Antibiotic resistance in urban aquatic environments: can it be controlled?

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

Volumn 100, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 1543-1557

  Manaia, Célia M ^a   Macedo, Gonçalo ^a   Fatta Kassinos, Despo ^b   Nunes, Olga C ^c  

^a UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA PORTUGUESA   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CYPRUS   (Cyprus)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PORTO   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Database; Disinfection; Environment clinical relationship; Risk assessment; Water treatment

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTICS; DATABASE SYSTEMS; DISINFECTION; HEALTH RISKS; WASTEWATER TREATMENT; WATER TREATMENT;

ANTHROPOGENIC PRESSURES; ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT BACTERIA; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCES; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS; ENVIRONMENT-CLINICAL RELATIONSHIP;

RISK ASSESSMENT;

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; BACTERIUM; DATABASE; DISINFECTION; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK ASSESSMENT; TRANSFORMATION; TRANSPORT PROCESS; URBAN SITE; WATER POLLUTION; WATER TREATMENT; WATER USE;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; WATER CYCLE; CITY; DISINFECTION; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; WASTE WATER; WATER MANAGEMENT;

WASTE WATER;

CITIES; DISINFECTION; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; WASTE WATER; WATER MICROBIOLOGY; WATER PURIFICATION;

EID: 84958759279     PISSN: 01757598     EISSN: 14320614     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7202-0     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Alvarez-Ortega C, Wiegand I, Olivares J, Hancock REW, Martínez JL (2011) The intrinsic resistome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to β-lactams. Virulence 2:144–146. doi:10.4161/viru.2.2.15014
2. Amos GC, Gozzard E, Carter CE, Mead A, Bowes MJ, Hawkey PM, Zhang L, Singer AC, Gaze WH, Wellington EMH (2015) Validated predictive modelling of the environmental resistome. ISME J 9:1467–1476. doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.237
3. Andersson DI, Hughes D (2014) Microbiological effects of sublethal levels of antibiotics. Nat Rev Microbiol 12:465–478. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3270
4. Auerbach E a, Seyfried EE, McMahon KD (2007) Tetracycline resistance genes in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants. Water Res 41:1143–1151. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.045
5. Becerra-Castro C, Lopes AR, Vaz-Moreira I, Silva EF, Manaia CM, Nunes OC (2015) Wastewater reuse in irrigation: a microbiological perspective on implications in soil fertility and human and environmental health. Environ Int 75:117–135. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.001
6. Bell BG, Schellevis F, Stobberingh E, Goossens H, Pringle M (2014) A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of antibiotic consumption on antibiotic resistance. BMC Infect Dis 14:13. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-13
7. Berendonk TU, Manaia CM, Merlin C, Fatta-Kassinos D, Cytryn E, Walsh F, Bürgmann H, Sørum H, Norström M, Pons M-N, Kreuzinger N, Huovinen P, Stefani S, Schwartz T, Kisand V, Baquero F, Martinez JL (2015) Tackling antibiotic resistance: the environmental framework. Nat Rev Microbiol 13:310–7. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3439
8. Cabello FC, Godfrey HP, Tomova A, Ivanova L, Dölz H, Millanao A, Buschmann AH (2013) Antimicrobial use in aquaculture re-examined: its relevance to antimicrobial resistance and to animal and human health. Environ Microbiol 15:1917–1942. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12134
9. Cengiz M, Uslu MO, Balcioglu I (2010) Treatment of E. coli HB101 and the tetM gene by Fenton’s reagent and ozone in cow manure. J Environ Manage 91:2590–2593. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.07.005
10. Conner-Kerr TA, Sullivan PK, Gaillard J, Franklin ME, Jones RM (1998) The effects of ultraviolet radiation on antibiotic-resistant bacteria in vitro. Ostomy Wound Manage 44:50–56
11. Costa D, Poeta P, Sáenz Y, Vinué L, Rojo-Bezares B, Jouini A, Zarazaga M, Rodrigues J, Torres C (2006) Detection of Escherichia coli harbouring extended-spectrum β-lactamases of the CTX-M, TEM and SHV classes in faecal samples of wild animals in Portugal [4]. J Antimicrob Chemother 58:1311–1312
12. Council Directive 98/83/EC (1998) of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption as Amended by Regulation 1882/2003/EC.
13. D’Costa VM, King CE, Kalan L, Morar M, Sung WWL, Schwarz C, Froese D, Zazula G, Calmels F, Debruyne R, Golding GB, Poinar HN, Wright GD (2011) Antibiotic resistance is ancient. Nature 477:457–461. doi:10.1038/nature10388
