Approaches to defining a planetary boundary for biodiversity

Global Environmental Change

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 289-297

  Mace, Georgina M ^a   Reyers, Belinda ^b,e   Alkemade, Rob ^c,d   Biggs, Reinette ^e,f   Chapin, F Stuart ^g   Cornell, Sarah E ^e   Díaz, Sandra ^h   Jennings, Simon ^i,j   Leadley, Paul ^k   Mumby, Peter J ^l   Purvis, Andy ^m   Scholes, Robert J ^b   Seddon, Alistair W R ⁿ   Solan, Martin ^o   Steffen, Will ^p   Woodward, Guy ^q  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b DSI CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre   (South Africa)

^c PBL NETHERLANDS ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AGENCY   (Netherlands)

^d WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^e STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^f STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^g UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS   (United States)

^h UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CÓRDOBA   (Argentina)

ⁱ CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT   (United Kingdom)

^j UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^k UNIVERSITÉ PARIS SACLAY   (France)

^l UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^m DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^o UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^p AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^q IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Biome integrity; Functional diversity; Phylogenetic diversity; Planetary boundary

Indexed keywords

BIOME; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE; EXTINCTION RISK; PLANETARY ATMOSPHERE; SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT; SPECIES RICHNESS; BIODIVERSITY; BIOSPHERE; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; EARTH; EXTINCTION; FUNCTIONAL GROUP; HUMAN ACTIVITY; PHYLOGENETICS; SAFETY; SPECIES DIVERSITY;

