The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: An independent review

British Journal of Cancer

Volumn 108, Issue 11, 2013, Pages 2205-2240

  Marmot, M G ^a   Altman, D G ^b   Cameron, D A ^c   Dewar, J A ^d   Thompson, S G ^e   Wilcox, M ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^f Independent Cancer Patients' Voice   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGE; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER SCREENING; CAUSE OF DEATH; FEMALE; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; UNITED KINGDOM; AGED; BREAST TUMOR; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; STATISTICS;

AGED; BREAST NEOPLASMS; DIAGNOSTIC ERRORS; EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 84884178543     PISSN: 00070920     EISSN: 15321827     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.177     Document Type: Article

References (292)

1. Berry DA, Cronin KA, Plevritis SK, Fryback DG, Clarke l, Zelen M, Mandelblatt JS, Yakovlev AY, Habbema JD, Feuer EJ (2005) Effect of screening and adjuvant therapy on mortality from breast cancer. N Engl J Med 353(17): 1784-1792.
2. Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (2011) Recommendations onscreening for breast cancer in average-risk women aged 40-74 years. Can Med Assoc J 183(17): 1991-2001.
3. Cancer Research UK (2012) Breast Cancer Incidence Statistics. (accessed 15 September 2012).
4. Forrest P (1986) Breast Cancer Screening - Report to the Health Ministers of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland by a working group chaired by Professor Sir Patrick Forrest. Printed in the United Kingdom for Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO), www.cancerscreening.nhs.uk/breastscreen/publications/forrest-report.html.
5. Gøtzsche PC, Nielsen M (2011) Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD001877.
6. IARC (2002) IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention - Breast Cancer Screening. International Agency for Research on Cancer; World Health Organisation. IARC Press: Lyon.
7. The NHS Information Centre (2012) Screening and Immunisations: Breast screening programme England 2010-2011 (accessed 24 September 2012).
8. Woolf SH (2010) The 2009 breast cancer screening recommendations of the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 303(2): 162-163.
9. World Health Organization (2012) Health Statistics and Health Information: Mortality Database. (accessed 7 October 2012).
10. Advisory Committee on Breast Cancer Screening (2006) Screening for Breast Cancer in England: Past and Future. NHSBSP Publication. No. 61, 2006: pp 1-60.
11. Alexander FE, Anderson TJ, Brown HK, Forrest AP, Hepburn W, Kirkpatrick AE, Muir BB, Prescott RJ, Smith A (1999) 14 years of follow-up from the Edinburgh randomised trial of breast-cancer screening. Lancet 353(9168): 1903-1908
12. Beral V, Alexander M, Duffy S, Ellis IO, Given-wilson R, Holmberg L, Moss SM, Ramirez A, Reed MW, Rubin C, Whelehan P, Wilson R, Young KC (2011) The number of women who would need to be screened regularly by mammography to prevent one death from breast cancer. J Med Screen 18(4): 210-212.
13. Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (2011) Recommendations on screening for breast cancer in average-risk women aged 40-74 years. Can Med Association J 183(17): 1991-2001.
14. Connor RJ, Boer R, Prorok PC, Weed DL (2000) Investigation of design and bias issues in case-control studies of cancer screening using microsimulation. Am J Epidemiol 151(10): 991-998
15. Cuzick J, Edwards R, Segnan N (1997) Adjusting for non-compliance and contamination in randomized clinical trials. Stat Med 16(9): 1017-1029.
16. Duffy SW, Cuzick J, Tabar L, Vitak B, Chen TH-H, Yen MF, Smith RA (2002) Correcting for non-compliance bias in case-control studies to evaluate cancer screening programmes. Appl Stat 51: 235-243.
17. Duffy SW, Tabar L, Olsen AH, Vitak B, Allgood PC, Chen TH, Yen AM, Smith RA (2010) Absolute numbers of lives saved and overdiagnosis in breast cancer screening, from a randomized trial and from the Breast Screening Programme in England. J Med Screen 17(1): 25-30.
18. Duffy SW, Yen Ming-Fang A, Chen TH, Chen SL, Chui SY, Fan JJ, Smith RA, Vitak B, Tábar L (2012) Long-term benefits of breast screening. Breast Cancer Manage 1(1): 31-38.
19. Gøtzsche PC, Nielsen M (2011) Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: 1; CD001877.
20. McPherson K (2010) Screening for breast cancer-balancing the debate. BMJ 340: c3106.
21. Moss SM, Cuckle H, Evans A, Johns L, Waller M, Bobrow L (2006) Effect of mammographic screening from age 40 years on breast cancer mortality at 10 years' follow-up: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 368(9552): 2053-2060.
22. Nelson HD, Tyne K, Naik A, Bougatsos C, Chan BK, Humphrey L (2009) Screening for breast cancer: an update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 151(10): 727-737, W237-W242.
23. Njor S, Nyström L, Moss S, Paci E, Broeders M, Segnan N, Lynge E (2012) Breast cancer mortality in mammographic screening in Europe: a review of incidence-based mortality studies. J Med Screen 19(Suppl 1): 33-41.
24. Nyström L, Andersson I, Bjurstam N, Frisell J, Nordenskjold B, Rutqvist LE (2002) Long-term effects of mammography screening: updated overview of the Swedish randomised trials. Lancet 359(9310): 909-919.
25. Puffer S, Torgerson D, Watson J (2003) Evidence for risk of bias in cluster randomised trials: review of recent trials published in three general medical journals. BMJ 327(7418): 785-789.
26. Schünemann H, Brozek, Guyatt G, Oxman A (eds) (2011) GRADE Handbook for Grading the Quality of Evidence and the Strength of Recommendations. The GRADE Working Group. Available at http://www.gradepro.org/gradepro/.
27. Tábar L, Vitak B, Chen TH, Yen AM, Cohen A, Tot T, Chiu SY, Chen SL, Fann JC, Rosell J, Fohlin H, Smith RA, Duffy SW (2011) Swedish twocounty trial: impact of mammographic screening on breast cancer mortality during 3 decades. Radiology 260(3): 658-663.
28. The NHS Information Centre, Public Health Indicators Team (2011) Breast screening programme England 2009-2010. (accessed 24 September 2012).
29. United Kingdom Co-ordinating Committee On Cancer Research (2002) The frequency of breast cancer screening: results from the UKCCCR Randomised Trial. Eur J Cancer 38(11): 1458-1464.
30. Zackrisson S, Andersson I, Manjer J, Janzon L (2004) Non-attendance in breast cancer screening is associated with unfavourable socio-economic circumstances and advanced carcinoma. Int J Cancer 108(5): 754-760.
31. Andersson I, Aspegren K, Janzon L, Landberg T, Lindholm K, Linell F, Ljungberg O, Ranstam J, Sigfusson B (1988) Mammographic screening and mortality from breast cancer: the Malmo mammographic screening trial. BMJ 297(6654): 943-948.
32. Biesheuvel C, Barratt A, Howard K, Houssami N, Irwig L (2007) Effects of study methods and biases on estimates of invasive breast cancer overdetection with mammography screening: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol 8(12): 1129-1138.
33. Chu KC, Smart CR, Tarone RE (1988) Analysis of breast cancer mortality and stage distribution by age for the Health Insurance Plan clinical trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 80(14): 1125-1132.
34. Cuzick J, Sestak I, Pinder SE, Ellis IO, Forsyth S, Bundred NJ, Forbes JF, Bishop H, Fentiman IS, George WD (2011) Effect of tamoxifen and radiotherapy in women with locally excised ductal carcinoma in situ: longterm results from the UK/ANZ DCIS trial. Lancet Oncol 12(1): 21-29.
35. De Gelder R, Heijnsdijk EA, Van Ravesteyn NT, Fracheboud J, Draisma G, De Koning HJ (2011) Interpreting overdiagnosis estimates in populationbased mammography screening. Epidemiol Rev 33(1) 111-121.
