen LS, Chiu SY, Fann JC, et al. Long-term incidence of breast cancer by trial arm in one county of the Swedish Two-County Trial of mammographic screening. Cancer. 2012;118:5728-32. [PMID: 22605639] doi:10.1002/cncr.27580
30. Zahl PH, Mæhlen J. Overdiagnosis of breast cancer after 14 years of mammography screening. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2012;132: 414-7. [PMID: 22353833] doi:10.4045/tidsskr.11.0195
31. Miller AB, Wall C, Baines CJ, Sun P, To T, Narod SA. Twenty five year follow-up for breast cancer incidence and mortality of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study: randomised screening trial. BMJ. 2014;348:g366. [PMID: 24519768] doi:10.1136/bmj.g366
32. Gunsoy NB, Garcia-Closas M, Moss SM. Estimating breast cancer mortality reduction and overdiagnosis due to screening for different strategies in the United Kingdom. Br J Cancer. 2014;110:2412-9. [PMID: 24762956] doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.206
33. Duffy SW, Tabar L, Olsen AH, Vitak B, Allgood PC, Chen TH, et al. Absolute numbers of lives saved and overdiagnosis in breast cancer screening, from a randomized trial and from the Breast Screening Programme in England. J Med Screen. 2010;17:25-30. [PMID: 20356942] doi:10.1258/jms.2009.009094
34. Zackrisson S, Andersson I, Janzon L, Manjer J, Garne JP. Rate of over-diagnosis of breast cancer 15 years after end of Malmö mam-mographic screening trial: follow-up study. BMJ. 2006;332:689-92. [PMID: 16517548]
35. Etzioni R, Gulati R, Mallinger L, Mandelblatt J. Influence of study features and methods on overdiagnosis estimates in breast and prostate cancer screening. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158:831-8. [PMID: 23732716] doi:10.7326/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00008
36. Duffy SW, Lynge E, Jonsson H, Ayyaz S, Olsen AH. Complexities in the estimation of overdiagnosis in breast cancer screening. Br J Cancer. 2008;99:1176-8. [PMID: 18766185] doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604638
37. Biesheuvel C, Barratt A, Howard K, Houssami N, Irwig L. Effects of study methods and biases on estimates of invasive breast cancer overdetection with mammography screening: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8:1129-38. [PMID: 18054882]
38. Miller AB, To T, Baines CJ, Wall C. Canadian National Breast Screening Study-2: 13-year results of a randomized trial in women aged 50-59 years. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:1490-9. [PMID: 10995804]
39. Miller AB, To T, Baines CJ, Wall C. The Canadian National Breast Screening Study-1: breast cancer mortality after 11 to 16 years of follow-up. A randomized screening trial of mammography in women age 40 to 49 years. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:305-12. [PMID: 12204013] doi:10.7326/0003-4819-137-5-Part-1-200209030-00005
40. Brett J, Bankhead C, Henderson B, Watson E, Austoker J. The psychological impact of mammographic screening. A systematic review. Psychooncology. 2005;14:917-38. [PMID: 15786514]
41. Brewer NT, Salz T, Lillie SE. Systematic review: the long-term effects of false-positive mammograms. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146: 502-10. [PMID: 17404352] doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-7-200704030-00006
42. Hafslund B, Nortvedt MW. Mammography screening from the perspective of quality of life: a review of the literature. Scand J Caring Sci. 2009;23:539-48. [PMID: 19170959] doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2008.00634.x
43. Bond M, Pavey T, Welch K, Cooper C, Garside R, Dean S, et al. Psychological consequences of false-positive screening mammo-grams in the UK. Evid Based Med. 2013;18:54-61. [PMID: 22859786] doi:10.1136/eb-2012-100608
44. Gibson CJ, Weiss J, Goodrich M, Onega T. False-positive mam-mography and depressed mood in a screening population: findings from the New Hampshire Mammography Network. J Public Health (Oxf). 2009;31:554-60. [PMID: 19574274] doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdp064
45. Keyzer-Dekker CM, De Vries J, van Esch L, Ernst MF, Nieuwen-huijzen GA, Roukema JA, et al. Anxiety after an abnormal screening mammogram is a serious problem. Breast. 2012;21:83-8. [PMID: 21924905] doi:10.1016/j.breast.2011.08.137
46. Brodersen J, Siersma VD. Long-term psychosocial consequences of false-positive screening mammography. Ann Fam Med. 2013;11: 106-15. [PMID: 23508596] doi:10.1370/afm.1466