EID: 84919914350     PISSN: 09593780     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.07.009     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Alkemade R., Oorschot M., Miles L., Nellemann C., Bakkenes M., ten Brink B. GLOBIO3: a framework to investigate options for reducing global terrestrial biodiversity loss. Ecosystems 2009, 12:374-390.
2. Allan E., Weisser W., Weigelt A., Roscher C., Fischer M., Hillebrand H. More diverse plant communities have higher functioning over time due to turnover in complementary dominant species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2011, 108:17034-17039.
3. Anderegg W.R.L., Kane J.M., Anderegg L.D.L. Consequences of widespread tree mortality triggered by drought and temperature stress. Nat. Clim. Change 2013, 3:30-36.
4. Balmford A., Green R.E., Jenkins M. Measuring the changing state of nature. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2003, 18:326-330.
5. Barnosky A.D., Hadly E.A., Bascompte J., Berlow E.L., Brown J.H., Fortelius M., Getz W.M., Harte J., Hastings A., Marquet P.A., Martinez N.D., Mooers A., Roopnarine P., Vermeij G., Williams J.W., Gillespie R., Kitzes J., Marshall C., Matzke N., Mindell D.P., Revilla E., Smith A.B. Approaching a state shift in Earth's biosphere. Nature 2012, 486:52-58.
6. Brook B.W., Ellis E.C., Perring M.P., Mackay A.W., Blomqvist L. Does the terrestrial biosphere have planetary tipping points?. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2013, 28:396-401.
7. Butchart S.H.M., Akçakaya H.R., Chanson J., Baillie J.E.M., Collen B., Quader S., Turner W.R., Amin R., Stuart S.N., Hilton-Taylor C. Improvements to the Red List Index. PLoS ONE 2007, 2:e140. 10.1371/journal.pone.0000140.
8. Butchart S.H.M., Stattersfield A.J., Bennun L.A., Shutes S.M., Akcakaya H.R., Baillie J.E.M., Stuart S.N., Hilton-Taylor C., Mace G.M. Measuring global trends in the status of biodiversity: red list indices for birds. PLoS Biol. 2004, 2:e383.
9. Butchart S.H.M., Walpole M., Collen B., van Strien A., Scharlemann J.P.W., Almond R.E.A., Baillie J.E.M., Bomhard B., Brown C., Bruno J., Carpenter K.E., Carr G.M., Chanson J., Chenery A.M., Csirke J., Davidson N.C., Dentener F., Foster M., Galli A., Galloway J.N., Genovesi P., Gregory R.D., Hockings M., Kapos V., Lamarque J.-F., Leverington F., Loh J., McGeoch M.A., McRae L., Minasyan A., Morcillo M.H., Oldfield T.E.E., Pauly D., Quader S., Revenga C., Sauer J.R., Skolnik B., Spear D., Stanwell-Smith D., Stuart S.N., Symes A., Tierney M., Tyrrell T.D., Vie J.-C., Watson R. Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science 2010, 328:1164-1168.
10. Cardinale B.J., Duffy J.E., Gonzalez A., Hooper D.U., Perrings C., Venail P., Narwani A., Mace G.M., Tilman D., Wardle D.A., Kinzig A.P., Daily G.C., Loreau M., Grace J.B., Larigauderie A., Srivastava D.S., Naeem S. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature 2012, 486:59-67.
11. Clow D.W., Rhoades C., Briggs J., Caldwell M., Lewis W.M. Responses of soil and water chemistry to mountain pine beetle induced tree mortality in Grand County, Colorado, USA. Appl. Geochem. 2011, 26:S174-S178.
12. Convention on Biological Diversity Global Biodiversity Outlook 3 2010, Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Canada.
13. Cooper N., Purvis A. Body size evolution in mammals: complexity in tempo and mode. Am. Nat. 2010, 175:727-738.
14. Craine J.M., Tilman D., Wedin D., Reich P., Tjoelker M., Knops J. Functional traits, productivity and effects on nitrogen cycling of 33 grassland species. Funct. Ecol. 2002, 16:563-574.
15. Davidson E.A., de Araujo A.C., Artaxo P., Balch J.K., Brown I.F., Bustamante M.C., Coe M.T., DeFries R.S., Keller M., Longo M., Munger J.W., Schroeder W., Soares-Filho B.S., Souza C.M., Wofsy S.C. The Amazon basin in transition. Nature 2012, 481:321-328.