36. Duffy SW, Tabar L, Olsen AH, Vitak B, Allgood PC, Chen TH, Yen AM, Smith RA (2010) Absolute numbers of lives saved and overdiagnosis in breast cancer screening, from a randomized trial and from the Breast Screening Programme in England. J Med Screen 17(1): 25-30.
37. Elmore JG, Fletcher SW (2012) Overdiagnosis in breast cancer screening: time to tackle an underappreciated harm. Ann Intern Med 156(7): 536-537.
38. Esserman L, Shieh Y, Thompson I (2009) Rethinking screening for breast cancer and prostate cancer. JAMA 302(15): 1685-1692.
39. Evans A (2012) Professor of Breast Imaging, Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY. Personal communication.
40. Fletcher SW (2011) Breast cancer screening: a 35-year perspective. Epidemiol Rev 33(1): 165-175.
41. Gøtzsche PC (2004) On the benefits and harms of screening for breast cancer. Int J Epidemiol 33(1): 56-64 (discussion 69-73).
42. Harris R, Yeatts J, Kinsinger L (2011) Breast cancer screening for women ages 50 to 69 years a systematic review of observational evidence. Prev Med 53(3): 108-114.
43. IARC (2002) IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention - Breast Cancer Screening. International Agency for Research on Cancer; World Health Organisation.
44. Jørgensen KJ, Gøtzsche PC (2009) Overdiagnosis in publicly organised mammography screening programmes: systematic review of incidence trends. BMJ 339: b2587.
45. Jørgensen KJ, Zahl PH, Gøtzsche PC (2009) Overdiagnosis in organised mammography screening in Denmark. A comparative study. BMC Womens Health 9: 36.
46. Miller AB, To T, Baines CJ, Wall C (2000) Canadian National Breast Screening Study-2: 13-year results of a randomized trial in women aged 50-59 years. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(18): 1490-1499.
47. Miller AB, To T, Baines CJ, Wall C (2002) The Canadian National Breast Screening Study-1: breast cancer mortality after 11 to 16 years of follow-up. A randomized screening trial of mammography in women age 40 to 49 years. Ann Intern Med 137(5): 305-312.
48. Moss S (2005) Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of breast cancer: overdiagnosis in randomised controlled trials of breast cancer screening. Breast Cancer Res 7(5): 230-234.
49. National Cancer Intelligence Network (2011) The Non-invasive Breast Cancer Report. An Analysis of Non-invasive Breast Cancers Diagnosed in England from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2007. (accessed 14 September 2012)
50. The NHS Information Centre, Public Health Indicators Team (2011) Breast Screening Programme England 2009-2010. (accessed 24 September 2012).
51. NHS Breast Screening Programme & Association of Breast Surgery-West Midlands Cancer Intelligence Unit (2012) An Audit of Screen Detected Breast Cancers for the Year of Screening April 2010 to March 2011. (accessed 13 September 2012).
52. Pinder SE, Duggan C, Ellis IO, Cuzick J, Forbes JF, Bishop H, Fentiman IS, George WD (2010) A new pathological system for grading DCIS with improved prediction of local recurrence: results from the UKCCCR/ANZ DCIS trial. Br J Cancer 103(1): 94-100.
53. Puliti D, Duffy SW, Miccinesi G, De Koning H, Lynge E, Zappa M, Paci E (2012) Overdiagnosis in mammographic screening for breast cancer in Europe: a literature review. J Med Screen 19(Suppl 1): 42-56.
54. Puliti D, Miccinesi G, Paci E (2011) Overdiagnosis in breast cancer: design and methods of estimation in observational studies. Prev Med 53(3): 131-133.
55. Reeves GK, Pirie K, Green J, Bull D, Beral V (2012) Comparison of the effects of genetic and environmental risk factors on in situ and invasive ductal breast cancer. Int J Cancer 131(4): 930-937.
56. Seigneurin A, Francois O, Labarere J, Oudeville P, Monlong J, Colonna M (2011) Overdiagnosis from non-progressive cancer detected by screening mammography: stochastic simulation study with calibration to population based registry data. BMJ 343: d7017.
57. Shapiro S (1977) Evidence on screening for breast cancer from a randomized trial. Cancer 39: 2772-2782.
58. Shapiro S, Venet W, Strax P, Venet L, Roeser R (1982) Ten-to fourteen-year effect of screening on breast cancer mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst 69(Suppl 6): 349-355.
59. United Kingdom Co-ordinating Committee on Cancer Research (2002) The frequency of breast cancer screening: results from the UKCCCR randomised trial. Eur J Cancer 38(11): 1458-1464.
60. Wallis MG, Clements K, Kearins O, Ball G, Macartney J, Lawrence GM (2012) The effect of DCIS grade on rate, type and time to recurrence after 15 years of follow-up of screen-detected DCIS. Br J Cancer 106(10): 1611-1617.
61. Welch HG, Black WC (2010) Overdiagnosis in cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 102(9): 605-613
62. Welch HG, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S (2006) Ramifications of screening for breast cancer: 1 in 4 cancers detected by mammography are pseudocancers. BMJ 332(7543): 727.
63. Zackrisson S, Andersson I, Janzon L, Manjer J, Garne JP (2006) Rate of overdiagnosis of breast cancer 15 years after end of Malmömammographic screening trial: follow-up study. BMJ 332(7543): 689-692.
64. Advisory Committee on Breast Cancer Screening (2006) Screening for Breast Cancer in England: Past and Future. NHSBSP Publication. No. 61, 2006: pp 1-60
65. Azim HA, JR, De Azambuja E, Colozza M, Bines J, Piccart MJ (2011) Longterm toxic effects of adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Ann Oncol 22(9): 1939-1947.
66. Berrington de Gonzalez A (2011) Estimates of the potential risk of radiation-related cancer from screening in the UK. J Med Screen 18(4): 163-164.
67. Bond M, Pavey T, Welch K, Cooper C, Garside R, Dean S, Hyde CJ (2012) Psychological consequences of false-positive screening mammograms in the UK. Evid Based Med 18(2): 54-61.
68. Brett J, Austoker J (2001) Women who are recalled for further investigation for breast screening: psychological consequences 3 years after recall and factors affecting re-attendance. J Public Health Med 23: 292-300.
69. Brett J, Austoker J, Ong G (1998) Do women who undergo further investigation for breast screening suffer adverse psychological consequences? A multi-centre follow-up study comparing different breast screening result groups five months after their last breast screening appointment. J Public Health Med 20: 396-403.
70. Cameron DA, Massie C, Kerr G, Leonard RC (2003) Moderate neutropenia with adjuvant CMF confers improved survival in early breast cancer. Br J Cancer 89(10): 1837-1842.
71. Clarke M, Collins R, Darby S, Davies C, Elphinstone P, Evans E, Godwin J, Gray R, HICKS C, James S, Mackinnon E, Mcgale P, Mchugh T, Peto R, Taylor C, Wang Y (2005) Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 366(9503): 2087-2106.
72. de Leo D, Predieri M, Melodia C, Vella J, Forza G de Bertolini C (1991) Suicide attitude in breast cancer patients. Psychopathology 24(2): 115-119.
73. Department of Health (2006) The Coronary Heart Disease National Service Framework: Shaping the Future - Progress Report for 2006. (accessed 24 October).
74. Dewar JA, Horobin JM, Preece PE, Tavendale R, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Wood RA (1992) Long term effects of tamoxifen on blood lipid values in breast cancer. BMJ 305(6847): 225-226.
75. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG) (2005) Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 365(1687): 717.
76. Giordano SH, Kuo YF, Freeman JL, Buchholz TA, Hortobagyi GN, Goodwin JS (2005) Risk of cardiac death after adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 97(6): 419-424.
77. Gøtzsche PC, Nielsen M (2011) Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD001877.
78. Health Protection Agency (2001) X-rays: How safe are they? (accessed 24 September 2012)
79. Jamison KR, Wellisch DK, Pasnau RO (1978) Psychosocial aspects of mastectomy: I. the women's perspective. Am J Psychiatry 135(4): 432-436.