47. Tosteson AN, Fryback DG, Hammond CS, Hanna LG, Grove MR, Brown M, et al. Consequences of false-positive screening mammo-grams. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:954-61. [PMID: 24756610] doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.981
48. Espasa R, Murta-Nascimento C, Bayé s R, Sala M, Casamitjana M, Macià F, et al. The psychological impact of a false-positive screening mammogram in Barcelona. J Cancer Educ. 2012;27:780-5. [PMID: 22477233] doi:10.1007/s13187-012-0349-9
49. Schou Bredal I, Kåresen R, Skaane P, Engelstad KS, Ekeberg Ø. Recall mammography and psychological distress. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49:805-11. [PMID: 23021930] doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2012.09.001
50. Hafslund B, Espehaug B, Nortvedt MW. Effects of false-positive results in a breast screening program on anxiety, depression and health-related quality of life. Cancer Nurs. 2012;35:E26-34. [PMID: 22067696] doi:10.1097/NCC.0b013e3182341ddb
51. Fitzpatrick P, Fleming P, O'Neill S, Kiernan D, Mooney T. False-positive mammographic screening: factors influencing re-attendance over a decade of screening. J Med Screen. 2011;18: 30-3. [PMID: 21536814] doi:10.1258/jms.2010.010104
52. Klompenhouwer EG, Duijm LE, Voogd AC, den Heeten GJ, Strobbe LJ, Louwman MW, et al. Re-attendance at biennial screen ing mammography following a repeated false positive recall. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;145:429-37. [PMID: 24748569] doi:10.1007/s10549-014-2959-x
53. Maxwell AJ, Beattie C, Lavelle J, Lyburn I, Sinnatamby R, Garnett S, et al. The effect of false positive breast screening examinations on subsequent attendance: retrospective cohort study. J Med Screen. 2013;20:91-8. [PMID: 24009091] doi:10.1177/0969141313499147
54. Lowe JB, Balanda KP, Del Mar C, Hawes E. Psychologic distress in women with abnormal findings in mass mammography screening. Cancer. 1999;85:1114-8. [PMID: 10091796]
55. Hislop TG, Harris SR, Jackson J, Thorne SE, Rousseau EJ, Cold-man AJ, et al. Satisfaction and anxiety for women during investigation of an abnormal screening mammogram. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002;76:245-54. [PMID: 12462385]
56. Brett J, Austoker J. Women who are recalled for further investigation for breast screening: psychological consequences 3 years after recall and factors affecting re-attendance. J Public Health Med. 2001;23:292-300. [PMID: 11873891]
57. Ong G, Austoker J, Brett J. Breast screening: adverse psychological consequences one month after placing women on early recall because of a diagnostic uncertainty. A multicentre study. J Med Screen. 1997;4:158-68. [PMID: 9368874]
58. Aro AR, Pilvikki Absetz S, van Elderen TM, van der Ploeg E, van der Kamp LJ. False-positive findings in mammography screening induces short-term distress-breast cancer-specific concern prevails longer. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36:1089-97. [PMID: 10854941]
59. Brett J, Austoker J, Ong G. Do women who undergo further investigation for breast screening suffer adverse psychological consequences? A multi-centre follow-up study comparing different breast screening result groups five months after their last breast screening appointment. J Public Health Med. 1998;20:396-403. [PMID: 9923945]
60. Lerman C, Trock B, Rimer BK, Boyce A, Jepson C, Engstrom PF. Psychological and behavioral implications of abnormal mammo-grams. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:657-61. [PMID: 2003712] doi:10.7326/0003-4819-114-8-657
61. Lampic C, Thurfjell E, Sjö dé n PO. The influence of a false-positive mammogram on a woman's subsequent behaviour for detecting breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2003;39:1730-7. [PMID: 12888368]
62. Cockburn J, Staples M, Hurley SF, De Luise T. Psychological consequences of screening mammography. J Med Screen. 1994;1:7-12. [PMID: 8790480]
63. Ekeberg Ø, Skjauff H, Kåresen R. Screening for breast cancer is associated with a low degree of psychological distress. Breast. 2001; 10:20-4. [PMID: 14965553]
64. Gilbert FJ, Cordiner CM, Affleck IR, Hood DB, Mathieson D, Walker LG. Breast screening: the psychological sequelae of false-positive recall in women with and without a family history of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 1998;34:2010-4. [PMID: 10070302]
65. Gram IT, Lund E, Slenker SE. Quality of life following a false positive mammogram. Br J Cancer. 1990;62:1018-22. [PMID: 2257206]
