The Challenges of Linking Ecosystem Services to Biodiversity: Lessons from a Large-Scale Freshwater Study

Advances in Ecological Research

Volumn 54, Issue , 2016, Pages 87-134

  Durance, Isabelle ^a   Bruford, Michael W ^a   Chalmers, Rachel ^b   Chappell, Nick A ^c   Christie, Mike ^d   Cosby, B Jack ^e   Noble, David ^f   Ormerod, Steve J ^a   Prosser, Havard ^a   Weightman, Andrew ^a   Woodward, Guy ^g  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b SINGLETON HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^d ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^e CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY   (United Kingdom)

^f THE NUNNERY   (United Kingdom)

^g IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Catchment management; Dippers; Ecosystem processes; Ecosystem services; Fish; Freshwaters; Water quality

Indexed keywords

EID: 84955249696     PISSN: 00652504     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2015.10.003     Document Type: Chapter

References (131)

1. Angeler D.G., Johnson R.K. Temporal scales and patterns of invertebrate biodiversity dynamics in boreal lakes recovering from acidification. Ecol. Appl. 2012, 22:1172-1186.
2. Balmford A., Green R.E., Jenkins M. Measuring the changing state of nature. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2003, 18(7):326-330.
3. Balvanera P., Pfisterer A.B., Buchmann N., He J.S., Raffaelli D., Schmid B. Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services. Ecol. Lett. 2006, 9:1146-1156.
4. Balvanera P., Quijas S., Martín-López B., Barrios E., Dee L., Isbell F., Durance I., White P., Blanchard R., de Groot R. The links between biodiversity and ecosystem services. Routledge Handbook of Ecosystem Services 2015, 52-64. Routledge, London and New York. Potschin (Ed.).
5. Battin T.J., Kaplan L.A., Denis Newbold J., Hansen C.M.E. Contributions of microbial biofilms to ecosystem processes in stream mesocosms. Nature 2003, 426:439-442.
6. Bohan D.A., Raybould A., Mulder C., Woodward G., Tamaddoni-Nezhad A., Bluthgen N., Macfadyen S. Networking agroecology: integrating the diversity of agroecosystem interactions. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2013, 48:1-67.
7. Bradley D.C., Ormerod S.J. Community persistence among upland stream invertebrates tracks the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Anim. Ecol. 2001, 70:987-996.
8. Bridge J.W., Oliver D.M., Chadwick D., Godfray H., Heathwaite A.L., Kay D., Maheswaran R., McGonigle D.F., Nichols G., Pickup R., Porter J., Wastling J., Banwart S.A. Engaging with the water sector for public health benefits: waterborne pathogens and diseases in developed countries. Bull. World Health Organ. 2010, 88:873-875.
9. Bruford M.W., Wayne R.K. Microsatellites and their application to population genetics. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 1993, 3:939-943.
10. Bucher T.B., Wandeler P., Hegebach L., Keller J. Development of microsatellite loci in the European Dipper Cinclus cinclus. Conserv. Genet. Resour. 2009, 1:309-312.
11. Carpenter S., Fisher S., Grimm N., Kitchell J. Global change and freshwater ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1992, 23:119-139.
12. CBD Secretariat Sustaining Life on Earth 2000.
13. Chalmers R.M., Robinson G., Elwin K., Hadfield S.J., Thomas E., Watkins J., Casemoreand D., Kay D. Detection of Cryptosporidium species and sources of contamination with Cryptosporidium hominis during a waterborne outbreak in north west Wales. J. Water Health 2010, 8(2):311-325.
14. Chapin F.S., Zavaleta E.S., Eviner V.T., Naylor R.L., Vitousek P.M., Reynolds H.L., Hooper D.U., Lavorel S., Sala O.E., Hobbie S.E., Mack M.C., Diaz S. Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 2000, 405(6783):234-242.
15. Chappell N.A., Tych W. Identifying step changes in single streamflow and evaporation records due to forest cover change. Hydrol. Process. 2012, 26(1):100-116.
16. Chevan A., Sutherland M. Hierarchical partitioning. Am. Stat. 1991, 45:90-96.
17. Christie M., Hanley N., Warren J., Murphy K., Wright R., Hyde T. Valuing the diversity of biodiversity. Ecol. Econ. 2006, 58:304-317.
