Green light for interaction: Party use of social media during the 2014 Swedish election year

First Monday

Volumn 20, Issue 12, 2015, Pages

  Larsson, Anders Olof ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84958225586     PISSN: 13960466     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5210/fm.v20i12.5966     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. E. Anduiza, M. Cantijoch, and A. Gallego, 2009. "Political participation and the Internet: A field essay," Information, Communication & Society, volume 12, number 6, pp. 860-878. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691180802282720, accessed 24 November 2015.
2. A. Bechmann and S. Lomborg, 2012. "Mapping actor roles in social media: Different perspectives on value creation in theories of user participation," New Media & Society, volume 15, number 5, pp. 7650-781. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444812462853, accessed 24 November 2015.
3. B. Bimber, 2003. Information and American democracy: Technology in the evolution of political power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. J. Blumler and D. Kavanagh, 1999. "The third age of political communication: Influences and features," Political Communication, volume 16, number 3, 209-230. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/105846099198596, accessed 24 November 2015.
5. A. Bruns and T. Highfield, 2013. "Political networks on Twitter: Tweeting the Queensland state election," Information, Communication & Society, volume 16, number 5, pp. 667-691. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.782328, accessed 24 November 2015.
6. A. Bruns and S. Stieglitz, 2012. "Quantitative approaches to comparing communication patterns on Twitter," Journal of Technology in Human Services, volume 30, numbers 3-4, pp. 160-185. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15228835.2012.744249, accessed 24 November 2015.
7. A. Bruns and J. Burgess, 2011. "#ausvotes: How Twitter covered the 2010 Australian federal election," Communication, Politics & Culture, volume 44, number 2, pp. 37-56.
8. E. Bucy, 2004. "Interactivity in society: Locating an elusive concept," Information Society, volume 20, number 5, pp. 373-383. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01972240490508063, accessed 24 November 2015.
9. A. Chadwick, 2008. "Web 2.0: New challenges for the study of e-democracy in an era of informational exuberance," I/S: Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society, volume 5, number 1, pp. 93-41, and at http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/is/files/2012/02/Chadwick_Formatted_FINAL.pdf, accessed 24 November 2015.
10. P. Chen and P. Smith, 2010. "Adoption and use of digital media in election campaigns: Australia, Canada and New Zealand," Public Communication Review, volume 1, number 1, pp. 3-26, and at http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/pcr/article/view/1249, accessed 24 November 2015.
11. C. Christensen, 2013. "@Sweden: Curating a nation on Twitter," Popular Communication, volume 11, number 1, pp. 30-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2013.751855, accessed 24 November 2015.
12. S. Coleman, 2004. "Connecting Parliament to the public via the Internet," Information, Communication & Society, volume 7, number 1, pp. 1-22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118042000208870, accessed 24 November 2015.
13. L. Dang-Xuan, S. Stieglitz, J. Wladarsch, and C. Neuberger, 2013. "An investigation of influentials and the role of sentiment in political communication on Twitter during election periods," Information, Communication & Society, volume 16, number 5, pp. 795-825. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.783608, accessed 24 November 2015.
14. E. Downes and S. McMillan, 2000. "Defining interactivity: A qualitative identification of key dimensions," New Media & Society, volume 2, number 2, pp. 157-179. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14614440022225751, accessed 24 November 2015.
15. J. Druckman, M. Kifer, and M. Parkin, 2007. "The technological development of Congressional candidate Web sites: How and why candidates use Web innovations," Social Science Computer Review, volume 25, number 4, pp. 425-442. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439307305623, accessed 24 November 2015.
16. B. Enjolras, R. Karlsen, K. Steen-Johnsen, and D. Wollebæk, 2013. Liker-liker ikke: Sosiale medier, samfunnsengasjement og offentlighet. Oslo: Cappellen Damm Akademisk.
17. G. Enli and E. Skogerbø, 2013. "Personalized campaigns in party-centred politics: Twitter and Facebook as arenas for political communication," Information, Communication & Society, volume 16, number 5, pp. 757-774. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.782330, accessed 24 November 2015.
18. O. Findahl, 2013. Svenskarna och Internet 2013. Stockholm: Stiftelsen för Internetinfrastruktur, and at http://www.soi2013.se/, accessed 24 November 2015.
19. T. Gerpott and H. Wanke, 2004. "Interactivity potentials and usage of German press-title Web sites: An empirical investigation," Journal of Media Economics, volume 17, number 4, pp. 241-260. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327736me1704_1, accessed 24 November 2015.