14. Dodd MC (2012) Potential impacts of disinfection processes on elimination and deactivation of antibiotic resistance genes during water and wastewater treatment. J Environ Monit 14:1754. doi:10.1039/c2em00006g
15. Done HY, Venkatesan AK, Halden RU (2015) Does the recent growth of aquaculture create antibiotic resistance threats different from those associated with land animal production in agriculture? AAPS J 17:513–524. doi:10.1208/s12248-015-9722-z
16. ECDC (2012) Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2011. Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net), Stockholm
17. ECDC (2015) ECDC / EFSA / EMA first joint report on the integrated analysis of the consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals. EFSA Journal 13(1):4006
18. Eichler S, Christen R, Holtje C, Westphal P, Botel J, Brettar I, Mehling A, Hofle MG (2006) Composition and dynamics of bacterial communities of a drinking water supply system as assessed by RNA- and DNA-based 16S rRNA gene fingerprinting. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:1858–1872. doi:10.1128/AEM.72.3.1858-1872.2006
19. EPA (1986) Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Bacteria - 1986. Regulations and Standards Criteria and Standards Division Office of Water EPA440/5-84-002, Washington DC, USA
20. EPA Victoria (2002) Guidelines for Enviornmental Managemnet. Disinfection of treated wastewater. Publication 730, Victoria Australia, 0 7306 7623 4
21. Fajardo A, Martínez-Martín N, Mercadillo M, Galán JC, Ghysels B, Matthijs S, Cornelis P, Wiehlmann L, Tümmler B, Baquero F, Martínez JL (2008) The neglected intrinsic resistome of bacterial pathogens. PLoS One 3, e1619. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001619
22. Ferreira da Silva M, Tiago I, Veríssimo A, Boaventura R a R, Nunes OC, Manaia CM (2006) Antibiotic resistance of enterococci and related bacteria in an urban wastewater treatment plant. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 55:322–9. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2005.00032.x
23. Ferreira da Silva M, Vaz-Moreira I, Gonzalez-Pajuelo M, Nunes OC, Manaia CM (2007) Antimicrobial resistance patterns in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from an urban wastewater treatment plant. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 60:166–176. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00268.x
24. 2. Environ Sci Technol 150825123921009. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02613
25. Figueira V, Vaz-Moreira I, Silva M, Manaia CM (2011) Diversity and antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas spp. in drinking and waste water treatment plants. Water Res 45:5599–5611. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.021
26. Fondi M, Fani R (2010) The horizontal flow of the plasmid resistome: clues from inter-generic similarity networks. Environ Microbiol 12:3228–3242. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02295.x
27. GEMS-Water (2014) Water Quality Outlook. UN GEMS/Water Programme Office, Ontario, Canada, 95039-11-4
28. Graham DW, Olivares-Rieumont S, Knapp CW, Lima L, Werner D, Bowen E (2011) Antibiotic resistance gene abundances associated with waste discharges to the Almendares River near Havana, Cuba. Environ Sci Technol 45:418–424. doi:10.1021/es102473z
29. Guerin E, Cambray G, Sanchez-Alberola N, Campoy S, Erill I, Da Re S, Gonzalez-Zorn B, Barbe J, Ploy M-C, Mazel D (2009) The SOS response controls integron recombination. Science (80-) 324:1034–1034. doi:10.1126/science.1172914
30. Guo MT, Bin YQ, Yang J (2013a) Ultraviolet reduction of erythromycin and tetracycline resistant heterotrophic bacteria and their resistance genes in municipal wastewater. Chemosphere 93:2864–2868. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.068
31. Guo M-T, Yuan Q-B, Yang J (2013b) Microbial selectivity of UV treatment on antibiotic-resistant heterotrophic bacteria in secondary effluents of a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Water Res 47:6388–6394. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.08.012
32. Hoefel D, Monis PT, Grooby WL, Andrews S, Saint CP (2005) Profiling bacterial survival through a water treatment process and subsequent distribution system. J Appl Microbiol 99:175–186. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02573.x
33. Huerta B, Marti E, Gros M, López P, Pompêo M, Armengol J, Barceló D, Balcázar JL, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Marcé R (2013) Exploring the links between antibiotic occurrence, antibiotic resistance, and bacterial communities in water supply reservoirs. Sci Total Environ 456–457:161–170. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.071
34. ISO 9308–1:2014 Enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria - Part 1: membrane filtration method for waters with low bacterial background flora.
35. Kaplan E, Ofek M, Jurkevitch E, Cytryn E (2013) Characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance and qnr diversity in Enterobacteriaceae from municipal biosolids. Front Microbiol 4:1–7. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00144
