Second Stage of Labor

Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 58, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 227-240

  Cheng, Yvonne W ^a   Caughey, Aaron B ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

epidural; perinatal outcome; Prolonged; second stage

Indexed keywords

LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT;

ANALGESIA; APGAR SCORE; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CESAREAN SECTION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA; FEMALE; FETUS MONITORING; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMAN; LABOR STAGE 1; LABOR STAGE 2; MATERNAL MORBIDITY; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NEWBORN MORBIDITY; NEWBORN MORTALITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREVALENCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK FACTOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VAGINAL DELIVERY; ADVERSE EFFECTS; OBSTETRIC LABOR COMPLICATIONS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; PROCEDURES; RISK ASSESSMENT; TIME;

ANALGESIA, EPIDURAL; CESAREAN SECTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; LABOR STAGE, SECOND; OBSTETRIC LABOR COMPLICATIONS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; RISK ADJUSTMENT; RISK FACTORS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84957374082     PISSN: 00099201     EISSN: 15325520     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000113     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Friedman EA. Primigravid labor; a graphicostatistical analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 1955;6: 567-589.
2. Friedman EA. Labor in multiparas; a graphicostatistical analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 1956;8: 691-703.
3. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 49, December 2003: dystocia and augmentation of labor. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:1445-1454.
4. Kilpatrick SJ, Laros RK Jr. Characteristics of normal labor. Obstet Gynecol. 1989;74:85-87.
5. Zhang J, Yancey MK, Klebanoff MA, et al. Does epidural analgesia prolong labor and increase risk of cesarean delivery? A natural experiment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185: 128-134.
6. Hellman LM, Prystowsky H. The duration of the second stage of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1952;63:1223-1233.
7. Hamilton G. On the proper management of tedious labors. Br Foreign Med Chir Rev. 1971;48:449.
8. Albers LL. The duration of labor in healthy women. J Perinatol. 1999;19:1114-1119.
9. Albers LL, Schiff M, Gorwoda JG. The length of active labor in normal pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;87:355-359.
10. Zhang J, Landy HJ, Branch DW, et al. Consortium on Safe Labor. Contemporary patterns of spontaneous labor with normal neonatal outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116:1281-1287.
11. Laughon SK, Branch DW, Beaver J, et al. Changes in labor patterns over 50 years. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206:419; e1-9.
12. Allen VM, Baskett TF, O'Connell CM, et al. Maternal and perinatal outcomes with increasing duration of the second stage of labor. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113:1248-1258.
13. Sizer AR, Evans J, Bailey SM, et al. A secondstage partogram. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96: 678-683.
14. Senécal J, Xiong X, FaserWD. Pushing Early Or Pushing Latewith Epidural StudyGroupEffect of fetal position on second-stage duration and labor outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:763-772.
15. Zaki MN, Hibbard JU, Kominiarek MA. Contemporary labor patterns and maternal age. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122:1018-1024.
16. Piper JM, Bolling DR, Newton ER. The second stage of labor: factors influencing duration.AmJ Obstet Gynecol. 1991;165:976-979.
17. Liu EH, Sia AT. Rates of caesarean section and instrumental vaginal delivery in nulliparous women after low concentration of epidural infusions or opioid analgesia: a systematic review. BMJ. 2004;328:1410.
18. Feinstein U, Sheiner E, Levy A, et al. Risk factors for arrest of descent during the second stage of labor. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;77: 7-14.
19. Janakiraman V, Ecker J, Kaimal AJ. Comparing the second stage in inducted and spontaneous labor. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116:606-611.
20. Nelson DB, McIntire DD, Leveno KJ. Relationship of the length of the first stage of labor to the length of the second stage. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122:27-32.
21. Friedman EA, Sachtleben MR. Station of the presenting part. I. Pattern of descent. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1965;93:552-559.
22. Zhang J, Troendle JF, Yancey MK. Reassessing the labor curve in nulliparous women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187:824-828.