20. R. Gibson, 2004. "Web campaigning from a global perspective," Asia-Pacific Review, volume 11, number 1, pp. 95-126. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13439000410001687779, accessed 24 November 2015.
21. R. Gibson and I. McAllister, 2015. "Normalising or equalising party competition? Assessing the impact of the Web on election campaigning," Political Studies, volume 63, number 3, pp. 529-547. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12107, accessed 24 November 2015.
22. J. Golbeck, J. Grimes, and A. Rogers, 2010. "Twitter use by the U.S. Congress," Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, volume 61, number 8, pp. 1,612-1,621. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.21344, accessed 24 November 2015.
23. S. González-Bailón, 2013. "Social science in the era of big data," Policy & Internet, volume 5, number 2, pp. 147-160. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1944-2866.POI328, accessed 24 November 2015.
24. T. Graham, M. Broersma, K. Hazelhoff, and G. van't Haar, 2013. "Between broadcasting political messages and interacting with voters: The use of Twitter during the 2010 UK general election campaign," Information, Communication & Society, volume 16, number 5, pp. 692-716. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.785581, accessed 24 November 2015.
25. G. Gulati and C. Williams, 2013. "Social media and campaign 2012: Developments and trends for Facebook adoption," Social Science Computer Review, volume 31, number 5, pp. 577-588. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439313489258, accessed 24 November 2015.
26. N. Gustafsson, 2013. "Leetocracy: Political participation, social network sites and inequality," Ph. D. thesis, Lunds Universitet.
27. C. Honeycutt and S. Herring, 2009. "Beyond microblogging: Conversation and collaboration via Twitter," Proceedings of the Forty-Second Hawai'i International Conference on System Sciences; version at http://ella.slis.indiana.edu/~herring/honeycutt.herring.2009.pdf, accessed 24 November 2015.
28. N. Jackson and D. Lilleker, 2011. "Microblogging, constituency service and impression management: UK MPs and the use of Twitter," Journal of Legislative Studies, volume 17, number 1, pp. 86-105. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2011.545181, accessed 24 November 2015.
29. N. Jackson and D. Lilleker, 2009. "Building an architecture of participation? Political parties and Web 2.0 in Britain," Journal of Information Technology & Politics, volume 6, number 3-4, pp. 232-250. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19331680903028438, accessed 24 November 2015.
30. J. Jensen, 1998. "'Interactivit': Tracking a new concept in media and communication studies," Nordicom Review, volume 19, number 1, pp. 185-204, and at http://www.nordicom.gu.se/sites/default/files/kapitel-pdf/38_jensen.pdf, accessed 24 November 2015.
31. S. Jones, 1964. The Presidential election of 1896. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
32. Ø. Kalnes, 2009. "Norwegian parties and Web 2.0," Journal of Information Technology & Politics, volume 6, numbers 3-4, pp. 251-266. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19331680903041845, accessed 24 November 2015.
33. J. Kim, D. Painter, and M. Miles, 2013. "Campaign agenda-building online: The effects of online information source and interactivity on affective evaluations and the salience of the election," Journal of Information Technology & Politics, volume 10, number 3, pp. 326-340. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2013.807757, accessed 24 November 2015.
34. S. Kiousis, 2002. "Interactivity: A concept explication," New Media & Society, volume 4, number 3, pp. 355-383. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146144480200400303, accessed 24 November 2015.
35. U. Klinger and J. Svensson, 2015. "The emergence of network media logic in political communication: A theoretical approach," New Media & Society, volume 17, number 8, pp. 1,241-1,257. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444814522952, accessed 24 November 2015.
36. K. Koc-Michalska, R. Gibson, and T. Vedel, 2014. "Online campaigning in France, 2007-2012: Political actors and citizens in the aftermath of the Web.2.0 evolution," Journal of Information Technology & Politics, volume 11, number 2, pp. 220-244. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2014.903217, accessed 24 November 2015.
37. C. Koolstra and M. Bos, 2009. "The development of an instrument To determine different levels of interactivity," International Communication Gazette, volume 71, number 5, pp. 373-391. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748048509104980, accessed 24 November 2015.
38. A.O. Larsson, 2015. "Going viral? Comparing parties on social media during the 2014 Swedish election," Convergence. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354856515577891, accessed 24 November 2015.
39. A.O. Larsson, 2013a. "'Rejected bits of program code': Why notions of 'politics 2.0' remain (mostly) unfulfilled," Journal of Information Technology & Politics, volume 10, number 1, pp. 72-85. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2012.719727, accessed 24 November 2015.