36. Kümmerer K, Henninger A (2003) Promoting resistance by the emission of antibiotics from hospitals and households into effluent. Clin Microbiol Infect 9:1203–1214. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2003.00739.x
37. Laht M, Karkman A, Voolaid V, Ritz C, Tenson T, Virta M, Kisand V (2014) Abundances of tetracycline, sulphonamide and beta-lactam antibiotic resistance genes in conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with different waste load. PLoS One 9:1–8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103705
38. LaPara TM, Burch TR, McNamara PJ, Tan DT, Yan M, Eichmiller JJ (2011) Tertiary-treated municipal wastewater is a significant point source of antibiotic resistance genes into Duluth-Superior Harbor. Environ Sci Technol 45:9543–9549. doi:10.1021/es202775r
39. Li B, Yang Y, Ma L, Ju F, Guo F, Tiedje JM, Zhang T (2015) Metagenomic and network analysis reveal wide distribution and co-occurrence of environmental antibiotic resistance genes. ISME J. doi:10.1038/ismej.2015.59
40. Łuczkiewicz a, Jankowska K, Fudala-Książek S, Olańczuk-Neyman K (2010) Antimicrobial resistance of fecal indicators in municipal wastewater treatment plant. Water Res 44:5089–5097. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.007
41. Lüddeke F, Heß S, Gallert C, Winter J, Güde H, Löffler H (2015) Removal of total and antibiotic resistant bacteria in advanced wastewater treatment by ozonation in combination with different filtering techniques. Water Res 69:243–251. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.018
42. Manaia CM, Novo A, Coelho B, Nunes OC (2010) Ciprofloxacin resistance in domestic wastewater treatment plants. Water Air Soil Pollut 208:335–343
43. Manaia CM, Vaz-Moreira I, Nunes OC (2011) Antibiotic Resistance in Waste Water and Surface Water and Human Health Implications. In: Barceló D (ed) Springer. Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 173–212
44. Martínez JL, Coque TM, Baquero F (2015) Prioritizing risks of antibiotic resistance genes in all metagenomes. Nat Rev Microbiol 13:396. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3399-c2
45. Michael I, Hapeshi E, Michael C, Varela a R, Kyriakou S, Manaia CM, Fatta-Kassinos D (2012) Solar photo-Fenton process on the abatement of antibiotics at a pilot scale: degradation kinetics, ecotoxicity and phytotoxicity assessment and removal of antibiotic resistant enterococci. Water Res 46:5621–5634. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.049
46. Michael I, Rizzo L, McArdell CS, Manaia CM, Merlin C, Schwartz T, Dagot C, Fatta-Kassinos D (2013) Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for the release of antibiotics in the environment: a review. Water Res 47:957–95. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.027
47. Michael-Kordatou I, Iacovou M, Frontistis Z, Hapeshi E, Dionysiou DD, Fatta-Kassinos D (2015) Erythromycin oxidation and ERY-resistant Escherichia coli inactivation in urban wastewater by sulfate radical-based oxidation process under UV-C irradiation. Water Res 85:346–358. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.050
48. Munir M, Wong K, Xagoraraki I (2011) Release of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in the effluent and biosolids of five wastewater utilities in Michigan. Water Res 45:681–93. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.033
49. Narciso-da-Rocha C, Vaz-Moreira I, Svensson-Stadler L, Moore ERB, Manaia CM (2013) Diversity and antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter spp. in water from the source to the tap. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:329–340. doi:10.1007/s00253-012-4190-1
50. Narciso-da-Rocha C, Varela AR, Schwartz T, Nunes OC, Manaia CM (2014) blaTEM and vanA as indicator genes of antibiotic resistance contamination in a hospital–urban wastewater treatment plant system. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2:309–315. doi:10.1016/j.jgar.2014.10.001
51. Negreanu Y, Pasternak Z, Jurkevitch E, Cytryn E (2012) Impact of treated wastewater irrigation on antibiotic resistance in agricultural soils. Environ Sci Technol 46:4800–8. doi:10.1021/es204665b
52. Nesme J, Cécillon S, Delmont TO, Monier J-M, Vogel TM, Simonet P (2014) Large-scale metagenomic-based study of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Curr Biol 24:1096–1100. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.036
53. Nguyen TT, Guedj J, Chachaty E, de Gunzburg J, Andremont A, Mentré F (2014) Mathematical modeling of bacterial kinetics to predict the impact of antibiotic colonic exposure and treatment duration on the amount of resistant enterobacteria excreted. PLoS Comput Biol 10, e1003840. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003840