80. Lawrence G (2012) West Midlands data. Personal communication.
81. Nelson HD, Tyne K, Naik A, Bougatsos C, Chan BK, Humphrey L (2009) Screening for breast cancer: an update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 151(10): 727-737, W237-W242.
82. NHS Breast Screening Programme & Association of Breast Surgery-West Midlands Cancer Intelligence Unit (2012) An Audit of Screen Detected Breast Cancers for the Year of Screening April 2010 to March 2011. (accessed 13 September 2012)
83. NHS Breast Screening Programme (2011) Programme Annual Review 2011. (accessed 24 October 2012)
84. NHS Breast Screening Programme (2012) Programme Logistics 2012. (accessed 18 October 2012).
85. th Annual Report 2011. (accessed 13 September 2012)
86. Parkin DM, Tappenden P, Olsen AH, Patnick J, Sasieni P (2008) Predicting the impact of the screening programme for colorectal cancer in the UK. J Med Screen 15(4): 163-174.
87. Peto J, Gilham C, Fletcher O, Matthews FE (2004) The cervical cancer epidemic that screening has prevented in the UK. Lancet 364(9430): 249-256.
88. Peto R, Davies C, Godwin J, Gray R, Pan HC, Clarke M, Cutter D, Darby S, Mcgale P, Taylor C, Wang YC, Bergh J, Di Leo A, Albain K, Swain S, Piccart M, Pritchard K (2012) Comparisons between different polychemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer: meta-analyses of long-term outcome among 100,000 women in 123 randomised trials. Lancet 379(9814): 432-444.
89. Preston DL, Mattsson A, Holmberg E, Shore R, Hildreth NG, Boice Jr JD, (2002) Radiation effects on breast cancer risk: a pooled analysis of eight cohorts. Radiat Res 158(2): 220-235.
90. Schairer C, Brown LM, CHEN BE, Howard R, Lynch CF, Hall P, Storm H, Pukkala E, Anderson A, Kaijser M, Andersson M, Joensuu H, Fossa SD, GANZ PA, Travis LB (2006) Suicide after breast cancer: an international population-based study of 723,810 women. J Natl Cancer Inst 98(19): 1416-1419.
91. Welch G, Schwartz L, Woloshin S (2011) Overdiagnosed: Making People Sick in Pursuit of Health. 'We Look Harder for Breast Cancer'. Beacon Press: Boston.
92. Yousaf U, Christensen ML, Engholm G, Storm HH (2005) Suicides among Danish cancer patients 1971-1999. Br J Cancer 92(6): 995-1000.
93. The Sloane Project 2010 (2011) UK Prospective Audit of Screen Detected Non Invasive Carcinomas and Atypical Hyperplasias of the Breast: Progress Report 2008/09 and 2009/10. (accessed 12 October 2012).
94. Cancer Research UK. Breast Cancer Mortality Stat. http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer info/cancerstats/types/breast/mortality/#trends (accessed 25 October 2012)
95. General Register Office for Scotland (GROS) (2012) Deaths Time Series Data, Deaths in Scotland in 2010. Edinburgh, (accessed 15 September 2012)
96. Kesson EM, Allardice GM, George WD, Burns HJ, Morrison DS (2012) Effects of multidisciplinary team working on breast cancer survival: retrospective, comparative, interventional cohort study of 13 722 women. BMJ 344: e2718.
97. Office for National Statistics (ONS). 2012 Mortality Statistics: deaths registered in 2010, England and Wales (PDF 798KB) 2010, Natl Stat: London 2011, (accessed 15 September 2012)
98. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (2011) Registrar General Annual Report-2010 Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency, (accessed 15 September 2012)
99. Allgood PC, Warwick J, Warren RM, Day NE, Duffy SW (2008) A case-control study of the impact of the East Anglian breast screening programme on breast cancer mortality. Br J Cancer 98: 206-209.
100. Broeders MJ, Verbeek AL, Straatman H, Peer PG, Jong PC, Beex LV, Hendriks JH, Holland R (2002) Repeated mammographic screening reduces breast cancer mortality along the continuum of age. J Med Screen 9(4): 163-167.
101. Collette HJ, Day NE, Rombach JJ, De Waard F (1984) Evaluation of screening for breast cancer in a non-randomised study (the DOM project) by means of a case-control study. Lancet 1(8388): 1224-1226.
102. Elmore JG, Reisch LM, Barton MB, Barlow WE, Rolnick S, Harris EL, Herrinton LJ, Geiger AM, Beverly RK, Hart G, Yu O, Greene SM, Weiss NS, Fletcher SW (2005) Efficacy of breast cancer screening in the community according to risk level. J Natl Cancer Inst 97(14): 1035-1043.
103. Fielder HM, Warwick J, Brook D, Gower-Thomas K, Cuzick J, Monypenny I, Duffy SW (2004) A case-control study to estimate the impact on breast cancer death of the breast screening programme in Wales. J Med Screen, 11(4): 194-198.
104. Friedman DR, Dubin N (1991) Case-control evaluation of breast cancer screening efficacy. Am J Epidemiol 133(10): 974-984.
105. Gabe R, Tryggvadottir L, Sigfusson BF, Olafsdottir GH, Sigurdsson K, Duffy SW (2007) A case-control study to estimate the impact of the Icelandic population-based mammography screening program on breast cancer death. Acta Radiol 48(9): 948-955.
106. Gullberg B, Andersson I, Janzon L, Ranstam J (1991) Screening mammography. Lancet 337(8735): 244.
107. Miltenburg GA, Peeters PH, Fracheboud J, Collette HJ (1998) Seventeen-year evaluation of breast cancer screening: the DOM project, The Netherlands. Diagnostisch Onderzoek (investigation) Mammacarcinoom. Br J Cancer 78(7): 962-965.
108. Moss SM, Summerley ME, Thomas BT, Ellman R, Chamberlain JO (1992) A case-control evaluation of the effect of breast cancer screening in the United Kingdom trial of early detection of breast cancer. J Epidemiol Community Health 46(4): 362-364.
109. Norman SA, Russell Localio A, Weber AL, Coates RJ, ZHOU L, Bernstein L, Malone KE, Marchbanks PA, Weiss LK, Lee NC, Nadel MR (2007) Protection of mammography screening against death from breast cancer in women aged 40-64 years. Cancer Causes Control 18(9): 909-918.
110. Otto SJ, Fracheboud J, Verbeek AL, Boer R, Reijerink-verheij JC, Otten JD, Broeders MJ, De Koning HJ (2012) Mammography screening and risk of breast cancer death: a population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 21(1): 66-73.
111. Paap E, Holland R, Den Heeten GJ, Van Schoor G, Botterweck AA, Verbeek AL, Broeders MJ (2010) A remarkable reduction of breast cancer deaths in screened versus unscreened women: a case-referent study. Cancer Causes Control 21(10): 1569-1573.
112. Palli D, Rosselli Del Turco M, Buiatti E, Ciatto S, Crocetti E, Paci E (1989) Time interval since last test in a breast cancer screening programme: a case-control study in Italy. J Epidemiol Community Health, 43(3): 241-248.
113. Puliti D, Miccinesi G, Collina N, De Lisi V, Federico M, Ferretti S, Finarelli AC, Foca F, Mangone L, Naldoni C, Petrella M, Ponti A, Segnan N, Sigona A, Zarcone M, Zorzi M, Zappa M, Paci E (2008) Effectiveness of service screening: a case-control study to assess breast cancer mortality reduction. Br J Cancer 99(3): 423-427.
114. Roder D, Houssami N, Farshid G, Gill G, Luke C, Downey P, Beckmann K, IOSIFIDIS P, Grieve L, Williamson L (2008) Population screening and intensity of screening are associated with reduced breast cancer mortality: evidence of efficacy of mammography screening in Australia. Breast Cancer Res Treat 108(3): 409-416.