16. de Bello F., Lavorel S., Diaz S., Harrington R., Cornelissen J.H.C., Bardgett R.D., Berg M.P., Cipriotti P., Feld C.K., Hering D., da Silva P.M., Potts S.G., Sandin L., Sousa J.P., Storkey J., Wardle D.A., Harrison P.A. Towards an assessment of multiple ecosystem processes and services via functional traits. Biodivers. Conserv. 2010, 19:2873-2893.
17. De Deyn G.B., Cornelissen J.H.C., Bardgett R.D. Plant functional traits and soil carbon sequestration in contrasting biomes. Ecol. Lett. 2008, 11:516-531.
18. DeLong D.C. Defining biodiversity. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 1996, 24:738-749.
19. Díaz S., Cabido M. Vive la différence: plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2001, 16:646-655.
20. Díaz S., Fargione J., Chapin F.S., Tilman D. Biodiversity loss threatens human well-being. PLoS Biol. 2006, 4:1300-1305.
21. Diaz S., Lavorel S., de Bello F., Quetier F., Grigulis K., Robson M. Incorporating plant functional diversity effects in ecosystem service assessments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2007, 104:20684-20689.
22. Diaz S., Purvis A., Cornelissen J.H.C., Mace G.M., Donoghue M.J., Ewers R.M., Jordano P., Pearse W.D. Functional traits, the phylogeny of function, and ecosystem service vulnerability. Ecol. Evol. 2013, 3:2958-2975.
23. Dornelas M., Gotelli N.J., McGill B., Shimadzu H., Moyes F., Sievers C., Magurran A.E. Assemblage time series reveal biodiversity change but not systematic loss. Science 2014, 344:296-299.
24. Estes J.A., Terborgh J., Brashares J.S., Power M.E., Berger J., Bond W.J., Carpenter S.R., Essington T.E., Holt R.D., Jackson J.B.C., Marquis R.J., Oksanen L., Oksanen T., Paine R.T., Pikitch E.K., Ripple W.J., Sandin S.A., Scheffer M., Schoener T.W., Shurin J.B., Sinclair A.R.E., Soule M.E., Virtanen R., Wardle D.A. Trophic downgrading of planet earth. Science 2011, 333:301-306.
25. Faith D.P. Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity. Biol. Conserv. 1992, 61:1-10.
26. Faith D.P. Phylogenetic pattern and the quantification of organismal biodiversity. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B - Biol. Sci. 1994, 345:45-58.
27. Fischer A., Young J.C. Understanding mental constructs of biodiversity: implications for biodiversity management and conservation. Biol. Conserv. 2007, 136:271-282.
28. Fritz S.A., Purvis A. Phylogenetic diversity does not capture body size variation at risk in the world's mammals. Proc. R. Soc. B - Biol. Sci. 2010, 277:2435-2441.
29. Gamfeldt L., Hillebrand H., Jonsson P.R. Multiple functions increase the importance of biodiversity for overall ecosystem functioning. Ecology 2008, 89:1223-1231.
30. GEO BON Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) 2013, http://www.earthobservations.org/geobon_ebv.shtml.
31. Gibson L., Lee T.M., Koh L.P., Brook B.W., Gardner T.A., Barlow J., Peres C.A., Bradshaw C.J.A., Laurance W.F., Lovejoy T.E., Sodhi N.S. Primary forests are irreplaceable for sustaining tropical biodiversity. Nature 2011, 478:378-381.
32. Godbold J.A., Bulling M.T., Solan M. Habitat structure mediates biodiversity effects on ecosystem properties. Proc. R. Soc. B - Biol. Sci. 2011, 278:2510-2518.
33. Griggs D., Stafford-Smith M., Gaffney O., Rockstrom J., Ohman M.C., Shyamsundar P., Steffen W., Glaser G., Kanie N., Noble I. Policy: sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature 2013, 495:305-307.
34. Hector A., Bagchi R. Biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality. Nature 2007, 448:188-190.
35. Helmus M.R., Bland T.J., Williams C.K., Ives A.R. Phylogenetic measures of biodiversity. Am. Nat. 2007, 169:E68-E83.
36. Heyder U., Schaphoff S., Gerten D., Lucht W. Risk of severe climate change impact on the terrestrial biosphere. Environ. Res. Lett. 2011, 6:034036.
37. Heywood V.H., Mace G.M., May R.M., Stuart S.N. Uncertainties in extinction rates. Nature 1994, 368:105.
38. Ho L.S.T., Ane C. Asymptotic theory with hierarchical auto correlation: Ornstein-Uhlenbeck tree models. Ann. Stat. 2013, 41:957-981.