18. Christie M., Hyde A., Cooper R., Fazey I., Dennis P., Warren J., Colombo S., Hanley N. Economic Valuation of the Benefits of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan 2011, Defra, London.
19. Clews E., Durance I., Vaughan I.P., Ormerod S.J. Juvenile salmonid populations in a temperate river system track synoptic trends in climate. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2010, 16(12):3271-3283.
20. Cohen J.E., Jonsson T., Carpenter S.R. Ecological community description using the food web, species abundance, and body size. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003, 100:1781-1786.
21. Cohen J.E., Schittler D.N., Raffaelli D.G., Reuman D.C. Food webs are more than the sum of their tritrophic parts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2009, 106:22335-22340.
22. Daufresne M., Roger M.C., Capra H., Lamouroux N. Long-term changes within the invertebrate and fish communities of the upper Rhone River: effects of climatic factors. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2004, 10(1):124-140.
23. Davey, Horn Quantifying the Benefits of Water Quality Catchment Management Initiatives 2012, http://www.waterrf.org.
24. Davies J.J.L., Jenkins A., Monteith D.T., Evans C.D., Cooper D.M. Trends in surface water chemistry of acidified UK freshwaters, 1988-2002. Environ. Pollut. 2005, 137:27-39.
25. de Aguiar M.A.M., Baranger M., Baptestini E.M., Kaufman L., Bar-Yam Y. Global patterns of speciation and diversity. Nature 2009, 460(7253):384-387.
26. Defra An Introductory Guide to Valuing Ecosystem Services 2007, Defra, London.
27. Durance I., Ormerod S.J. Climate change effects on upland stream macroinvertebrates over a 25-year period. Global Change Biol. 2007, 13:942-957.
28. Durance I., Ormerod S.J. Evidence for the role of climate in the local extinction of a cool-water triclad. J. North Am. Benthol. Soc. 2010, 29(4):1367-1378.
29. Elmqvist T., Folke C., Nystrom M., Peterson G., Bengtsson J., Walker B., Norberg J. Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2003, 1(9):488-494.
30. Environment Agency UK Economic Valuation of Inland Fisheries SC050026/SR2 2009.
31. Evans C.D., Chapman P.J., Clark J.M., Monteith D.T., Cresser M.S. Alternative explanations for rising dissolved organic carbon export from organic soils. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2006, 12(11):2044-2053.
32. Folke C. Traditional knowledge in social-ecological systems. Ecol. Soc. 2004, 9(3):7.
33. Frainer A., McKie B.G. Shifts in the diversity and composition of consumer traits constrain the effects of land use on stream ecosystem functioning. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2015, 52:169-200.
34. Gamfeldt L., Snäll T., Bagchi R., Jonsson M., Gustafsson L., Kjellander P., Ruiz-Jaen M.C., Froberg M., Stendahl J., Philipson C.D., Mikusinski G., Andersson E., Westerlund B., Andren H., Moberg F., Moen J., Bengtsson J. Higher levels of multiple ecosystem services are found in forests with more tree species. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4:1340.
35. Gill R.J., Baldock K.C.R., Brown M.J.F., Cresswell J.E., Dicks L.V., Fountain M.T., Garratt M.P.D., Gough L.A., Heard M.S., Holland J.M., Ollerton J., Stone G.N., Tang C.Q., Vanbergen A.J., Vogler A.P., Woodward G., Arce A.N., Boatman N.D., Brand-Hardy R., Breeze T.D., Green M., Hartfield C.M., O'Connor R.S., Osborne J.L., Phillips J., Sutton P.B., Potts S.G. Protecting an ecosystem service: approaches to understanding and mitigating threats to wild insect pollinators. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2016, 54:135-206.
36. Gilljam D., Thierry A., Edwards F.K., Figueroa D., Ibbotson A.T., Jones J.I., Lauridsen R.B., Petchey O.L., Woodward G., Ebenman B. Seeing double: size-based versus taxonomic views of food web structure. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2011, 45:67-134.
37. Goossens B., Chikhi L., Ancrenaz M., Lackman-Ancrenaz I., Andau P., Bruford M.W. Genetic signature of anthropogenic population collapse in orang-utans. PLoS Biol. 2006, 4:285-291.