115. Van Dijck JA, Verbeek AL, Beex LV, Hendriks JH, Holland R, Mravunac M, Straatman H, Werre JM (1996) Mammographic screening after the age of 65 years: evidence for a reduction in breast cancer mortality. Int J Cancer 66(6): 727-731.
116. Van Schoor G, Moss SM, Otten JD, Donders R, Paap E, DEN Heeten GJ, Holland R, Broeders MJ, Verbeek AL (2011) Increasingly strong reduction in breast cancer mortality due to screening. Br J Cancer 104(6): 910-914.
117. Van Schoor G, Moss SM, Otten JD, Donders R, Paap E, Den Heeten GJ, Holland R, Broeders MJ, Verbeek AL (2010) Effective biennial mammographic screening in women aged 40-49. Eur J Cancer 46(18): 3137-3140.
118. Verbeek AL, Hendriks JH, Holland R, Mravunac M, Sturmans F (1985) Mammographic screening and breast cancer mortality: age-specific effects in Nijmegen Project, 1975-82. Lancet 1: 865-866.
119. Verbeek AL, Hendriks JH, Holland R, Mravunac M, Sturmans F, Day NE (1984) Reduction of breast cancer mortality through mass screening with modern mammography. First results of the Nijmegen project, 1975-1981. Lancet 1: 1222-1224.
120. De Gelder R, Heijnsdijk EA, Van Ravesteyn NT, Fracheboud J, Draisma G, De Koning HJ (2011) Interpreting overdiagnosis estimates in population-based mammography screening. Epidemiol Rev 33(1): 111-121.
121. NHS Breast screening leaflet 2011 (accessed 13 September)
122. Office of National Statistics. Data provided on request. Similar data can be found at (accessed 15 September 2012)
123. Autier P, Boniol M (2012) The incidence of advanced breast cancer in the West Midlands, United Kingdom. Eur J Cancer Prev 21(3): 217-221.
124. Autier P, Boniol M, Gavin A, Vatten LJ (2011) Breast cancer mortality in neighbouring European countries with different levels of screening but similar access to treatment: trend analysis of WHO mortality database. BMJ 343: d4411.
125. Autier P, Boniol M, La Vecchia C, Vatten L, Gavin A, Hery C, Heanue M (2010) Disparities in breast cancer mortality trends between 30 European countries: retrospective trend analysis of WHO mortality database. BMJ 341: c3620.
126. Autier P, Boniol M, Middleton R, Dore JF, Hery C, Zheng T, Gavin A (2011) Advanced breast cancer incidence following population-based mammographic screening. Ann Oncol 22(8): 1726-1735.
127. Autier P, Hery C, Haukka J, Boniol M, Byrnes G (2009) Advanced breast cancer and breast cancer mortality in randomized controlled trials on mammography screening. J Clin Oncol 27(35): 5919-5923.
128. Autier P, Koechlin A, Smans M, Vatten L, Boniol M (2012) Mammography screening and breast cancer mortality in sweden. J Natl Cancer Inst 104(14): 1080-1093.
129. Baines CJ, Miller AB, Kopans DB, Moskowitz M, Sanders DE, Sickles EA, To T, Wall C (1990) Canadian National Breast Screening Study: assessment of technical quality by external review. AJR Am J Roentgenol 155(4): 743-747; discussion 748-749.
130. Bakacs T, Mehrishi JN (2010) Breast and other cancer dormancy as a therapeutic endpoint: speculative recombinant T cell receptor ligand (RTL) adjuvant therapy worth considering? BMC Cancer 10: 251.
131. Banks E, Beral V, Reeves G (2004) Published results on breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the Million Women Study are correct. Climacteric 7(4): 415-416; author reply 416-417.
132. Barratt A, Howard K, Irwig L, Salkeld G, Houssami N (2005) Model of outcomes of screening mammography: information to support informed choices. BMJ 330(7497): 936.
133. Baum M (2004) Commentary: false premises, false promises and false positives-the case against mammographic screening for breast cancer. Int J Epidemiol 33(1): 66-67; discussion 69-73.
134. Beral V, Alexander M, Duffy S, Ellis IO, Given-Wilson R, Holmberg L, Moss SM, Ramirez A, Reed MW, Rubin C, Whelehan P, Wilson R, Young KC (2011) The number of women who would need to be screened regularly by mammography to prevent one death from breast cancer. J Med Screen 18(4): 210-212.
135. Beral V, Bull D, Green J, Reeves G (2007) Ovarian cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 369(9574): 1703-1710.
136. Beral V, Bull D, Reeves G (2005) Endometrial cancer and hormonereplacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 365(9470): 1543-1551.
137. Berry D (2004) Commentary: screening mammography: a decision analysis. Int J Epidemiol 33(1): 68; discussion 69-73.
138. Bewley S (2011) The NHS breast screening programme needs independent review. BMJ 343: d6894.
139. Blanks RG, Moss SM, McGahan CE, Quinn MJ, Babb PJ (2000) Effect of NHS breast screening programme on mortality from breast cancer in England and Wales, 1990-8: comparison of observed with predicted mortality. BMJ 321(7262): 665-669.
140. Bonuccelli G, Tsirigos A, Whitaker-Menezes D, Pavlides S, Pestell RG, Chiavarina B, Frank PG, Flomenberg N, Howell A, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP (2010) Ketones and lactate 'fuel' tumor growth and metastasis: evidence that epithelial cancer cells use oxidative mitochondrial metabolism. Cell Cycle 9(17): 3506-3514.
141. Brinkley D, Haybrittle JL (1975) The curability of breast cancer. Lancet 2(7925): 95-97.
142. Bulliard JL, Levi F (2012) Mammography screening: time to reevaluate its impact? Eur J Cancer Prev 21(3): 222-226.
143. Burton RC, Bell RJ, Thiagarajah G, Stevenson C (2012) Adjuvant therapy, not mammographic screening, accounts for most of the observed breast cancer specific mortality reductions in Australian women since the national screening program began in 1991. Breast Cancer Res Treat 131(3): 949-955.
144. Caan B, Habel L, Quesenberry C, Kushi L, Herrinton L. (2008) Re: Declines in invasive breast cancer and use of postmenopausal hormone therapy in a screening mammography population. J Natl Cancer Inst 100(8): 597-598; author reply 99.
145. Caldarella A, Puliti D, Crocetti E, Bianchi S, Vezzosi V, Apicella P, Biancalani M, Giannini A, Urso C, Zolfanelli F, Paci E (2013) Biological characteristics of interval cancers: a role for biomarkers in the breast cancer screening. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 139(2): 181-185.
146. Castello-Cros R, Bonuccelli G, Molchansky A, Capozza F, Witkiewicz AK, Birbe RC, Howell A, Pestell RG, Whitaker-Menezes D, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP (2011) Matrix remodeling stimulates stromal autophagy, 'fueling' cancer cell mitochondrial metabolism and metastasis. Cell Cycle 10(12): 2021-2034.
147. Cockburn J, Staples M, Hurley SF, De Luise T (1994) Psychological consequences of screening mammography. J Med Screen 1(1): 7-12
148. Coleman MP, Esteve J, Damiecki P, Arslan A, Renard H (1993)Trends in cancer incidence and mortality. IARC Sci Publ 1(121): 1-806.
149. Coleman MP. Trends in breast cancer incidence, survival, and mortality. (2000) Lancet 356(9229): 590-591.
150. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. (2001) Familial breast cancer: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 52 epidemiological studies including 58,209 women with breast cancer and 101,986 women without the disease. Lancet 358(9291): 1389-1399.
151. Collins LC, Tamimi RM, Baer HJ, Connolly JL, Colditz GA, Schnitt SJ (2005) Outcome of patients with ductal carcinoma in situ untreated after diagnostic biopsy: results from the Nurses' Health Study. Cancer 103(9): 1778-1784
152. Coronary Drug Project Research Group. (1980) Influence of adherence to treatment and response of cholesterol on mortality in the coronary drug project. N Engl J Med 303(18): 1038-1041.