39. Hoffmann M., Hilton-Taylor C., Angulo A., Bãhm M., Brooks T.M., Butchart S.H.M., Carpenter K.E., Chanson J., Collen B., Cox N.A., Darwall W.R.T., Dulvy N.K., Harrison L.R., Katariya V., Pollock C.M., Quader S., Richman N.I., Rodrigues A.S.L., Tognelli M.F., Viã J.-C., Aguiar J.M., Allen D.J., Allen G.R., Amori G., Ananjeva N.B., Andreone F., Andrew P., Ortiz A.L.A., Baillie J.E.M., Baldi R., Bell B.D., Biju S.D., Bird J.P., Black-Decima P., Blanc J.J., Bolaãos F., Bolivar G., Burfield W., Burton I.J., Capper J.A., Castro D.R., Catullo F., Cavanagh G., Channing R.D., Chao A., Chenery N.L., Chiozza A.M., Clausnitzer F., Collar V., Collett N.J., Collette L.C., Fernandez B.B., Craig C.F.C., Crosby M.T., Cumberlidge M.J., Cuttelod N., Derocher A., Diesmos A.E., Donaldson A.C., Duckworth J.S., Dutson J.W., Dutta G., Emslie S.K., Farjon R.H., Fowler A., Freyhof S., J.r. Garshelis D.L., Gerlach J., Gower D.J., Grant T.D., Hammerson G.A., Harris R.B., Heaney L.R., Hedges S.B., Hero J.-M., Hughes B., Hussain S.A., Icochea M., Inger J., Ishii R.F., Iskandar N., Jenkins D.T., Kaneko R.K.B., Kottelat Y., Kovacs M., Kuzmin K.M., La Marca S.L., Lamoreux E., Lau J.F., Lavilla M.W.N., Leus E.O., Lewison K., Lichtenstein R.L., Livingstone G., Lukoschek S.R., Mallon V., McGowan D.P., McIvor P.J.K., Moehlman A., Molur P.D., Alonso S., A.M.o. Musick J.A., Nowell K., Nussbaum R.A., Olech W., Orlov N.L., Papenfuss T.J., Parra-Olea G., Perrin W.F., Polidoro B.A., Pourkazemi M., Racey P.A., Ragle J.S., Ram M., Rathbun G., Reynolds R.P., Rhodin A.G.J., Richards S.J., Rodrãguez L.O., Ron S.R., Rondinini C., Rylands A.B., Sadovy de Mitcheson Y., Sanciangco J.C., Sanders K.L., Santos-Barrera G., Schipper J., Self-Sullivan C., Shi Y., Shoemaker A., Short F.T., Sillero-Zubiri C., Silvano D.b.L.Smith K.G., Smith A.T., Snoeks J., Stattersfield A.J., Symes A.J., Taber A.B., Talukdar B.K., Temple H.J., Timmins R., Tobias J.A., Tsytsulina K., Tweddle D., Ubeda C., Valenti S.V., Paul van Dijk P., Veiga L.M., Veloso A., Wege D.C., Wilkinson M., Williamson E.A., Xie F., Young B.E., Akã§akaya H.R., Bennun L., Blackburn T.M., Boitani L., Dublin H.T., da Fonseca G.A.B., Gascon C., Lacher T.E., Mace G.M., Mainka S.A., McNeely J.A., Mittermeier R.A., Reid G.M., Rodriguez J.P., Rosenberg A.A., Samways M.J., Smart J., Stein B.A., Stuart S.N. The impact of conservation on the status of the world's vertebrates. Science 2010, 330:1503-1509.
40. Hooper D.U., Adair E.C., Cardinale B.J., Byrnes J.E.K., Hungate B.A., Matulich K.L., Gonzalez A., Duffy J.E., Gamfeldt L., O'Connor M.I. A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change. Nature 2012, 486:U105-U129.
41. Hughes T.P., Carpenter S., Rockstrom J., Scheffer M., Walker B. Multiscale regime shifts and planetary boundaries. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2013, 28:389-395.
42. Isbell F., Calcagno V., Hector A., Connolly J., Harpole W.S., Reich P.B., Scherer-Lorenzen M., Schmid B., Tilman D., van Ruijven J., Weigelt A., Wilsey B.J., Zavaleta E.S., Loreau M. High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem services. Nature 2011, 477:199-202.
43. Janecka J., Chowdhary B., Murphy W. Exploring the correlations between sequence evolution rate and phenotypic divergence across the mammalian tree provides insights into adaptive evolution. J. Biosci. 2012, 37:897-909.
44. Kattge J., Diaz S., Lavorel S., Prentice C., Leadley P., Bonisch G., Garnier E., Westoby M., Reich P.B., Wright I.J., Cornelissen J.H.C., Violle C., Harrison S.P., van Bodegom P.M., Reichstein M., Enquist B.J., Soudzilovskaia N.A., Ackerly D.D., Anand M., Atkin O., Bahn M., Baker T.R., Baldocchi D., Bekker R., Blanco C.C., Blonder B., Bond W.J., Bradstock R., Bunker D.E., Casanoves F., Cavender-Bares J., Chambers J.Q., Chapin F.S., Chave J., Coomes D., Cornwell W.K., Craine J.M., Dobrin B.H., Duarte L., Durka W., Elser J., Esser G., Estiarte M., Fagan W.F., Fang J., Fernandez-Mendez F., Fidelis A., Finegan B., Flores