38. Gray C., Baird D.J., Baumgartner S., Jacob U., Jenkins G.B., O'Gorman E.J., et al. Ecological networks: the missing links in biomonitoring science. J. Appl. Ecol. 2014, 51(5):1444-1449.
39. Gregory S.V., Swanson F.J., McKee W.A., Cummins K.W. An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones. Bioscience 1991, 41:540-551.
40. Grey J., Jones R.I., Sleep D. Seasonal changes in the importance of allochthonous organic matter to the diet of zooplankton in Loch Ness indicated by stable isotope analysis. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2001, 46:505-513.
41. Grey J., Thackeray S.J., Jones R.I., Shine A. Ferox trout (Salmo trutta) as 'Russian dolls': trophic links at the top of the Loch Ness food web. Freshw. Biol. 2002, 47:1235-1244.
42. Hagan E., McTammany M., Webster J., Benfield E. Shifts in allochthonous input and autochthonous production in streams along an agricultural land-use gradient. Hydrobiologia 2010, 655:61-77.
43. Hagen M., Kissling W.D., Rasmussen C., de Aguiar M.A.M., Brown L.E., Carstensen D.W., Alves-dos-Santos I., Dupont Y.L., Edwards F.K., Genini J., Guimaräes P.R., Jenkins G.B., Jordano P., Kaiser-Bunbury C.N., Ledger M., Maia K.M., Marquitti F.M.D., McLaughlin O., Morellato L.P.C., O'Gorman E., Trøjelsgaard K., Tylianakis J.M., Vidal M.M., Woodward G., Olesen J.M. Biodiversity, species interactions and ecological networks in a fragmented world. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2012, 46:89-210.
44. Hails R.J., Ormerod S.J. Ecological science for ecosystem services and the stewardship of Natural Capital. J. Appl. Ecol. 2013, 50:807-810.
45. Hatfield R.G., Maher B.A. Fingerprinting upland sediment sources: particle size-specific magnetic linkages between soils, lake sediments and suspended sediments. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2009, 34(10):1359-1373.
46. Hildrew A.G. Sustained research on stream communities: a model system and the comparative approach. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2009, 41:175-312.
47. Hladyz S., Åbjörnsson K., Giller P.S., Woodward G. Impacts of an aggressive riparian invader on community structure and ecosystem functioning in stream food webs. J. Appl. Ecol. 2011, 48:443-452.
48. Hladyz S., Åbjörnsson K., Cariss H., Chauvet E., Dobson M., Elosegi A., Ferreira V., Fleituch T., Gessner M.O., Giller P.S., Graça M.A.S., Gulis V., Hutton S.A., Lacoursière J., Lamothe S., Lecerf A., Malmqvist B., McKie B.G., Nistorescu M., Preda E., Riipinen M.P., Rîşnoveanu G., Schindler M., Tiegs S.D., Vought L.B.M., Woodward G. Stream ecosystem functioning in an agricultural landscape: the importance of terrestrial-aquatic linkages. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2011, 44:211-276.
49. Hooper D., Adair E., Cardinale B.J., Byrnes J., Hungate B., Matulich K., Gonzalez A., Duffy J., Gamfeldt L., O'Connor M. A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change. Nature 2012, 486:105-108.
50. Huntington T.G. Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: review and synthesis. J. Hydrol. (Amst.) 2006, 319:83-95.
51. Hynes H.B.N. The Biology of Polluted Waters 1960, Liverpool University Press, England, 202 pp.
52. Jackson B., Pagella T., Sinclair F., Orellana B., Henshaw A., Reynolds B., McIntyre N., Wheater H., Eycott A. Polyscape: a GIS mapping framework providing efficient and spatially explicit landscape-scale valuation of multiple ecosystem services. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2013, 112:74-88.
53. Jones T.D., Chappell N.A. Streamflow and hydrogen ion interrelationships identified using data-based mechanistic modelling of high frequency observations through contiguous storms. Hydrol. Res. 2014, 45(6):868-892.
54. Jones T.D., Chappell N.A., Tych W. First dynamic model of dissolved organic carbon derived directly from high frequency observations through contiguous storms. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48:13289-13297.
55. Kaushal S.S., Likens G.E., Jaworski N.A., Pace M.L., Sides A.M., Seekell D., Belt K.T., Secor D.H., Wingate R.L. Rising stream and river temperatures in the United States. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2010, 8:461-466.