54. Norton-Brandão D, Scherrenberg SM, van Lier JB (2013) Reclamation of used urban waters for irrigation purposes - a review of treatment technologies. J Environ Manage 122:85–98. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.012
55. Novais C, Coque TM, Ferreira H, Sousa JC, Peixe L (2005) Environmental contamination with vancomycin-resistant enterococci from hospital sewage in Portugal. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:3364–3368. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.6.3364-3368.2005
56. Novo A, Manaia CM (2010) Factors influencing antibiotic resistance burden in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 87:1157–66. doi:10.1007/s00253-010-2583-6
57. Novo A, André S, Viana P, Nunes OC, Manaia CM (2013) Antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial residues and bacterial community composition in urban wastewater. Water Res 47:1875–1887. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.01.010
58. Öncü NB, Menceloğlu YZ, Balcioğlu IA (2011) Comparison of the effectiveness of chlorine, ozone, and photocatalytic disinfection in reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance pollution. J Adv Oxid Technol 14:196–203(8)
59. Perry JA, Wright GD (2014) Forces shaping the antibiotic resistome. BioEssays 36:1179–1184. doi:10.1002/bies.201400128
60. Poole K (2012) Bacterial stress responses as determinants of antimicrobial resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 67:2069–2089. doi:10.1093/jac/dks196
61. Port J a, Cullen AC, Wallace JC, Smith MN, Faustman EM (2014) Metagenomic frameworks for monitoring antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments. Environ Health Perspect 122:222–228. doi:10.1289/ehp.1307009
62. Rahube TO, Marti R, Scott A, Tien Y-C, Murray R, Sabourin L, Zhang Y, Duenk P, Lapen DR, Topp E (2014) Impact of fertilizing with raw or anaerobically digested sewage sludge on the abundance of antibiotic-resistant coliforms, antibiotic resistance genes, and pathogenic bacteria in soil and on vegetables at harvest. Appl Environ Microbiol 80:6898–6907. doi:10.1128/AEM.02389-14
63. Rizzo L, Fiorentino A, Anselmo A (2013a) Advanced treatment of urban wastewater by UV radiation: effect on antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains. Chemosphere 92:171–176. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.021
64. Rizzo L, Manaia C, Merlin C, Schwartz T, Dagot C, Ploy MC, Michael I, Fatta-Kassinos D (2013b) Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment: a review. Sci Total Environ 447:345–360. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.032
65. Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Chamorro S, Marti E, Huerta B, Gros M, Sànchez-Melsió A, Borrego CM, Barceló D, Balcázar JL (2015) Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in hospital and urban wastewaters and their impact on the receiving river. Water Res 69:234–242. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.021
66. Schwartz T, Kohnen W, Jansen B, Obst U (2003) Detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes in wastewater, surface water, and drinking water biofilms. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 43:325–335. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01073.x
67. Segura P a, François M, Gagnon C, Sauvé S (2009) Review of the occurrence of anti-infectives in contaminated wastewaters and natural and drinking waters. Environ Health Perspect 117:675–684. doi:10.1289/ehp.11776
68. Segura P a, Takada H, Correa J, El Saadi K, Koike T, Onwona-Agyeman S, Ofosu-Anim J, Sabi EB, Wasonga OV, Mghalu JM, dos Santos AM, Newman B, Weerts S, Yargeau V (2015) Global occurrence of anti-infectives in contaminated surface waters: impact of income inequality between countries. Environ Int 80:89–97. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.04.001
69. Seiler C, Berendonk TU (2012) Heavy metal driven co-selection of antibiotic resistance in soil and water bodies impacted by agriculture and aquaculture. Front Microbiol 3:1–10. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00399
70. Simões RR, Poirel L, Da Costa PM, Nordmann P (2010) Seagulls and beaches as reservoirs for multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. Emerg Infect Dis 16:110–112. doi:10.3201/eid1601.090896
71. Skippington E, Ragan M (2011) Lateral genetic transfer and the construction of genetic exchange communities. FEMS Microbiol Rev 35:707–735. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00261.x
72. Tello A, Austin B, Telfer TC (2012) Selective pressure of antibiotic pollution on bacteria of importance to public health. Environ Health Perspect 120:1100–6. doi:10.1289/ehp.1104650
73. Toleman MA, Bugert JJ, Nizam SA (2015) Extensively drug-resistant New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase–encoding bacteria in the environment, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 21:1027–1030. doi:10.3201/eid2106.141578
74. UNICEF/WHO (2015) Progress on sanitation and drinking water - 2015 Update and MDG Assessment