O., Ford H., Frank D., Freschet G.T., Fyllas N.M., Gallagher R.V., Green W.A., Gutierrez A.G., Hickler T., Higgins S.I., Hodgson J.G., Jalili A., Jansen S., Joly C.A., Kerkhoff A.J., Kirkup D., Kitajima K., Kleyer M., Klotz S., Knops J.M.H., Kramer K., Kuhn I., Kurokawa H., Laughlin D., Lee T.D., Leishman M., Lens F., Lenz T., Lewis S.L., Lloyd J., Llusia J., Louault F., Ma S., Mahecha M.D., Manning P., Massad T., Medlyn B.E., Messier J., Moles A.T., Muller S.C., Nadrowski K., Naeem S., Niinemets U., Nollert S., Nuske A., Ogaya R., Oleksyn J., Onipchenko V.G., Onoda Y., Ordonez J., Overbeck G., Ozinga W.A., Patino S., Paula S., Pausas J.G., Penuelas J., Phillips O.L., Pillar V., Poorter H., Poorter L., Poschlod P., Prinzing A., Proulx R., Rammig A., Reinsch S., Reu B., Sack L., Salgado-Negre B., Sardans J., Shiodera S., Shipley B., Siefert A., Sosinski E., Soussana J.F., Swaine E., Swenson N., Thompson K., Thornton P., Waldram M., Weiher E., White M., White S., Wright S.J., Yguel B., Zaehle S., Zanne A.E., Wirth C. TRY - a global database of plant traits. Glob. Change Biol. 2011, 17:2905-2935.
45. Kelly S., Grenyer R., Scotland R.W. Phylogenetic trees do not reliably predict feature diversity. Divers. Distrib. 2014, 20:600-612.
46. Kennedy E.V., Perry C.T., Halloran P.R., Iglesias-Prieto R., Schonberg C.H.L., Wisshak M., Form A.U., Carricart-Ganivet J.P., Fine M., Eakin C.M., Mumby P.J. Avoiding coral reef functional collapse requires local and global action. Curr. Biol. 2013, 23:912-918.
47. Lavorel S., Grigulis K., Lamarque P., Colace M.P., Garden D., Girel J., Pellet G., Douzet R. Using plant functional traits to understand the landscape distribution of multiple ecosystem services. J. Ecol. 2011, 99:135-147.
48. Lavorel S., Storkey J., Bardgett R.D., de Bello F., Berg M.P., Le Roux X., Moretti M., Mulder C., Pakeman R.J., Díaz S., Harrington R. A novel framework for linking functional diversity of plants with other trophic levels for the quantification of ecosystem services. J. Veg. Sci. 2013, 24:942-948.
49. Leadley P., Pereira H.M., Alkemade R., Fernandez-Manjarrés J.F., Proença V., Scharlemann J.P.W., Walpole M.J. Biodiversity Scenarios: Projections of 21st Century Change in Biodiversity and Associated Ecosystem Services, Technical Series 2010, 1-132. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal.
50. Lenton T.M., Williams H.T.P. On the origin of planetary-scale tipping points. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2013, 28:380-382.
51. Mace G.M. Biodiversity - an index of intactness. Nature 2005, 434:32-33.
52. Mace G.M., Gittleman J.L., Purvis A. Preserving the tree of life. Science 2003, 300:1707-1709.
53. Mace G.M., Norris K., Fitter A.H. Biodiversity and ecosystem services: a multilayered relationship. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2012, 27:19-26.
54. Mason N.W., Bello F., Mouillot D., Pavoine S., Dray S. A guide for using functional diversity indices to reveal changes in assembly processes along ecological gradients. J. Veg. Sci. 2013, 24:794-806.
55. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: Biodiversity Synthesis 2005, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
56. Myers-Smith I.H., Forbes B.C., Wilmking M., Hallinger M., Lantz T., Blok D., Tape K.D., Macias-Fauria M., Sass-Klaassen U., Levesque E., Boudreau S., Ropars P., Hermanutz L., Trant A., Collier L.S., Weijers S., Rozema J., Rayback S.A., Schmidt N.M., Schaepman-Strub G., Wipf S., Rixen C., Menard C.B., Venn S., Goetz S., Andreu-Hayles L., Elmendorf S., Ravolainen V., Welker J., Grogan P., Epstein H.E., Hik D.S. Shrub expansion in tundra ecosystems: dynamics, impacts and research priorities. Environ. Res. Lett. 2011, 6.
57. Nee S., May R.M. Extinction and the loss of evolutionary history. Science 1997, 278:692-694.
58. O'Meara B.C. Evolutionary inferences from phylogenies: a review of methods. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 2012, 267-285.