56. Kleijn D., Sutherland W.J. How effective are European agri-environment schemes in conserving and promoting biodiversity?. J. Appl. Ecol. 2003, 40:947-969.
57. Kowalik R.A., Cooper D.M., Evans C.D., Ormerod S.J. Acidic episodes retard the biological recovery of upland British streams from chronic acidification. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2007, 13(11):2439-2452.
58. Larsen S., Ormerod S.J. Combined effects of habitat modification on trait composition and species nestedness in river invertebrates. Biol. Conserv. 2010, 143(11):2638-2646.
59. Layer K., Hildrew A.G., Monteith D., Woodward G. Long-term variation in the littoral food web of an acidified mountain lake. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2010, 11:3133-3143.
60. Layer K., Riede J.O., Hildrew A.G., Woodward G. Food web structure and stability in 20 streams across a wide pH gradient. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2010, 42:265-301.
61. Layer K., Hildrew A.G., Jenkins G.B., Riede J., Rossiter S.J., Townsend C.R., Woodward G. Long-term dynamics of a well-characterised food web: four decades of acidification and recovery in the Broadstone Stream model system. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2011, 44:69-117.
62. Layer K., Hildrew A.G., Woodward G. Grazing and detritivory in 20 stream food webs across a broad pH gradient. Oecologia 2013, 171:459-471.
63. Ledger M.E., Milner A.M., Brown L.E., Edwards F.K., Hudson L.N., Woodward G. Extreme climatic events alter aquatic food webs. A synthesis of evidence from a mesocosm drought experiment. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2013, 48:343-395.
64. Leuven R., Poudevigne I. Riverine landscape dynamics and ecological risk assessment. Freshw. Biol. 2002, 47(4):845-865.
65. Loreau M. Linking biodiversity and ecosystems: towards a unifying ecological theory. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 2010, 365:49-60.
66. Luck G.W., Harrington R., Harrison P.A., Kremen C., Berry P.M., Bugter R., Dawson T.R., de Bello F., Díaz S., Feld C.K., Haslett J.R., Hering D., Kontogianni A., Lavorel S., Rounsevell M., Samways M.J., Sandin L., Settele J., Sykes M.T., Van Den Hove S., Vandewalle M., Zobel M. Quantifying the contribution of organisms to the provision of ecosystem services. Bioscience 2009, 59(3):223-235.
67. Mace G.M., Reyers B., Alkemade R., Biggs R., Chapin F.S., Cornell S.E., et al. Approaches to defining a planetary boundary for biodiversity. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2014, 28:289-297.
68. Maltby E., Ormerod S.J., Durance I., et al. UK National Ecosystem Assessment of Freshwaters. The UK National Ecosystem Assessment technical report 2011, UK National Ecosystem Assessment, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.
69. Mancinelli G., Mulder C. Detrital dynamics and cascading effects on supporting ecosystem services. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2015, 53:97-160.
70. Mason B.W., Chalmers R.M., Carnicer-Pont D., Casemore D.P. A Cryptosporidium hominis outbreak in north-west Wales associated with low oocyst counts in treated drinking water. J. Water Health 2010, 8(2):299-310.
71. McCann K.S. The diversity-stability debate. Nature 2000, 405:228-233.
72. Millenium Ecosystem Assessment Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis 2005, Island Press, Washington, DC.
73. Moyle P.B., Moyle P.R. Endangered fishes and economics - intergenerational obligations. Environ. Biol. Fishes 1995, 43:29-37.
74. Mulder C., Bennett E.M., Bohan D.A., Bonkowski M., Carpenter S.R., Chalmers R., Cramer W., Durance I., Eisenhauer N., Fontaine C., Haughton A.J., Hettelingh J.P., Hines J., Ibanez S., Jeppesen E., Adams Krumins J., Ma A., Mancinelli G., Massol F., McLaughlin Ó, Naeem S., Pascual U., Peñuelas J., Pettorelli N., Pocock M.J.O., Raffaelli D., Rasmussen J.J., Rusch G.M., Scherber C., Setälä H., Sutherland W.J., Vacher C., Voigt W., Vonk J.A., Wood S.A., Woodward G. 10 years later: revisiting priorities for science and society a decade after the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2015, 53:1-53.