40. A.O. Larsson, 2013b. "Tweeting the viewer-Use of Twitter in a talk show context," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, volume 57, number 2, pp. 135-152. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2013.787081, accessed 24 November 2015.
41. A.O. Larsson, 2012. "Doing things in relation to machines: Studies on online interactivity," doctoral thesis, Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, at http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-171757, accessed 24 November 2015.
42. A.O. Larsson, 2011. "'Extended infomercials' or 'politics 2.0'? A study of Swedish political party Web sites before, during and after the 2010 election," First Monday, volume 16, number 4, at http://firstmonday.org/article/view/3456/2858, accessed 24 November 2015.
43. A.O. Larsson and Ø. Ihlen, 2015. "Birds of a feather flock together? Party leaders on Twitter during the 2013 Norwegian elections," European Journal of Communication. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323115595525, accessed 24 November 2015.
44. A.O. Larsson and H. Moe, 2015. "Bots or journalists? News sharing on Twitter," Communications, volume 40, number 3, pp. 361-370. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/commun-2015-0014, accessed 24 November 2015.
45. A.O. Larsson and B. Kalsnes, 2014. "'Of course we are on Facebook': Use and non-use of social media among Swedish and Norwegian politicians," European Journal of Communication, volume 29, number 6, pp. 653-667. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323114531383, accessed 24 November 2015.
46. A.O. Larsson and H. Moe, 2013. "Twitter in politics and elections: Insights from Scandinavia," In: K. Weller, A. Bruns, J. Burgess, M. Mahrt, and C. Puschmann (editors). Twitter and society. New York: Peter Lang, pp. 319-330.
47. A.O. Larsson and H. Moe, 2012. "Studying political microblogging: Twitter users in the 2010 Swedish election campaign," New Media & Society, volume 14, number 5, pp. 729-747. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444811422894, accessed 24 November 2015.
48. J. Lees-Marshment, 2014. Political marketing: Principles and applications. Second edition. London: Routledge.
49. D. Lilleker and N. Jackson, 2010. "Towards a more participatory style of election campaigning: The impact of Web 2.0 on the UK 2010 general election," Policy & Internet, volume 2, number 3, pp. 69-98. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1944-2866.1064, accessed 24 November 2015.
50. D. Lilleker and C. Malagón, 2010. "Levels of interactivity in the 2007 French presidential candidates' Websites," European Journal of Communication, volume 25, number 1, pp. 25-42. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323109354231, accessed 24 November 2015.
51. D. Lilleker and J. Lees-Marshment (editors), 2005. Political marketing: A comparative perspective. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
52. F. Marcinkowski and J. Metag, 2014. "Why do candidates use online media in constituency campaigning? An application of the theory of planned behavior," Journal of Information Technology & Politics, volume 11, number 2, pp. 151-168. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2014.895690, accessed 24 November 2015.
53. S. McMillan, 2002a. "Exploring models of interactivity from multiple research traditions: Users, documents, and systems," In: L. Lievrouw and S. Livingstone (editors). Handbook of new media: Social shaping and consequences of ICTs. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, pp. 163-182.
54. S. McMillan, 2002b. "A four-part model of cyber-interactivity: Some cyber-places are more interactive than others," New Media & Society, volume 4, number 2, pp. 271-291. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146144480200400208, accessed 24 November 2015.
55. H. Moe and A.O. Larsson, 2012. "Methodological and ethical challenges associated with large-scale analyses of online political communication," Nordicom Review, volume 33, number 1, pp. 117-124. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nor-2013-0008, accessed 24 November 2015.
56. F. Morstatter, J. Pfeffer, H. Liu, and K. Carley, 2013. "Is the sample good enough? Comparing Data from Twitter's streaming API with Twitter's Firehose," paper presented at the Eighth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM); version at http://www.public.asu.edu/~fmorstat/paperpdfs/icwsm2013.pdf, accessed 24 November 2015.
57. B. Nilsson and E. Carlsson, 2014. "Swedish politicians and new media: Democracy, identity and populism in a digital discourse," New Media & Society, volume 16, number 4, pp. 655-671. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444813487964, accessed 24 November 2015.
58. Nordicom, 2013. Nordicom-Sveriges Internetbarometer 2012. Gothenburg: Nordicom, and at http://www.nordicom.gu.se/en/publikationer/nordicom-sveriges-internetbarometer-2012, accessed 24 November 2015.
59. T. O'Reilly, 2005. "What is Web 2.0? Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software," at http://www.oreilly.com/pub/a/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html, accessed 24 November 2015.
