Increases in plasma plant sterols stabilize within four weeks of plant sterol intake and are independent of cholesterol metabolism

Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 302-309

  Ras, R T ^a   Koppenol, W P ^a   Garczarek, U ^a   Otten Hofman, A ^a   Fuchs, D ^a   Wagner, F ^b   Trautwein, E A ^a  

^a UNILEVER RESEARCH VLAARDINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Absorption; Cholesterol; Plant sterols; Synthesis; Time curves

Indexed keywords

BRASSICASTEROL; CAMPESTANOL; CAMPESTEROL; DESMOSTEROL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LATHOSTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; PHYTOSTEROL; PLACEBO; SITOSTEROL; STIGMASTEROL; 7 DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL; CHOLESTEROL; GAMMA-SITOSTEROL; SITOSTEROL DERIVATIVE;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BLOOD SAMPLING; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHOLESTEROL INTAKE; CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM; CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS; COLORIMETRY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; FEMALE; HUMAN; LIPID ABSORPTION; LIPID ANALYSIS; LOW FAT DIET; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; BLOOD; DRUG EFFECTS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; INTESTINE ABSORPTION; LIPID METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; PROSPECTIVE STUDY;

ADULT; AGED; CHOLESTADIENOLS; CHOLESTEROL; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; INTESTINAL ABSORPTION; LIPID METABOLISM; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHYTOSTEROLS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SITOSTEROLS; STIGMASTEROL;