75. Van Boeckel TP, Gandra S, Ashok A, Caudron Q, Grenfell BT, Levin S a, Laxminarayan R (2014) Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect Dis 14:742–750. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70780-7
76. Varela AR, Ferro G, Vredenburg J, Yanık M, Vieira L, Rizzo L, Lameiras C, Manaia CM (2013) Vancomycin resistant enterococci: from the hospital effluent to the urban wastewater treatment plant. Sci Total Environ 450–451:155–161. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.015
77. Varela AR, André S, Nunes OC, Manaia CM (2014) Insights into the relationship between antimicrobial residues and bacterial populations in a hospital-urban wastewater treatment plant system. Water Res 54:327–36. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.003
78. Varela AR, Macedo GN, Nunes OC, Manaia CM (2015a) Genetic characterization of fluoroquinolone resistant Escherichia coli from urban streams and municipal and hospital effluents. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 91:fiv015–fiv015. doi:10.1093/femsec/fiv015
79. Varela AR, Manageiro V, Ferreira E, Guimarães MA, da Costa PM, Caniça M, Manaia CM (2015b) Molecular evidence of the close relatedness of clinical, gull and wastewater isolates of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 8–11. doi: 10.1016/j.jgar.2015.07.008
80. Varela AR, Nunes OC, Manaia CM (2016) Quinolone resistant Aeromonas spp. as carriers and potential tracers of acquired antibiotic resistance in hospital and municipal wastewater. Sci Total Environ 542:665–671. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.124
81. Vaz-Moreira I, Nunes OC, Manaia CM (2011) Diversity and antibiotic resistance patterns of Sphingomonadaceae isolates from drinking water. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:5697–5706. doi:10.1128/AEM.00579-11
82. Vaz-Moreira I, Nunes OC, Manaia CM (2012) Diversity and antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas spp. from drinking water. Sci Total Environ 426:366–74. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.046
83. Vaz-Moreira I, Egas C, Nunes OC, Manaia CM (2013) Bacterial diversity from the source to the tap: a comparative study based on 16S rRNA gene-DGGE and culture-dependent methods. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 83:361–374. doi:10.1111/1574-6941.12002
84. Vaz-Moreira I, Nunes OC, Manaia CM (2014) Bacterial diversity and antibiotic resistance in water habitats: searching the links with the human microbiome. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1–18. doi: 10.1111/1574-6976.12062
85. Vredenburg J, Varela AR, Hasan B, Bertilsson S, Olsen B, Narciso-da-Rocha C, Bonnedahl J, Stedt J, Da Costa PM, Manaia CM (2014) Quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from birds of prey in Portugal are genetically distinct from those isolated from water environments and gulls in Portugal, Spain and Sweden. Environ Microbiol 16(4):995–1004. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12231
86. Walsh TR, Weeks J, Livermore DM, Toleman MA (2011) Dissemination of NDM-1 positive bacteria in the New Delhi environment and its implications for human health: an environmental point prevalence study. Lancet Infect Dis 11:355–362. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70059-7
87. Wang FH, Qiao M, Lv ZE, Guo GX, Jia Y, Su YH, Zhu YG (2014) Impact of reclaimed water irrigation on antibiotic resistance in public parks, Beijing, China. Environ Pollut 184:247–253. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.038
88. Watkinson a J, Micalizzi GR, Bates JR, Costanzo SD (2007) Novel method for rapid assessment of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from environmental waters by use of a modified chromogenic agar. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:2224–2229. doi:10.1128/AEM.02099-06
89. WHO (2004) Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality
90. WHO (2014) Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance 2014
91. Xi C, Zhang Y, Marrs CF, Ye W, Simon C, Foxman B, Nriagu J (2009) Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in drinking water treatment and distribution systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:5714–5718. doi:10.1128/AEM.00382-09
92. Xiong W, Sun Y, Zhang T, Ding X, Li Y, Wang M, Zeng Z (2015) Antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes, and bacterial community composition in fresh water aquaculture environment in China. Microb Ecol 70:425–432. doi:10.1007/s00248-015-0583-x
93. Zhang T, Zhang M, Zhang X, Fang HH (2009) Tetracycline resistance genes and tetracycline resistant lactose-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae in activated sludge of sewage treatment plants. Environ Sci Technol 43:3455–3460. doi:10.1021/es803309m
94. Zhang T, Shao M-F, Ye L (2012) 454 Pyrosequencing reveals bacterial diversity of activated sludge from 14 sewage treatment plants. ISME J 6:1137–1147. doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.188