153. Cuzick J, Sestak I, Baum M, Buzdar A, Howell A, Dowsett M, Forbes JF (2010) Effect of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: 10-year analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol 11(12): 1135-1141.
154. de Gelder R, Fracheboud J, Heijnsdijk EA, den Heeten G, Verbeek AL, Broeders MJ, Draisma G, de Koning HJ (2011) Digital mammography screening: weighing reduced mortality against increased overdiagnosis. Prev Med 53(3): 134-140.
155. de Gelder R, van As E, Tilanus-Linthorst MM, Bartels CC, Boer R, Draisma G, de Koning HJ (2008) Breast cancer screening: evidence for false reassurance? Int J Cancer 123(3): 680-686.
156. de Haes JC, de Koning HJ, van Oortmarssen GJ, van Agt HM, de Bruyn AE, van Der Maas PJ (1991) The impact of a breast cancer screening programme on quality-adjusted life-years. Int J Cancer 49(4): 538-544.
157. de Koning HJ, van Ineveld BM, van Oortmarssen GJ, de Haes JC, Collette HJ, Hendriks JH, van der Maas PJ (1991) Breast cancer screening and cost effectiveness; policy alternatives, quality of life considerations and the possible impact of uncertain factors. Int J Cancer 49(4): 531-537.
158. de Roos MA, van der Vegt B, de Vries J, Wesseling J, de Bock GH (2007) Pathological and biological differences between screen-detected and interval ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Ann Surg Oncol 14(7): 2097-2104.
159. Demissie K, Mills OF, Rhoads GG (1998) Empirical comparison of the results of randomized controlled trials and case-control studies in evaluating the effectiveness of screening mammography. J Clin Epidemiol 51(2): 81-91.
160. Duffy SW (2002) The controversy over breast cancer screening. Hosp Med 63(12): 708-709.
161. Duffy SW, Agbaje O, Tabar L, Vitak B, Bjurstam N, Bjorneld L, Myles JP, Warwick J (2005) Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of breast cancer: estimates of overdiagnosis from two trials of mammographic screening for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 7(6): 258-265.
162. Duffy SW, Lynge E, Jonsson H, Ayyaz S, Olsen AH (2008) Complexities in the estimation of overdiagnosis in breast cancer screening. Br J Cancer 99(7): 1176-1178.
163. Duffy SW, Tabar L, Vitak B, Yen MF, Warwick J, Smith RA, Chen HH (2003) The Swedish two-county trial of mammographic screening: cluster randomisation and end point evaluation. Ann Oncol 14(8): 1196-1198.
164. Eilbert KW, Carroll K, Peach J, Khatoon S, Basnett I, McCulloch N (2009) Approaches to improving breast screening uptake: evidence and experience from Tower Hamlets. Br J Cancer 101(Suppl 2): S64-S67.
165. Esserman L, Thompson I (2010) Solving the overdiagnosis dilemma. J Natl Cancer Inst 102(9): 582-583.
166. Esserman LJ, Shieh Y, Rutgers EJ, Knauer M, Retel VP, Mook S, Glas AM, Moore DH, Linn S, van Leeuwen FE, van 't Veer LJ (2011) Impact of mammographic screening on the detection of good and poor prognosis breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 130(3): 725-734.
167. Etzioni R, Urban N, Ramsey S, McIntosh M, Schwartz S, Reid B, Radich J, Anderson G, Hartwell L (2003) The case for early detection. Nat Rev Cancer 3(4): 243-252.
168. Euroscreen Working Group. (2012) Summary of the evidence of breast cancer service screening outcomes in Europe and first estimate of the benefit and harm balance sheet. J Med Screen 19(s1):5-13.
169. Fallowfield LJ, Hall A (1991) Psychosocial and sexual impact of diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Br Med Bull 47(2): 388-399.
170. Feig SA (2012) Number needed to screen: appropriate use of this new basis for screening mammography guidelines. AJR Am J Roentgenol 198(5): 1214-1217.
171. Fisher B, Gunduz N, Coyle J, Rudock C, Saffer E (1989) Presence of a growth stimulating factor in serum following primary tumor removal in mice. Cancer Res 49(8): 1996-2001.
172. Fletcher SW, Elmore JG (2011) More on screening mammography. N Engl J Med 364(3): 283 285-286.
173. Fracheboud J, Groenewoud JH, Boer R, Draisma G, de Bruijn AE, Verbeek AL, de Koning HJ (2006) Seventy-five years is an appropriate upper age limit for population-based mammography screening. Int J Cancer 118(8): 2020-2025.
174. Freedman DA, Petitti DB, Robins JM (2004) On the efficacy of screening for breast cancer. Int J Epidemiol 33(1): 43-55.
175. Gabe R, Duffy SW (2005) Evaluation of service screening mammography in practice: the impact on breast cancer mortality. Ann Oncol 16 (Suppl 2): ii153-ii162.
176. Garcia-Closas M, Sherman ME, Brinton LA (2006) Clarifying breast cancer risks associated with menopausal hormone therapy. Lancet Oncol 7(11): 885-886.
177. Gilbert FJ, Cordiner CM, Affleck IR, Hood DB, Mathieson D, Walker LG (1998) Breast screening: the psychological sequelae of false-positive recall in women with and without a family history of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 34(13): 2010-2014.
178. Giordano L, Cogo C, Patnick J, Paci E. (2012) Communicating the balance sheet in breast cancer screening. J Med Screen 19 (Suppl 1):67-71.
179. Giordano L, von Karsa L, Tomatis M, Majek O, de Wolf C, Lancucki L, Hofvind S, Nyström L, Segnan N, Ponti A, Van Hal G, Martens P, Danes J, von Euler Chelpin M, Aasmaa A, Anttila A, Becker N, Pentek Z, Budai A, Madai S, Fitzpatrick P, Mooney T, Zappa M, Ventura L, Scharpantgen A, Seroczynski P, Morais A, Rodrigues V, Bento MJ, Gomes de Carvalho J, Natal C, Prieto M, Sanchez-Contador Escudero C, Zubizarreta Alberti R, Fernandez Llanes SB, Ascunce N, Ederra Sanza M, Sarriugarte Irigoien G, Salas Trejo D, Ibanez Cabanell J, Wiege M, Ohlsson G, Tornberg S, Korzeniewska M, Fracheboud J, Patnick JJ, Ducarroz S, Suonio E (2012) Mammographic screening programmes in Europe: organization, coverage and participation. J Med Screen 19 (Suppl 1): 72-82.
180. Glass AG, Lacey Jr JV, Carreon JD, Hoover RN (2007) Breast cancer incidence, 1980-2006: combined roles of menopausal hormone therapy, screening mammography, and estrogen receptor status. J Natl Cancer Inst 99(15): 1152-1161.
181. Glasziou P, Houssami N (2011) The evidence base for breast cancer screening. Prev Med 53(3): 100-102.
182. Gompel A, Plu-Bureau G (2010) Is the decrease in breast cancer incidence related to a decrease in postmenopausal hormone therapy? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1205: 268-276.
183. Gompel A, Santen RJ (2012) Hormone therapy and breast cancer risk 10 years after the WHI. Climacteric 15(3): 241-249.
184. Gøtzsche PC (2011) Relation between breast cancer mortality and screening effectiveness: systematic review of the mammography trials. Dan Med Bull 58(3): A4246.
185. Gøtzsche PC (2004) On the benefits and harms of screening for breast cancer. Int J Epidemiol 33(1): 56-64.
186. Gøtzsche PC (2006) Ramifications of screening for breast cancer: overdiagnosis in the Malmo trial was considerably underestimated. BMJ 332(7543): 727.
187. Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ (2011) The breast screening programme and misinforming the public. J R Soc Med 104(9): 361-369.
188. Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ, Zahl PH, Maehlen J (2012) Why mammography screening has not lived up to expectations from the randomised trials. Cancer Causes Control 23(1): 15-21.
189. Gøtzsche PC, Nielsen M (2009) Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD001877.
190. Gøtzsche PC (2004) Misleading quotations and other errors persist in rejoinder on breast cancer screening. Int J Epidemiol 33(6): 1404.
191. Gøtzsche PC (2012) Mammography screening: truth, lies, and controversy. Lancet 380(9838): 218.
192. Green J, Cairns BJ, Casabonne D, Wright FL, Reeves G, Beral V (2011) Height and cancer incidence in the Million Women Study: prospective cohort, and meta analysis of prospective studies of height and total cancer risk. Lancet Oncol 12(8): 785-794.
193. Green J, Roddam A, Pirie K, Kirichek O, Reeves G, Beral V (2012) Reproductive factors and risk of oesophageal and gastric cancer in the Million Women Study cohort. Br J Cancer 106(1): 210-216.
194. Groenewoud JH, Otten JD, Fracheboud J, Draisma G, van Ineveld BM, Holland R, Verbeek AL, de Koning HJ (2007) Cost-effectiveness of different reading and referral strategies in mammography screening in the Netherlands. Breast Cancer Res Treat 102(2): 211-218.
195. Hakama M, Pukkala E, Heikkila M, Kallio M (1997) Effectiveness of the public health policy for breast cancer screening in Finland: population based cohort study. BMJ 314(7084): 864-847.
196. Hanley JA (2011) Measuring mortality reductions in cancer screening trials. Epidemiol Rev 33(1): 36-45.
197. Hirsch BR, Lyman GH (2011) Breast cancer screening with mammography. Curr Oncol Rep 13(1): 63-70.
198. Hofvind S, Ponti A, Patnick J, Ascunce N, Njor S, Broeders M, Giordano L, Frigerio A, Tornberg S, Van Hal G, Martens P, Majek O, Danes J, von Euler-Chelpin M, Aasmaa A, Anttila A, Becker N, Pentek Z, Budai A, Madai S, Fitzpatrick P, Mooney T, Zappa M, Ventura L, Scharpantgen A, Seroczynski P, Morais A, Rodrigues V, Bento MJ, Gomes de Carvalho J, Natal C, Prieto M, Sanchez Contador Escudero C, Zubizarreta Alberti R, Fernandez Llanes SB, Ederra Sanza M, Sarriugarte Irigoien G, Salas Trejo D, Ibanez Cabanell J, Wiege M, Ohlsson G, Korzeniewska M, de Wolf C, Fracheboud J, Lancucki L, Ducarroz S, Suonio E (2012) False-positive results in mammographic screening for breast cancer in Europe: a literature review and survey of service screening programmes. J Med Screen 19 (Suppl 1): 57-66.
199. Jonsson H, Johansson R, Lenner P (2005) Increased incidence of invasive breast cancer after the introduction of service screening with mammography in Sweden. Int J Cancer 117(5): 842-847.
200. Jonsson H, Nyström L, Tornberg S, Lenner P (2001) Service screening with mammography of women aged 50-69 years in Sweden: effects on mortality from breast cancer. J Med Screen 8(3): 152-160.
201. Jørgensen KJ (2011) Flawed methods explain the effect of mammography screening in Nijmegen. Br J Cancer 105(4): 592-593.
202. Jørgensen KJ (2012) Is the tide turning against breast screening? Breast Cancer Res 14(4): 107.
203. Jørgensen KJ, Keen JD, Gøtzsche PC (2011) Is mammographic screening justifiable considering its substantial overdiagnosis rate and minor effect on mortality? Radiology 260(3): 621-627.
204. Jørgensen KJ, Keen JD, Zahl PH, Gøtzsche PC (2012) The Two-County breast screening trial cannot provide a reliable estimate of the effect of breast cancer screening. Radiology 262(2): 729-730.
205. Jørgensen KJ, Zahl PH, Gotzsche PC (2010) Breast cancer mortality in organised mammography screening in Denmark: comparative study. BMJ 340: c1241.
206. Junod B, Zahl PH, Kaplan RM, Olsen J, Greenland S (2011) An investigation of the apparent breast cancer epidemic in France: screening and incidence trends in birth cohorts. BMC Cancer 11: 401.
207. Kalager M, Adami HO, Bretthauer M, Tamimi RM (2012) Overdiagnosis of invasive breast cancer due to mammography screening. Ann Intern Med 157(3): 221-222.
208. Kalager M, Zelen M, Langmark F, Adami HO (2010) Effect of screening mammography on breast-cancer mortality in Norway. N Engl J Med 363(13): 1203-1210.
209. Kerlikowske K, Cook AJ, Buist DS, Cummings SR, Vachon C, Vacek P, Miglioretti DL (2010) Breast cancer risk by breast density, menopause, and postmenopausal hormone therapy use. J Clin Oncol 28(24): 3830-3837.
210. Keyzer-Dekker CM, van Esch L, de Vries J, Ernst MF, Nieuwenhuijzen GA, Roukema JA, van der Steeg AF (2012) An abnormal screening mammogram causes more anxiety than a palpable lump in benign breast disease. Breast Cancer Res Treat 134(1): 253-258.
211. Knox G (1991) Case-control studies of screening procedures. Public Health 105(1): 55-61.
212. Larsson LG, Nyström L, Wall S, Rutqvist L, Andersson I, Bjurstam N, Fagerberg G, Frisell J, Tabar L (1996) The Swedish randomised mammography screening trials: analysis of their effect on the breast cancer related excess mortality. J Med Screen 3(3): 129-132.
213. Logan RF, Patnick J, Nickerson C, Coleman L, Rutter MD, von Wagner C and English Bowel Cancer Screening Evaluation Committee (2012) Outcomes of the Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP) in England after the first 1 million tests. Gut 61(10): 1439-1446.
214. Lynge E, Braaten T, Njor SH, Olsen AH, Kumle M, Waaseth M, Lund E (2011) Mammography activity in Norway 1983 to 2008. Acta Oncol 50(7): 1062-1067.
215. Magnus MC, Ping M, Shen MM, Bourgeois J, Magnus JH (2011) Effectiveness of mammography screening in reducing breast cancer mortality in women aged 39-49 years: a meta-analysis. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 20(6): 845-852.
216. Malmgren JA, Parikh J, Atwood MK, Kaplan HG (2012) Impact of mammography detection on the course of breast cancer in women aged 40-49 years. Radiology 262(3): 797-806.
217. Mandelblatt JS, Cronin KA, Berry DA, Chang Y, de Koning HJ, Lee SJ, Plevritis SK, Schechter CB, Stout NK, van Ravesteyn NT, Zelen M, Feuer EJ (2011) Modeling the impact of population screening on breast cancer mortality in the United States. Breast 20 (Suppl 3): S75-S81.
218. Martinez-Alonso M, Vilaprinyo E, Marcos-Gragera R, Rue M (2010) Breast cancer incidence and overdiagnosis in Catalonia (Spain). Breast Cancer Res 12(4): R58.
219. McCann J, Stockton D, Godward S (2002) Impact of false-positive mammography on subsequent screening attendance and risk of cancer. Breast Cancer Res 4(5): R11.
220. Miller AB (1993) The costs and benefits of breast cancer screening. Am J Prev Med 9(3): 175-180.
221. Miller AB (2011) Breast cancer screening: commentary and conclusions. Prev Med 53(3): 147-148.
222. Miller AB (2011) Breast cancer screening: introduction. Prev Med 53(3): 99.
223. Miller AB, Baines CJ, To T, Wall C (1992) Canadian National Breast Screening Study: 1. Breast cancer detection and death rates among women aged 40 to 49 years. CMAJ 147(10): 1459-1476.