EID: 84955477554     PISSN: 09394753     EISSN: 15903729     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.11.007     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Katan M.B., Grundy S.M., Jones P., Law M., Miettinen T.A., Paoletti R. Efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels. Mayo Clin Proc 2003, 78:965-978.
2. Ras R.T., Geleijnse J.M., Trautwein E.A. LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols and stanols across different dose ranges: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. Br J Nutr 2014, 112:214-219.
3. Stone N.J., Robinson J.G., Lichtenstein A.H., Bairey Merz C.N., Blum C.B., Eckel R.H., et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American heart association task force on practice guidelines. Circulation 2014, 129:S1-S45.
4. Reiner Z., Catapano A.L., De Backer G., Graham I., Taskinen M.R., Wiklund O., et al. ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the task force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J 2011, 32:1769-1818.
5. Normen L., Frohlich J.J., Trautwein E. Role of plant sterols in cholesterol lowering. Phytosterols as functional foods components and nutraceuticals 2003, 243-315. P.C. Dutta (Ed.).
6. Trautwein E.A., Duchateau G.S.M.J., Lin Y., Mel'nikov S.M., Molhuizen H.O.F., Ntanios F.Y. Proposed mechanisms of cholesterol-lowering action of plant sterols. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2003, 105:171-185.
7. de Smet E., Mensink R.P., Plat J. Effects of plant sterols and stanols on intestinal cholesterol metabolism: suggested mechanisms from past to present. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012, 56:1058-1072.
8. Ostlund R.E., McGill J.B., Zeng C.M., Covey D.F., Stearns J., Stenson W.F., et al. Gastrointestinal absorption and plasma kinetics of soy delta(5)-phytosterols and phytostanols in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002, 282:E911-E916.
9. Chan Y.M., Varady K.A., Lin Y., Trautwein E., Mensink R.P., Plat J., et al. Plasma concentrations of plant sterols: physiology and relationship with coronary heart disease. Nutr Rev 2006, 64:385-402.
10. Ras R.T., Hiemstra H., Lin Y., Vermeer M.A., Duchateau G.S., Trautwein E.A. Consumption of plant sterol-enriched foods and effects on plasma plant sterol concentrations-a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Atherosclerosis 2013, 230:336-346.
11. MacKay D.S., Gebauer S.K., Eck P.K., Baer D.J., Jones P.J. Lathosterol-to-cholesterol ratio in serum predicts cholesterol-lowering response to plant sterol consumption in a dual-center, randomized, single-blind placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015, 101:432-439.
12. Ras R.T., Fuchs D., Koppenol W.P., Garczarek U., Greyling A., Keicher C., et al. The effect of a low-fat spread with added plant sterols on vascular function markers: results of the investigating vascular function effects of plant sterols (INVEST) study. Am J Clin Nutr 2015, 101:733-741.
13. Clifton P.M., Noakes M., Ross D., Fassoulakis A., Cehun M., Nestel P. High dietary intake of phytosterol esters decreases carotenoids and increases plasma plant sterol levels with no additional cholesterol lowering. J Lipid Res 2004, 45:1493-1499.
14. Houweling A.H., Vanstone C.A., Trautwein E.A., Duchateau G.S., Jones P.J. Baseline plasma plant sterol concentrations do not predict changes in serum lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP) and plasma plant sterols following intake of a plant sterol-enriched food. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009, 63:543-551.
15. Jessup W., Herman A., Chapman M.J. Phytosterols in cardiovascular disease: innocuous dietary components, or accelerators of atherosclerosis?. Future Lipidol 2008, 3:301-310.
16. Genser B., Silbernagel G., De Backer G., Bruckert E., Carmena R., Chapman M.J., et al. Plant sterols and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2012, 33:444-451.
17. Kris-Etherton P.M., Dietschy J. Design criteria for studies examining individual fatty acid effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors: human and animal studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1997, 65:1590S-1596S.
18. Nguyen T.T., Dale L.C., Von Bergmann K., Croghan I.T. Cholesterol-lowering effect of stanol ester in a US population of mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc 1999, 74:1198-1206.
19. Blair S.N., Capuzzi D.M., Gottlieb S.O., Nguyen T., Morgan J.M., Cater N.B. Incremental reduction of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy. Am J Cardiol 2000, 86:46-52.
20. Seki S., Hidaka I., Kojima K., Yoshino H., Aoyama T., Okazaki M., et al. Effects of phytosterol ester-enriched vegetable oil on plasma lipoproteins in healthy men. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2003, 12:282-291.
21. Takeshita M., Saito S., Moriwaki J., Takase H., Yamada N., Shiba D., et al. Effects of dietary diacylglycerol oil containing phytosterols in mayonnaise on abdominal fat and blood cholesterol levels in Japanese men. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 2007, 35:973-987.
22. Hendriks H.F., Brink E.J., Meijer G.W., Princen H.M., Ntanios F.Y. Safety of long-term consumption of plant sterol esters-enriched spread. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003, 57:681-692.
23. de Jong A., Plat J., Lutjohann D., Mensink R.P. Effects of long-term plant sterol or stanol ester consumption on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in subjects on statin treatment. Br J Nutr 2008, 100:937-941.
24. Santosa S., Varady K.A., AbuMweis S., Jones P.J. Physiological and therapeutic factors affecting cholesterol metabolism: does a reciprocal relationship between cholesterol absorption and synthesis really exist?. Life Sci 2007, 80:505-514.
25. Rideout T.C., Harding S.V., Mackay D., Abumweis S.S., Jones P.J. High basal fractional cholesterol synthesis is associated with nonresponse of plasma LDL cholesterol to plant sterol therapy. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 92:41-46.
26. Casas-Agustench P., Serra M., Perez-Heras A., Cofan M., Pinto X., Trautwein E.A., et al. Effects of plant sterol esters in skimmed milk and vegetable-fat-enriched milk on serum lipids and non-cholesterol sterols in hypercholesterolaemic subjects: a randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Br J Nutr 2012, 107:1766-1775.
27. Hernandez-Mijares A., Banuls C., Jover A., Sola E., Bellod L., Martinez-Triguero M.L., et al. Low intestinal cholesterol absorption is associated with a reduced efficacy of phytosterol esters as hypolipemic agents in patients with metabolic syndrome. Clin Nutr 2011, 30:604-609.
28. Takeshita M., Katsuragi Y., Kusuhara M., Higashi K., Miyajima E., Mizuno K., et al. Phytosterols dissolved in diacylglycerol oil reinforce the cholesterol-lowering effect of low-dose pravastatin treatment. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008, 18:483-491.
29. Mussner M.J., Parhofer K.G., Von Bergmann K., Schwandt P., Broedl U., Otto C. Effects of phytosterol ester-enriched margarine on plasma lipoproteins in mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia are related to basal cholesterol and fat intake. Metabolism 2002, 51:189-194.