60. H. Oscarsson and S. Holmberg, 2013. Nya svenska väljare. Valundersökningar, rapport number 28. Göteborg: Norstedts Juridik AB.
61. O. Quiring, 2009. "What do users associate with 'interactivity'? A qualitative study on user schemata," New Media & Society, volume 11, number 6, pp. 899-920. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444809336511, accessed 24 November 2015.
62. B. Rieder, 2013. "Studying Facebook via data extraction: The Netvizz application," WebSci '13: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual ACM Web Science Conference, pp. 346-335. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2464464.2464475, accessed 24 November 2015.
63. G. Sartori, 1990. "A typology of party systems," In: P. Mair (editor). The West European party system. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 316-350.
64. T. Small, 2011. "What the hashtag? A content analysis of Canadian politics on Twitter," Information, Communication & Society, volume 14, number 6, pp. 872-895. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2011.554572, accessed 24 November 2015.
65. J. Song and G. Zinkhan, 2008. "Determinants of perceived Web site interactivity," Journal of Marketing, volume 72, number 2, pp. 99-113. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.72.2.99, accessed 24 November 2015.
66. S. Stieglitz and L. Dang-Xuan, 2013. "Social media and political communication: A social media analytics framework," Social Network Analysis and Mining, volume 3, number 4, pp. 1,277-1,291. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13278-012-0079-3, accessed 24 November 2015.
67. K. Strandberg, 2009. "Online campaigning: An opening for the outsiders? An analysis of Finnish parliamentary candidates' websites in the 2003 election campaign," New Media & Society, volume 11, number 5, pp. 835-854. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444809105355, accessed 24 November 2015.
68. J. Stromer-Galley, 2000. "On-line interaction and why candidates avoid it," Journal of Communication, volume 50, number 4, pp. 111-132. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02865.x, accessed 24 November 2015.
69. Ø. Sæbø, 2011. "Understanding Twitter use among parliament representatives: A genre analysis," In: E. Tambouris, A. Macintosh, and H. de Bruijn (editors). Electronic participation: Third IFIP WG 8.5 international conference, ePart 2011, Delft, The Netherlands, August 29-September 1, 2011. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, volume 6847. Berlin: Springer, pp. 1-12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23333-3_1, accessed 24 November 2015.
70. E. Vaast and E. Kaganer, 2013. "Social media affordances and governance in the workplace: An examination of organizational policies," Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, volume 19, number 1, pp. 78-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12032, accessed 24 November 2015.
71. M. Vergeer and L. Hermans, 2013. "Campaigning on Twitter: Microblogging and online social networking as campaign tools in the 2010 general elections in the Netherlands," Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, volume 18, number 4, pp. 399-419. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12023, accessed 24 November 2015.
72. M. Vergeer, L. Hermans, and C. Cunha, 2013. "Web campaigning in the 2009 European Parliament elections: A cross-national comparative analysis," New Media & Society, volume 15, number 1, pp. 128-148. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444812457337, accessed 24 November 2015.
73. M. Vergeer, L. Hermans, and S. Sams, 2013. "Online social networks and micro-blogging in political campaigning: The exploration of a new campaign tool and a new campaign style," Party Politics, volume 19, number 3, pp. 477-501. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068811407580, accessed 24 November 2015.
74. M. Vergeer, L. Hermans, and S. Sams, 2011. "Is the voter only a tweet away? Micro blogging during the 2009 European Parliament election campaign in the Netherlands," First Monday, volume 16, number 8, at http://firstmonday.org/article/view/3540/3026, accessed 24 November 2015.
75. W. Warr, 2008. "Social software: Fun and games, or business tools?" Journal of Information Science, volume 34, number 4, pp. 591-604. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551508092259, accessed 24 November 2015.
76. M. Wendt, 2012. Politik som spektakel: Almedalen, mediemakten och den svenska demokratin. Stockholm: Bokförlaget Atlas.
77. D. West, 2005. Digital government: Technology and public sector performance. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
78. C. Williams and G. Gulati, 2013. "Social networks in political campaigns: Facebook and the congressional elections of 2006 and 2008," New Media & Society, volume 15, number 1, pp. 52-71. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444812457332, accessed 24 November 2015.
79. T. Zittel, 2009. "Lost in technology? Political parties and the online campaigns of constituency candidates in Germany's mixed member electoral system," Journal of Information Technology & Politics, volume 6, numbers 3-4, pp. 298-311. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19331680903048832, accessed 24 November 2015.