75. Mulholland P.J. Regulation of nutrient concentrations in a temperate forest stream: roles of upland, riparian and instream processes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1992, 37:1512-1526.
76. Nakano S., Murakami M. Reciprocal subsidies: dynamic interdependence between terrestrial and aquatic food webs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001, 98:166-170.
77. Nobu, M.K., Dodsworth, J.A., Murugapiran, S.K., Rinke, C., Gies, E.A., Webster, G., Schwientek, P., Kille, P., Parkes, R.J., Sass, H., Jorgensen, B.B., Weightman, A.J., Liu, W.T., Hallam, S.J., Tsiamis, G., Woyke, T., Hedlund, B.P., in press. Phylogeny and physiology of candidate phylum 'Atribacteria' (OP9/JS1) inferred from cultivation-independent genomics. ISME J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.97.
78. OFWAT Annual report 2014.
79. Ormerod S.J. Rebalancing the philosophy of river conservation. Aquat. Conserv. 2014, 24:147-152.
80. Ormerod S., Durance I. Restoration and recovery from acidification in upland Welsh streams over 25 years. J. Appl. Ecol. 2009, 46(1):164-174.
81. O'Sullivan L.A., Sass A.M., Webster G., Fry J.C., Parkes R.J., Weightman A.J. Contrasting relationships between biogeochemistry and prokaryotic diversity depth profiles along an estuarine sediment gradient. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2013, 85:143-157.
82. O'Sullivan L.A., Roussel E.G., Weightman A.J., Webster G., Hubert C., Bell E., Head I., Sass H., Parkes R.J. Survival of Desulfotomaculum spores from estuarine sediments after serial autoclaving and high-temperature exposure. ISME J. 2014, 1-12.
83. Palomo I., Felipe-Lucia M.R., Bennett E.M., Martín-López B., Pascual U. Disentangling the pathways and effects of ecosystem service co-production. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2016, 54:245-283.
84. Perkins D.M., Yvon-Durocher G., Demars B.O.L., Reiss J., Pichler D.E., Friberg N., Trimmer M., Woodward G. Consistent temperature dependence of respiration across streams contrasting in thermal history. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2012, 18:1300-1311.
85. Perkins D.M., Bailey R.A., Dossena M., Gamfeldt L., Reiss J., Trimmer M., Woodward G. Higher biodiversity is required to sustain multiple ecosystem processes across temperature regimes. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2015, 21(1):396-406.
86. Petchey O.L., Beckerman A., Riede J., Warren P. Size, foraging, and food web structure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2008, 105:4191-4196.
87. Peterson G., Allen C.R., Holling C.S. Ecological resilience, biodiversity, and scale. Ecosystems 1998, 1(1):6-18.
88. Pocock M.J.O., Evans D.M., Fontaine C., Harvey M., Julliard R., McLaughlin O., Silvertown J., Tamaddoni-Nezhad A., White P.C.L., Bohan D.A. The visualisation of ecological networks, and their use as a tool for engagement, advocacy and management. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2016, 54:41-85.
89. Upland Scenarios: what will the future look like? 2014, Duress Project report card. H. Prosser, T. Pagella, I. Durance (Eds.).
90. Raffaelli D., Bullock J.M., Cinderby S., Durance I., Emmett B., Harris J., Hicks K., Oliver T.H., Patersonk D., White P.C.L. Big data and ecosystem research programmes. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2014, 51:41-77. Big Data in Ecology.
91. Reed M.S., Arblaster K., Bullock C., Burton R.J.F., Davies A.L., Holden J., Hubacek K., May R., Mitchley J., Morris J., Nainggolan D., Potter C., Quinn C.H., Swales V., Thorp S. Using scenarios to explore UK upland futures. Futures 2009, 41(9):619-630.
92. Reiss J., Bailey R.A., Cássio F., Woodward G., Pascoal C. Assessing the contribution of micro-organisms and macrofauna to biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships in freshwater microcosms. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2010, 43:150-176.
93. Reiss J., Bailey R.A., Perkins D.M., Pluchinotta A., Woodward G. Testing effects of consumer richness, evenness and body size on ecosystem functioning. J. Anim. Ecol. 2011, 80:1145-1154.