224. Miller AB, Baines CJ, To T, Wall C (1992) Canadian National Breast Screening Study: 2. Breast cancer detection and death rates among women aged 50 to 59 years. CMAJ 147(10): 1477-1488.
225. Miller AB (2004) Commentary: a defence of the Health Insurance Plan (HIP) study and the Canadian National Breast Screening Study (CNBSS). Int J Epidemiol 33(1): 64-65.
226. Morrell S, Barratt A, Irwig L, Howard K, Biesheuvel C, Armstrong B (2010) Estimates of overdiagnosis of invasive breast cancer associated with screening mammography. Cancer Causes Control 21(2): 275-282.
227. Morrell S, Taylor R, Roder D, Dobson A (2012) Mammography screening and breast cancer mortality in Australia: an aggregate cohort study. J Med Screen 19(1): 26-34.
228. Moser K, Patnick J, Beral V (2009) Inequalities in reported use of breast and cervical screening in Great Britain: analysis of cross sectional survey data. BMJ 338: b2025.
229. Moses LE (1995) Measuring effects without randomized trials? Options, problems, challenges. Med Care 33(4 Suppl): AS8-AS14.
230. Moss SM, Nyström L, Jonsson H, Paci E, Lynge E, Njor S, Broeders M (2012) The impact of mammographic screening on breast cancer mortality in Europe: a review of trend studies. J Med Screen 19 (Suppl 1): 26-32.
231. Nagtegaal ID, Allgood PC, Duffy SW, Kearins O, Sullivan EO, Tappenden N, Wallis M, Lawrence G (2011) Prognosis and pathology of screen-detected carcinomas: how different are they? Cancer 117(7): 1360-1368.
232. National Cancer Intelligence Network (2012) The second all breast cancer report, focusing on inequalities: variation in breast cancer outcomes with deprivation and age (accessed 24 August 2012).
233. Nederend J, Duijm LE, Voogd AC, Groenewoud JH, Jansen FH, Louwman MW (2012) Trends in incidence and detection of advanced breast cancer at biennial screening mammography in The Netherlands: a population based study. Breast Cancer Res 14(1): R10.
234. Neta G, Anderson WF, Gilbert E, Berrington A (2012) Variation in the risk of radiation related contralateral breast cancer by histology and estrogen receptor expression in SEER. Breast Cancer Res Treat 131(3): 1021-1027.
235. Nyström L, Larsson L-G, Rutqvist LE, Lindgren A, Lindqvist M, Rydén S, Andersson I, Bjurstam N, Fagerberg G, Frisell J, Tabár L (1995) Determination of cause of death among breast cancer cases in the Swedish randomized mammography screening trials. A comparison between official statistics and validation by an endpoint committee. Acta Oncol 34(2): 145-152.
236. O'Dowd A (2011) Women in their 40s should not be screened for breast cancer, new Canadian guideline says. BMJ 343: d7625.
237. Olsen AH, Agbaje OF, Myles JP, Lynge E, Duffy SW (2006) Overdiagnosis, sojourn time, and sensitivity in the Copenhagen mammography screening program. Breast J 12(4): 338-342.
238. Olsen AH, Njor SH, Vejborg I, Schwartz W, Dalgaard P, Jensen MB, Tange UB, Blichert-Toft M, Rank F, Mouridsen H, Lynge E (2005) Breast cancer mortality in Copenhagen after introduction of mammography screening: cohort study. BMJ 330(7485): 220.
239. Olsson A, Borgquist S, Butt S, Zackrisson S, Landberg G, Manjer J (2012) Tumour related factors and prognosis in breast cancer detected by screening. Br J Surg 99(1): 78-87.
240. Ong G, Austoker J (1997) Recalling women for further investigation of breast screening: women's experiences at the clinic and afterwards. J Public Health Med 19(1):29-36.
241. Otten JD, Broeders MJ, Fracheboud J, Otto SJ, de Koning HJ, Verbeek AL (2008) Impressive time-related influence of the Dutch screening programme on breast cancer incidence and mortality, 1975-2006. Int J Cancer 123(8): 1929-1934.
242. Otto SJ, Fracheboud J, Looman CW, Broeders MJ, Boer R, Hendriks JH, Verbeek AL, de Koning HJ (2003) Initiation of population-based mammography screening in Dutch municipalities and effect on breastcancer mortality: a systematic review. Lancet 361(9367): 1411-1417.
243. Paci E, Miccinesi G, Puliti D, Baldazzi P, De Lisi V, Falcini F, Cirilli C, Ferretti S, Mangone L, Finarelli AC, Rosso S, Segnan N, Stracci F, Traina A, Tumino R, Zorzi M (2006) Estimate of overdiagnosis of breast cancer due to mammography after adjustment for lead time. A service screening study in Italy. Breast Cancer Res 8(6): R68.
244. Paci E, Warwick J, Falini P, Duffy SW (2004) Overdiagnosis in screening: is the increase in breast cancer incidence rates a cause for concern? J Med Screen 11(1): 23-27.
245. Peeters PH, Verbeek AL, Straatman H, Holland R, Hendriks JH, Mravunac M, Rothengatter C, Van Dijk-Milatz A, Werre JM (1989) Evaluation of overdiagnosis of breast cancer in screening with mammography: results of the Nijmegen programme. Int J Epidemiol 18(2): 295-299.
246. Percy C, Dolman A (1978) Comparison of the coding of death certificates related to cancer in seven countries. Public Health Rep 93(4): 335-350.
247. Peto R, Boreham J, Clarke M, Davies C, Beral V (2000) UK and USA breast cancer deaths down 25% in year 2000 at ages 20-69 years. Lancet 355(9217): 1822.
248. Puliti D, Zappa M, Miccinesi G, Falini P, Crocetti E, Paci E (2009) An estimate of overdiagnosis 15 years after the start of mammographic screening in Florence. Eur J Cancer 45(18): 3166-3171.
249. Puliti D, Miccinesi G, Manneschi G, Buzzoni C, Crocetti E, Paci E, Zappa M (2012) Does an organised screening programme reduce the inequalities in breast cancer survival? Ann Oncol 23(2): 319-323.
250. Puliti D, Miccinesi G, Zappa M, Manneschi G, Crocetti E, Paci E (2012) Balancing harms and benefits of service mammography screening programs: a cohort study. Breast Cancer Res 14(1): R9.
251. Puliti D, Zappa M (2012) Breast cancer screening: are we seeing the benefit? BMC Med 10:106.
252. Puliti D, Zappa M, Miccinesi G, Falini P, Crocetti E, Paci E. (2009) An estimate of overdiagnosis 15 years after the start of mammographic screening in Florence. Eur J Cancer 45(18):3166-3171.
253. Quinn M, Babb P, Jones J, Allen E (1999) Effect of screening on incidence of and mortality from cancer of cervix in England: evaluation based on routinely collected statistics. BMJ 318(7188): 904-908.
254. Raftery J, Chorozoglou M (2011) Possible net harms of breast cancer screening: updated modelling of Forrest report. BMJ 343: d7627.
255. Ravdin PM, Cronin KA, Howlader N, Berg CD, Chlebowski RT, Feuer EJ, Edwards BK, Berry DA (2007) The decrease in breast-cancer incidence in 2003 in the United States. N Engl J Med 356(16): 1670-1674.
256. Reeves GK, Beral V, Green J, Gathani T, Bull D (2006) Hormonal therapy for menopause and breast-cancer risk by histological type: a cohort study and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 7(11): 910-918.
257. Reeves GK, Pirie K, Beral V, Green J, Spencer E, Bull D (2007) Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: cohort study. BMJ 335(7630): 1134.
258. Reeves GK, Travis RC, Green J, Bull D, Tipper S, Baker K, Beral V, Peto R, Bell J, Zelenika D, Lathrop M (2010) Incidence of breast cancer and its subtypes in relation to individual and multiple low-penetrance genetic susceptibility loci. JAMA 304(4): 426-434.