66. Lampic C, Thurfjell E, Bergh J, Sjö dé n PO. Short-and long-term anxiety and depression in women recalled after breast cancer screening. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37:463-9. [PMID: 11267855]
67. Lidbrink E, Levi L, Pettersson I, Rosendahl I, Rutqvist LE, de la Torre B, et al. Single-view screening mammography: psychological, endocrine and immunological effects of recalling for a complete three-view examination. Eur J Cancer. 1995;31A:932-3. [PMID: 7646925]
68. Sandin B, Chorot P, Valiente RM, Lostao L, Santed MA. Adverse psychological effects in women attending a second-stage breast cancer screening. J Psychosom Res. 2002;52:303-9. [PMID: 12023127]
69. McCann J, Stockton D, Godward S. Impact of false-positive mam-mography on subsequent screening attendance and risk of cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2002;4:R11. [PMID: 12223128]
70. O'Sullivan I, Sutton S, Dixon S, Perry N. False positive results do not have a negative effect on reattendance for subsequent breast screening. J Med Screen. 2001;8:145-8. [PMID: 11678554]
71. Orton M, Fitzpatrick R, Fuller A, Mant D, Mlynek C, Thorogood M. Factors affecting women's response to an invitation to attend for a second breast cancer screening examination. Br J Gen Pract. 1991; 41:320-2. [PMID: 1777275]
72. Meldrum P, Turnbull D, Dobson HM, Colquhoun C, Gilmour WH, McIlwaine GM. Tailored written invitations for second round breast cancer screening: a randomised controlled trial. J Med Screen. 1994;1:245-8. [PMID: 8790529]
73. Armstrong K, Moye E, Williams S, Berlin JA, Reynolds EE. Screening mammography in women 40 to 49 years of age: a systematic review for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:516-26. [PMID: 17404354] doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-7-200704030-00008
74. Whelehan P, Evans A, Wells M, Macgillivray S. The effect of mammography pain on repeat participation in breast cancer screening: a systematic review. Breast. 2013;22:389-94. [PMID: 23541681] doi:10.1016/j.breast.2013.03.003
75. Miller D, Livingstone V, Herbison P. Interventions for relieving the pain and discomfort of screening mammography. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008:CD002942. [PMID: 18254010] doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002942.pub2
76. Drossaert CH, Boer H, Seydel ER. Health education to improve repeat participation in the Dutch breast cancer screening programme: evaluation of a leaflet tailored to previous participants. Patient Educ Couns. 1996;28:121-31. [PMID: 8852086]
77. Drossaert CH, Boer H, Seydel ER. Monitoring women's experiences during three rounds of breast cancer screening: results from a longitudinal study. J Med Screen. 2002;9:168-75. [PMID: 12518007]
78. Rutter DR, Calnan M, Field S, Vaile MSB. Predicting reattendance in the second round of the UK National Breast Screening Programme: a prospective 3-year longitudinal analysis. Breast. 1997;6: 120-5. doi:10.1016/S0960-9776(97)90551-8
79. Aro AR, Absetz-Ylö stalo P, Eerola T, Pamilo M, Lö nnqvist J. Pain and discomfort during mammography. Eur J Cancer. 1996;32A: 1674-9. [PMID: 8983273]
80. Bennett IC, Robert DA, Osborne JM, Baker CA. Discomfort during mammography: a survey of women attending a breast screening center. Breast Dis. 1994;7:35-41.
81. Drossaert CH, Boer H, Seydel ER. Does mammographic screening and a negative result affect attitudes towards future breast screening? J Med Screen. 2001;8:204-12. [PMID: 11743037]
82. Dullum JR, Lewis EC, Mayer JA. Rates and correlates of discomfort associated with mammography. Radiology. 2000;214:547-52. [PMID: 10671609]
83. Papas MA, Klassen AC. Pain and discomfort associated with mammography among urban low-income African-American women. J Community Health. 2005;30:253-67. [PMID: 15989208]
84. Alimoglu E, Alimoglu MK, Kabaalioglu A, Ceken K, Apaydin A, Lü leci E. [Mammography-related pain and anxiety]. Tani Girisim Ra-dyol. 2004;10:213-7. [PMID: 15470624]
85. Shrestha S, Poulos A. The effect of verbal information on the experience of discomfort in mammography. Radiography. 2001;7: 271-7. doi:10.1053/radi.2001.0344
86. Sjö lin M, Maerker M. [Effects of information on and reflection of women's pain experience during mammography]. Vard Nord Utveckl Forsk. 1994;14:11-5. [PMID: 7941212]
87. Kornguth PJ, Rimer BK, Conaway MR, Sullivan DC, Catoe KE, Stout AL, et al. Impact of patient-controlled compression on the mammography experience. Radiology. 1993;186:99-102. [PMID: 8416595]
88. Poulos A, Rickard M. Compression in mammography and the perception of discomfort. Australas Radiol. 1997;41:247-52. [PMID: 9293675]