94. Riipinen M., Fleituch T., Hladyz S., Woodward G., Giller P., Dobson M. Invertebrate community structure and ecosystem functioning in European conifer plantation streams. Freshw. Biol. 2010, 55:346-359.
95. Robinson G., Chalmers R.M., Stapleton C., Palmer S.R., Watkins J., Francis C., Kay D. A whole water catchment approach to investigating the origin and distribution of Cryptosporidium species. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2011, 111:717-730.
96. Rooney N., McCann K., Gellner G., Moore J.C. Structural asymmetry and the stability of diverse food webs. Nature 2006, 442:265-269.
97. Ryynänen H.J., Primmer C.R. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery in duplicated genomes: intron-primed exon-crossing (IPEC) as a strategy for avoiding amplification of duplicated loci in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and other salmonid fishes. BMC Genomics. 2006, 7:192.
98. Sabater S., Guasch H., et al. The effect of biological factors on the efficiency of river biofilms in improving water quality. Hydrobiologia 2002, 469(1-3):149-156.
99. Sala O.E., Chapin F.S., Armesto J.J., Berlow E., Bloomfield J., Dirzo R., Huber-Sanwald E., Huenneke L.F., Jackson R.B., Kinzig A., et al. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 2000, 287:1770-1774.
100. Samadder S.R., Ziegler P., Murphy T.M., Holden N.M. Spatial distribution of risk factors for Cryptosporidium spp. transport in an Irish catchment. Water Environ. Res. 2010, 82(8):750-758.
101. Sharp E.L., Parsons S.A., Jefferson B. The impact of seasonal variations in DOC arising from a moorland peat catchment on coagulation with iron and aluminium salts. Environ. Pollut. 2006, 140(3):436-443.
102. Sharp, R., Tallis, H.T., Ricketts, T., Guerry, A.D., Wood, S.A., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Nelson, E., Ennaanay, D., Wolny, S., Olwero, N., Vigerstol, K., Pennington, D., Mendoza, G., Aukema, J., Foster, J., Forrest, J., Cameron, D., Arkema, K., Lonsdorf, E., Kennedy, C., Verutes, G., Kim, C.K., Guannel, G., Papenfus, M., Toft, J., Marsik, M., Bernhardt, J., Griffin, R., Glowinski, K., Chaumont, N., Perelman, A., Lacayo, M. Mandle, L., Hamel, P., Vogl, A.L., Rogers, L., and Bierbower, W. 2015. InVEST +VERSION+ User's Guide. The Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, University of Minnesota, The Nature Conservancy, and World Wildlife Fund.
103. Sillery C. Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) in practice. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2011, 25(7):410-418. July 2010.
104. Smith J.W.N., Surridge B.W.J., Haxton T.H., Lerner D.N. Pollutant attenuation at the groundwater-surface water interface: a classification scheme and statistical analysis using national-scale nitrate data. J. Hydrol. 2009, 369(3-4):392-402.
105. Sørensen K.B., Teske A. Stratified communities of active archaea in deep marine subsurface sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72:4596-4603.
106. Strayer D.L., Dudgeon D. Freshwater biodiversity conservation: recent progress and future challenges. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 2010, 29(1):344-358.
107. Taylor C.J., Pedregal D.J., Young P.C., Tych W. Environmental time series analysis and forecasting with the Captain toolbox. Environ. Model. Software 2007, 22(6):797-814.
108. TEEB The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Ecological and Economic Foundations 2010, Earthscan, London.
109. Truchy A., Angeler D.G., Sponseller R.A., Johnson R.K., McKie B.G. Linking biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and services, and ecological resilience: towards an integrative framework for improved management. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2015, 53:55-96.
110. UK National Ecosystem Assessment The UK National Ecosystem Assessment: Synthesis of the Key Findings 2011, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.
111. Vannote R.L., Minshall G.W., Cummins K.W., Sedell J.R., Cushing C.E. The river continuum concept. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1980, 37:130-137.
112. Vaughan I.P., Ormerod S.J. The continuing challenges of testing species distribution models. J. Appl. Ecol. 2005, 42:720-730.
113. Villa F., Bagstad K.J., Voigt B., Johnson G.W., Portela R., Honzak M., Batker D. A methodology for adaptable and robust ecosystem services assessment. PLoS One 2014, 9(3). e91001.