23. Friedman E. The graphic analysis of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1954;68:1568-1575.
24. Zhang J, Troendle J, Mikolajczyk R, et al. The natural history of the normal first stage of labor. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115:705-710.
25. Kominiarek MA, Vanveldhuisen P, Hibbard J, et al. Consortium on Safe Labor. The maternal body mass index: a strong association with delivery route. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203: 264; e1-7.
26. Greenberg MB, Cheng YW, Sullivan M, et al. Does length of labor vary by maternal age? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197:428e1-428e7.
27. Greenberg MB, Cheng YW, Hopkins LM, et al. Are there ethnic differences in the length of labor? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195: 743-748.
28. Grant E, Tao W, Craig M, et al. Neuroaxial analgesia effects on labour progression: facts, Fallacies, uncertainties and the future. BJOG. 2015;122:288-293.
29. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Ventura SJ, et al. Division of Vital Statistics. Births: final data for 2012. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2013;62:1-69.
30. Saldana LR, Schulman H, Yang WH. Electronic fetal monitoring during labor. Obstet Gynecol. 1976;47:706-710.
31. Westgren M, Ingemarsson E, Ingemarsson I, et al. Intrapartum electronic fetal monitoring in low-risk pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 1980;56: 301-304.
32. Mueller-Heubach E, MacDonald HM, Joret D, et al. Effects of electronic fetal monitoring on perinatal outcome and obstetric practices. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980;137:758-763.
33. Osterman MJ, Martin JA. Epidural and spinal anesthesia use during labor: 27-state reporting area, 2008. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2011;59:1-13.
34. Anim-Somuah M, Smyth RM, Jones L. Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;12: CD000331.
35. Collis RE, Davies DW, Aveling W. Randomized comparison of combined spinal-epidural and standard epidural analgesia in labour. Lancet. 1995;345:1413-1416.
36. Mayberry LJ, Clemmens D, De A. Epidural analgesia side effects, co-interventions, and care of women during childbirth: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:S81-S93.
37. Yancey MK, Zhang J, Schwarz J, et al. Labor epidural analgesia and intrapartum maternal hyperthermia. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98:763-770.
38. Wong CA, McCarthy RJ, Sullivan JT, et al. Early compared with late neuraxial analgesia in nulliparous labor induction: a randomize controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113: 1066-1074.
39. Wong CA, Scavone BM, Peaceman AM, et al. The risk of cesarean delivery with neuraxial analgesia given early versus late in labor. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:655-665.
40. Wang F, Shen X, Gua X, et al. Labor Analgesia ExaminingGroupEpidural analgesia in the latent phase of labor and the risk of cesarean delivery: a five-year randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2009;111:871-880.
41. Ohel G, Gonen R, Vaida S, et al. Early versus late initiation of epidural analgesia in labor: does it increase the risk of cesarean section? A randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 194:600-605.
42. Leighton BL, Halpern SH. The effects of epidural analgesia on labor, maternal, and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:S69-S77.
43. Dickinson JE, Paech MJ, McDonald SJ, et al. The impact of intrapartum analgesia on labour and delivery outcomes in nulliparous women. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002;42:59-566.
44. Chestnut DH, Vincent RD Jr, McGarth JM, et al. Does early administration of epidural analgesia affect obstetric outcome in nulliparous women who are receiving intravenous oxytocin? Anesthesiology. 1994;80:1193-1200.
45. Yancey MK, Pierce B, Schweitzer D, et al. Observations on labor epidural analgesia and operative delivery rates. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180:353-359.
46. Impey L, MacQuillan K, Robason M. Epidural analgesia need not increase operative delivery rates. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182:358-363.
47. Halpern SH, Leighton BL, Ohlsson A, et al. Effect of epidural vs parenteral opioid analgesia on the progress of labor: a meta-analysis.JAMA. 1998;280:2105-2110.
48. Vahratian A, Zhang J, Troendle JF, et al. Maternal prepregnancy overweight and obesity and the pattern of labor progression in term nulliparous women. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104: 943-951.
49. Graseck AS, Odibo AO, Tuuli M, et al. Normal first stage of labor in women undergoing trial of labor after cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119:732-736.
50. Normal SM, Tuuli MG, Odibo AO, et al. The effects of obesity on the first stage of labor. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120:130-135.