89. Lambertz CK. Pre-medication with Acetaminophen for Screening Mammography. Spokane, WA: Gonzaga Univ; 1998.
90. Dibble SL, Israel J, Nussey B, Sayre JW, Brenner RJ, Sickles EA. Mammography with breast cushions. Womens Health Issues. 2005; 15:55-63. [PMID: 15767195]
91. Hendrick RE. Radiation doses and cancer risks from breast imaging studies. Radiology. 2010;257:246-53. [PMID: 20736332] doi:10.1148/radiol.10100570
92. Yaffe MJ, Mainprize JG. Risk of radiation-induced breast cancer from mammographic screening. Radiology. 2011;258:98-105. [PMID: 21081671] doi:10.1148/radiol.10100655
93. Friedewald SM, Rafferty EA, Rose SL, Durand MA, Plecha DM, Greenberg JS, et al. Breast cancer screening using tomosynthesis in combination with digital mammography. JAMA. 2014;311:2499-507. [PMID: 25058084] doi:10.1001/jama.2014.6095
94. Rose SL, Tidwell AL, Bujnoch LJ, Kushwaha AC, Nordmann AS, Sexton R Jr. Implementation of breast tomosynthesis in a routine screening practice: an observational study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200:1401-8. [PMID: 23701081] doi:10.2214/AJR.12.9672
95. Ciatto S, Houssami N, Bernardi D, Caumo F, Pellegrini M, Brunelli S, et al. Integration of 3D digital mammography with tomo-synthesis for population breast-cancer screening (STORM): a prospective comparison study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:583-9. [PMID: 23623721] doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70134-7
96. Skaane P, Bandos AI, Gullien R, Eben EB, Ekseth U, Haakenaasen U, et al. Comparison of digital mammography alone and digital mammography plus tomosynthesis in a population-based screening program. Radiology. 2013;267:47-56. [PMID: 23297332] doi:10.1148/radiol.12121373
97. Haas BM, Kalra V, Geisel J, Raghu M, Durand M, Philpotts LE. Comparison of tomosynthesis plus digital mammography and digital mammography alone for breast cancer screening. Radiology. 2013; 269:694-700. [PMID: 23901124] doi:10.1148/radiol.13130307
98. Chiarelli AM, Majpruz V, Brown P, Thé riault M, Shumak R, Mai V. The contribution of clinical breast examination to the accuracy of breast screening. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101:1236-43. [PMID: 19720967] doi:10.1093/jnci/djp241
99. de Koning HJ, Draisma G, Fracheboud J, de Bruijn A. Overdiag-nosis and overtreatment of breast cancer: microsimulation model ling estimates based on observed screen and clinical data. Breast Cancer Res. 2006;8:202. [PMID: 16524452]
100. Duffy SW, Agbaje O, Tabar L, Vitak B, Bjurstam N, Bjö rneld L, et al. Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of breast cancer: estimates of overdiagnosis from two trials of mammographic screening for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2005;7:258-65. [PMID: 16457701]
101. Olsen AH, Agbaje OF, Myles JP, Lynge E, Duffy SW. Overdiag-nosis, sojourn time, and sensitivity in the Copenhagen mammography screening program. Breast J. 2006;12:338-42. [PMID: 16848843]
102. Paci E, Warwick J, Falini P, Duffy SW. Overdiagnosis in screening: is the increase in breast cancer incidence rates a cause for concern? J Med Screen. 2004;11:23-7. [PMID: 15006110]
103. Paci E, Miccinesi G, Puliti D, Baldazzi P, De Lisi V, Falcini F, et al. Estimate of overdiagnosis of breast cancer due to mammography after adjustment for lead time. A service screening study in Italy. Breast Cancer Res. 2006;8:R68. [PMID: 17147789]
104. Yen MF, Tabá r L, Vitak B, Smith RA, Chen HH, Duffy SW. Quantifying the potential problem of overdiagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ in breast cancer screening. Eur J Cancer. 2003;39:1746-54. [PMID: 12888370]
105. Zahl PH. Overdiagnosis of breast cancer in Denmark [Letter]. Br J Cancer. 2004;90:1686. [PMID: 15083204]