114. Voeroesmarty C.J., McIntyre P.B., Gessner M.O., Dudgeon D., Prusevich A., Green P., Glidden S., Bunn S.E., Sullivan C.A., Liermann C.R., Davies P.M. Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature 2010, 467(7315):555-561.
115. Wallace J.B., Webster J.R. The role of macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystem function. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1996, 41:115-139.
116. Watts G., Battarbee R.W., Bloomfield J.P., Crossman J., Daccache A., Durance I., Elliott J.A., Garner G., Hannaford J., Hannah D.M., Hess T., Jackson C.R., Kay A.L., Kernan M., Knox J., Mackay J., Monteith D.T., Ormerod S.J., Rance J., Stuart M.E., Wade A.J., Wade S.D., Weatherhead K., Whitehead P.G., Wilby R.L. Climate change and water in the UK-past changes and future prospects. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 2015, 39(1):6-28.
117. Webster G., Watt L.C., Rinna J., Fry J.C., Evershed R.P., Parkes R.J., Weightman A.J. A comparison of stable-isotope probing of DNA and phospholipid fatty acids to study prokaryotic functional diversity in sulphate-reducing marine sediment enrichment slurries. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 8:1575-1589.
118. Webster G., O'Sullivan L.A., Meng Y., Williams A.S., Sass A.M., Watkins A.J., Parkes R.J., Weightman A.J. Archaeal community diversity and abundance changes along a natural salinity gradient in estuarine sediments. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2013, 91:1-18.
119. Wells B., Shaw H., Hotchkiss E., Gilray J., Ayton R., Green J., Katzer F., Wells A., Innes E. Prevalence, species identification and genotyping Cryptosporidium from livestock and deer in a catchment in the Cairngorms with a history of a contaminated public water supply. Parasit. Vectors 2015, 8:66.
120. Whitfield S., Reed M.S., Thomson K., Christie M., Stringer L.C., Quinn C.H., Anderson R., Moxey A., Hubacek K. Managing peatland ecosystem services: current UK policy and future challenges in a changing world. Scott. Geogr. J 2011, 127:209-230.
121. Williams R.J., Martinez N.D. Simple rules yield complex food webs. Nature 2000, 404:180-183.
122. Wohl E., Barros A., Brunsell N., Chappell N.A., Coe M., Giambelluca T., Goldsmith S., Harmon R., Hendrickx J., Juvik J., McDonnell J., Ogden F. The hydrology of the humid tropics. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2012, 2:655-662.
123. Woodward G. Biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and food webs in freshwaters: assembling the jigsaw puzzle. Freshw. Biol. 2009, 54:2171-2187.
124. Woodward G., Hildrew A.G. Food web structure in riverine landscapes. Freshw. Biol. 2002, 47:777-798.
125. Woodward G., Jones J.I., Hildrew A.G. Community persistence in Broadstone Stream (UK) over three decades. Freshw. Biol. 2002, 47:1419-1435.
126. Woodward G., Perkins D.M., Brown L.E. Climate change in freshwater ecosystems: impacts across multiple levels of organisation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 2010, 365:2093-2106.
127. Woodward G., Benstead J.P., Beveridge O.S., Blanchard J., Brey T., Brown L., Cross W.F., Friberg N., Ings T.C., Jacob U., Jennings S., Ledger M.E., Milner A.M., Montoya J.M., O'Gorman E.O., Olesen J.M., Petchey O.L., Pichler D.E., Reuman D.C., Thompson M.S., Van Veen F.J.F., Yvon-Durocher G. Ecological networks in a changing climate. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2010, 42:72-138.
128. Woodward, G., Bonada, N., Feeley, H.B., Giller, P.S., in press. Resilience of a stream community to extreme climatic events and long-term recovery from a catastrophic flood. Freshw. Biol.
129. Yachi S., Loreau M. Biodiversity and ecosystem productivity in a fluctuating environment: the insurance hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1999, 96:1463-1468.
130. Yvon-Durocher G., Allen A.P., Montoya J.M., Trimmer M., Woodward G. The temperature dependence of the carbon cycle in aquatic systems. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2010, 43:267-313.
131. Yvon-Durocher G., Montoya J.M., Trimmer M., Woodward G. Warming alters the size spectrum and shifts the distribution of biomass in freshwater ecosystems. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2011, 17:1681-1694.