51. Cheng YW, Shaffer BL, Nicholson JM, et al. Second stage of labor and epidural use: a larger effect than previously suggested. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;123:527-535.
52. WorstellT,AhsanAD,CahillAG, et al. Length of the second stage of labor: what is the effect on an epidural? Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123 (suppl):84S.
53. Plunkett BA, Lin A, Wong CA, et al. Management of the second stage of labor in nulliparas with continuous epidural analgesia. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:109-114.
54. Friedman EA, Sachtleben MR. Station of the fetal presenting part. VI. Arrest of descent in nulliparas. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1976;47: 129-136.
55. Kopas ML.Areview of evidence-based practices for management of the second stage of labor. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2014;59:264-276.
56. Fitzpatrick M, McQuillan K, O'Herlihy C. Influence of persistent occiput posterior position on delivery outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98: 1027-1031.
57. Sizer AR, Nirmal DM. Occipitoposterior position: associated factors and obstetric outcomes in nulliparas. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96: 749-752.
58. Lieberman E, O'Donoghue C. Unintended effects of epidural analgesia during labor: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;186 (suppl):S31-S68.
59. Lieberman E, Davidson K, Lee-Parritz A, et al. Changes in fetal position during labor and their association with epidural analgesia. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:974-982.
60. Thorp JA, Hu DH, Albin RM, et al. The effect of intrapartum epidural analgesia on nulliparous labor: a randomized, controlled, prospective trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169:851-858.
61. Robinson CA, Macones GA, Roth NW, et al. Does station of the fetal head at epidural placement affect the position of the fetal vertex at delivery? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175: 991-994.
62. Le Ray C, Carayol M, Jaquemin S, et al. Is epidural analgesia a risk factor for occiput posterior or transverse position during labor? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005;123:22-26.
63. Yancy MK, Zhang J, Schweitzer DL, et al. Epidural analgesia and fetal head malposition at vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97: 608-612.
64. Gardberg M, Laakkonen E, Salevaara M. Intrapartum sonography and persistent occiput posterior position: a study of 408 deliveries. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;91:746-749.
65. Maresh M, Choong KH, Beard RW. Delayed pushing with lumbar epidural analgesia in labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1983;90:623-627.
66. Piquard F, Schaefer A, Hsiung R, et al. Are there two biological parts in the second stage of labor? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1989;68:713-718.
67. Hansen SL, Clark SL, Foster JC. Active pushing versus passive fetal descent in the second stage of labor: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99:29-34.
68. Lai ML, Lin KC, Shey KS, et al. Effects of delayed pushing during the second stage of labor on postpartum fatigue and birth outcomes in nulliparous women. J Nurs Res. 2009;17:62-72.
69. Faser WD, Marcoux S, Krauss I, et al. Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of delayed pushing for nulliparous women in the second stage of labor with continuous epidural analgesia. The PEOPLE (Push Early or Push Late with Epidural) Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182:1165-1172.
70. Fizpatrick M, Harkin R, McQuillan K, et al. A randomised clinical trial comparing the effects of delayed versus immediate pushing with epidural analgesia on mode of delivery and faecal continence. BJOG. 2002;109:1359-1365.
71. Tuuli MG, Frey HA, Odibo AO, et al. Immediate compared with delayed pushing in the second stage of labor: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120:660-668.
72. Frey HA, Tuuli MG, Odibo AO, et al. Medical and nonmedical factors influencing utilization of delayed pushing in the second stage. Am J Perinatol. 2013;30:595-600.
73. Torvaldsen S,RobertsCL, Bell JC, et al. Discontinuation of epidural analgesia late in labour for reducing the adverse delivery outcomes associated with epidural analgesia. Cochrane Databae Syst Rev. 2004;18:CD004457.
74. Le Ray C, Audibert F, Goffinet F, et al. When to stop pushing: effects of duration of second-stage expulsion efforts on maternal and neonatal outcomes in nulliparous women with epidural analgesia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;361:e1-e7.
75. Cheng YW, Shaffer BL, Bianco K, et al. Timing of operative vaginal delivery and associated perinatal outcomes in nulliparous women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;24:692-697.