259. Retsky M, Demicheli R, Hrushesky W (2001) Premenopausal status accelerates relapse in node positive breast cancer: hypothesis links angiogenesis, screening controversy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 65(3): 217-224.
260. Retsky MW, Demicheli R, Hrushesky WJ, Baum M, Gukas ID (2008) Dormancy and surgery-driven escape from dormancy help explain some clinical features of breast cancer. APMIS 116(7-8): 730-741.
261. Retsky M, Demicheli R, Hrushesky W. (2001) Breast cancer screening for women aged 40-49 years: screening may not be the benign process usually thought. J Natl Cancer Inst 93(20): 1572.
262. Rijnsburger AJ, van Oortmarssen GJ, Boer R, Draisma G, To T, Miller AB, de Koning HJ (2004) Mammography benefit in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study-2: a model evaluation. Int J Cancer 110(5): 756-762.
263. Sanders ME, Schuyler PA, Dupont WD, Page DL (2005) The natural history of low grade ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in women treated by biopsy only revealed over 30 years of long-term follow-up. Cancer 103(12): 2481-2484.
264. Schoen RE, Pinsky PF, Weissfeld JL, Yokochi LA, Church T, Laiyemo AO, Bresalier R, Andriole GL, Buys SS, Crawford ED, Fouad MN, Isaacs C, Johnson CC, Reding DJ, O'Brien B, Carrick DM, Wright P, Riley TL, Purdue MP, Izmirlian G, Kramer BS, Miller AB, Gohagan JK, Prorok PC, Berg CD (2012) Colorectal cancer incidence and mortality with screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. N Engl J Med 366(25): 2345-2357.
265. Schopper D, de Wolf C (2009) How effective are breast cancer screening programmes by mammography? Review of the current evidence. Eur J Cancer 45(11): 1916-1923.
266. Schroder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, Tammela TL, Ciatto S, Nelen V, Kwiatkowski M, Lujan M, Lilja H, Zappa M, Denis LJ, Recker F, Berenguer A, Maattanen L, Bangma CH, Aus G, Villers A, Rebillard X, van der Kwast T, Blijenberg BG, Moss SM, de Koning HJ, Auvinen A (2009) Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. N Engl J Med 360(13): 1320-1328.
267. Smith RA, Duffy SW, Gabe R, Tabar L, Yen AM, Chen TH (2004) The randomized trials of breast cancer screening: what have we learned? Radiol Clin North Am 42(5): 793-806.
268. Smith-Bindman R, Chu PW, Miglioretti DL, Sickles EA, Blanks R, Ballard-Barbash R, Bobo JK, Lee NC, Wallis MG, Patnick J, Kerlikowske K (2003) Comparison of screening mammography in the United States and the United kingdom. JAMA 290(16): 2129-2137.
269. Stefanek ME.(2011) Uninformed compliance or informed choice? A needed shift in our approach to cancer screening. J Natl Cancer Inst 103(24):1821-1826.
270. Stuelten CH, Barbul A, Busch JI, Sutton E, Katz R, Sato M, Wakefield LM, Roberts AB, Niederhuber JE (2008) Acute wounds accelerate tumorigenesis by a T cell dependent mechanism. Cancer Res 68(18): 7278-7282.
271. Suhrke P, Maehlen J, Schlichting E, Jørgensen KJ, Gøtzsche PC, Zahl PH (2011) Effect of mammography screening on surgical treatment for breast cancer in Norway: comparative analysis of cancer registry data. BMJ 343: d4692.
272. Taylor R, Morrell S, Estoesta J, Brassil A (2004) Mammography screening and breast cancer mortality in New South Wales, Australia. Cancer Causes Control 15(6): 543-550.
273. Tengs TO, Adams ME, Pliskin JS, Safran DG, Siegel JE, Weinstein MC, Graham JD (1995) Five-hundred life-saving interventions and their cost-effectiveness. Risk Anal 15(3): 369-390.
274. The Swedish Organised Service Screening Evaluation Group (2006) Reduction in breast cancer mortality from organized service screening with mammography: 1. Further confirmation with extended data. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15(1):45-51.
275. Travis RC, Reeves GK, Green J, Bull D, Tipper SJ, Baker K, Beral V, Peto R, Bell J, Zelenika D, Lathrop M (2010) Gene-environment interactions in 7610 women with breast cancer: prospective evidence from the Million Women Study. Lancet 375(9732): 2143-2151.
276. van den Akker-van Marle E, de Koning H, Boer R, van der Maas P (1999) Reduction in breast cancer mortality due to the introduction of mass screening in the Netherlands: comparison with the United Kingdom. J Med Screen 6(1): 30-34.
277. Viel JF, Rymzhanova R, Fournier E, Danzon A (2011) Trends in invasive breast cancer incidence among French women not exposed to organized mammography screening: an age-period-cohort analysis. Cancer Epidemiol 35(6): 521-525.
278. Wald NJ, Murphy P, Major P, Parkes C, Townsend J, Frost C (1995) UKCCCR multicentre randomised controlled trial of one and two view mammography in breast cancer screening. BMJ 311(7014): 1189-1193.
279. Waller M, Moss S, Watson J, Moller H (2007) The effect of mammographic screening and hormone replacement therapy use on breast cancer incidence in England and Wales. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16(11): 2257-2261.
280. Weedon-Fekjaer H, Bakken K, Vatten LJ, Tretli S (2012) Understanding recent trends in incidence of invasive breast cancer in Norway: age-periodcohort analysis based on registry data on mammography screening and hormone treatment use. BMJ 344: e299.
281. Welch HG (2010) Screening mammography-a long run for a short slide? N Engl J Med 363(13): 1276-1278.
282. Welch HG. How much overdiagnosis? (2006) (accessed 14 October 2012)
283. Welch HG, Black WC (1997) Using autopsy series to estimate the disease 'reservoir' for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: how much more breast cancer can we find? Ann Intern Med 127(11): 1023-1028.
284. White E, Miglioretti DL, Yankaskas BC, Geller BM, Rosenberg RD, Kerlikowske K, Saba L, Vacek PM, Carney PA, Buist DS, Oestreicher N, Barlow W, Ballard Barbash R, Taplin SH (2004) Biennial versus annual mammography and the risk of late-stage breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 96(24): 1832-1839.
285. Willis L, Alarcon T, Elia G, Jones JL, Wright NA, Tomlinson IP, Graham TA, Page KM (2010) Breast cancer dormancy can be maintained by small numbers of micrometastases. Cancer Res 70(11): 4310-4317.
286. Yen AM, Duffy SW, Chen TH, Chen LS, Chiu SY, Fann JC, Wu WY, Su CW, Smith RA, Tabar L (2012) Long-term incidence of breast cancer by trial arm in one county of the Swedish Two-County Trial of mammographic screening. Cancer 118(23): 5728-5732.
287. Zackrisson S, Janzon L, Manjer J, Andersson I (2007) Improved survival rate for women with interval breast cancer-results from the breast cancer screening programme in Malmo, Sweden 1976-1999. J Med Screen 14(3): 138-143.
288. Zahl PH, Gøtzsche PC, Maehlen J (2011) Natural history of breast cancers detected in the Swedish mammography screening programme: a cohort study. Lancet Oncol 12(12): 1118-1124.
289. Zahl PH, Maehlen J (2012) Overdiagnosis of breast cancer after 14 years of mammography screening. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 132(4): 414-417.
290. Zahl PH, Maehlen J, Welch HG (2008) The natural history of invasive breast cancers detected by screening mammography. Arch Intern Med 168(21): 2311-2316.
291. Zahl PH, Strand BH, Maehlen J (2004) Incidence of breast cancer in Norway and Sweden during introduction of nationwide screening: prospective cohort study. BMJ 328(7445): 921-924.
292. Zbuk K, Anand SS (2012) Declining incidence of breast cancer after decreased use of hormone-replacement therapy: magnitude and time lags in different countries. J Epidemiol Community Health 66(1): 1-7.