76. Caughey AB, Cahill AG, Guise JM, et al. ACOG/SMFM Obstetric Care Consensus. Safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123:693-711.
77. Rouse DJ, Weiner SJ, Bloom SL, et al., for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units NetworkSecond-stage labor duration in nulliparous women: relationship to maternal and perinatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;357:31-37.
78. Cheng YW, Hopkins LM, Caughey AB. How long is too long: does a prolonged second stage of labor in nulliparous women affect maternal and neonatal outcomes? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 191:933-938.
79. Saunders NS, Paterson CM, Wadsworth J. Neonatal and maternal morbidity in relation to the length of the second stage of labour. B J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992;99:381-385.
80. Laughon SK, Berghella V, Reddy UM, et al. Neonatal and maternal outcomes with prolonged second stage of labor. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124:57-67.
81. Myles TD, Santolaya J. Maternal and neonatal outcomes in patients with a prolonged second stage of labor. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102: 52-58.
82. Alexander JM, Leveno KJ, Rouse DK, et al. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network (MFMU). Comparison of maternal and infant outcomes from primary cesarean delivery during the second compared with first stage of labor. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;109:917-921.
83. Sung JF, Daniels KI, Brodzinsky L, et al. Cesarean delivery outcomes after a prolonged second stage of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197: 306e1-306e5.
84. Caughey AB. Is there an upper time limit for the management of the second stage of labor? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201:337-338.
85. Mentigoglou SM, Manning F, Harman C, et al. Perinatal outcome in relation to second-stage duration. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173: 906-912.
86. Janni W, Schiessl B, Peschers U, et al. The prognostic impact of a prolonged second stage of labor on maternal and fetal outcome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2002;81:214-221.
87. Cheng YW, Hopkins LM, Laros RK Jr, et al. Duration of the second stage of labor in multiparous women: maternal and neonatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196:585e1-585e6.
88. Nelson DB, Lucke AM, McIntire DD, et al. Obstetric antecedents to body-cooling treatment for the newborn infant. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;211:115e1-115e6.
89. Caughey AB, Sandberg PL, Zlatnik MG, et al. Forceps compared with vacuum: rates of neonatal and maternal morbidity. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106:908-912.
90. Johnson JH, Figueroa R, Garry D, et al. Immediate maternal and neonatal effects of forceps and vacuum-assisted deliveries. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103:513-518.
91. Christianson LM, Bovbjerg VE, McDavitt EC, et al. Risk factors for perineal injury during delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:255-260.
92. Spong CY, Berghella V, Wenstrom KD, et al. Preventing the first cesarean delivery: summary of a joint Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Workshop. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120: 1181-1193.
93. Barber EL, Lundsberg LS, Belanger K, et al. Indications contributing to the increasing cesarean delivery rate. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;118: 29-38.
94. Boyle A, Reddy UM, Landy HJ, et al. Primary cesarean delivery in the United States. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122:33-40.
95. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Operative vaginal delivery. ACOG Practice Bulletin 17Washington, DC: ACOG; 2000.
96. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Green-Top Guideline No 26 Operative Vaginal DeliveryLondon, UK: RCOG; 2011.
97. Srinivas SK, Epstein AJ, Nicholson S, et al. Improvements in US maternal obstetrical outcomes from 1992 to 2006. Med Care. 2010;48: 487-493.
98. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, et al. Births: final data for 2007. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2010;58:1-85.
99. Walsh CA, Robson M, McAuliffe FM. Mode of delivery at term and adverse neonatal outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121:122-128.
100. Werner EF, Janevic TM, Illuzzi J, et al. Mode of delivery in nulliparous women and neonatal intracranial injury. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;118: 1239-1246.
101. Towner D, Castro MA, Eby-Wilkens E, et al. Effect of mode of delivery in nulliparous women on neonatal intracranial injury. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1709-1714.
102. O'Mahony F, Hofmeyr GJ, Menon V. Choice of instruments for assisted vaginal delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;11:CD005455.