59. Olson D.M., Dinerstein E. The global 200: priority ecoregions for global conservation. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2002, 89:199-224.
60. Pereira H.M., Ferrier S., Walters M., Geller G.N., Jongman R.H.G., Scholes R.J., Bruford M.W., Brummitt N., Butchart S.H.M., Cardoso A.C., Coops N.C., Dulloo E., Faith D.P., Freyhof J., Gregory R.D., Heip C., Höft R., Hurtt G., Jetz W., Karp D.S., McGeoch M.A., Obura D., Onoda Y., Pettorelli N., Reyers B., Sayre R., Scharlemann J.P.W., Stuart S.N., Turak E., Walpole M., Wegmann M. Essential biodiversity variables. Science 2013, 339:277-278.
61. Pereira H.M., Leadley P.W., Proença V., Alkemade R., Scharlemann J.P.W., Fernandez-Manjarrés J.F., Araújo M.B., Balvanera P., Biggs R., Cheung W.W.L., Chini L., Cooper H.D., Gilman E.L., Guénette S., Hurtt G.C., Huntington H.P., Mace G.M., Oberdorff T., Revenga C., Rodrigues P., Scholes R.J., Sumaila U.R., Walpole M. Scenarios for global biodiversity in the 21st century. Science 2010, 330:1496-1501.
62. Pereira H.M., Navarro L.M., Martins I.S. Global biodiversity change: the bad, the good, and the unknown. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2012, 37:25-50.
63. Perry C.T., Murphy G.N., Kench P.S., Smithers S.G., Edinger E.N., Steneck R.S., Mumby P.J. Caribbean-wide decline in carbonate production threatens coral reef growth. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4.
64. Reich P.B., Tilman D., Isbell F., Mueller K., Hobbie S.E., Flynn D.F.B., Eisenhauer N. Impacts of biodiversity loss escalate through time as redundancy fades. Science 2012, 336:589-592.
65. Rockstrom J., Steffen W., Noone K., Persson A., Chapin F.S., Lambin E., Lenton T.M., Scheffer M., Folke C., Schellnhuber H.J., Nykvist B., de Wit C.A., Hughes T., van der Leeuw S., Rodhe H., Sorlin S., Snyder P.K., Costanza R., Svedin U., Falkenmark M., Karlberg L., Corell R.W., Fabry V.J., Hansen J., Walker B., Liverman D., Richardson K., Crutzen P., Foley J. Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecol. Soc. 2009, 14.
66. Rockstrom J., Steffen W., Noone K., Persson A., Chapin F.S., Lambin E.F., Lenton T.M., Scheffer M., Folke C., Schellnhuber H.J., Nykvist B., de Wit C.A., Hughes T., van der Leeuw S., Rodhe H., Sorlin S., Snyder P.K., Costanza R., Svedin U., Falkenmark M., Karlberg L., Corell R.W., Fabry V.J., Hansen J., Walker B., Liverman D., Richardson K., Crutzen P., Foley J.A. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 2009, 461:472-475.
67. Running S.W. A measurable planetary boundary for the biosphere. Science 2012, 337:1458-1459.
68. Scholes R.J., Biggs R. A biodiversity intactness index. Nature 2005, 434:45-49.
69. Solan M., Cardinale B.J., Downing A.L., Engelhardt K.A.M., Ruesink J.L., Srivastava D.S. Extinction and ecosystem function in the marine benthos. Science 2004, 306:1177-1180.
70. Spehn E.M., Hector A., Joshi J., Scherer-Lorenzen M., Schmid B., Bazeley-White E., Beierkuhnlein C., Caldeira M.C., Diemer M., Dimitrakopoulos P.G., Finn J.A., Freitas H., Giller P.S., Good J., Harris R., Hogberg P., Huss-Danell K., Jumpponen A., Koricheva J., Leadley P.W., Loreau M., Minns A., Mulder C.P.H., O'Donovan G., Otway S.J., Palmborg C., Pereira J.S., Pfisterer A.B., Prinz A., Read D.J., Schulze E.D., Siamantziouras A.S.D., Terry A.C., Troumbis A.Y., Woodward F.I., Yachi S., Lawton J.H. Ecosystem effects of biodiversity manipulations in European grasslands. Ecol. Monogr. 2005, 75:37-63.
71. Spielman D., Brook B.W., Frankham R. Most species are not driven to extinction before genetic factors impact them. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2004, 101:15261-15264.
72. Suding K.N., Lavorel S., Chapin F.S., Cornelissen J.H.C., Diaz S., Garnier E., Goldberg D., Hooper D.U., Jackson S.T., Navas M.L. Scaling environmental change through the community-level: a trait-based response-and-effect framework for plants. Glob. Change Biol. 2008, 14:1125-1140.
73. Thomas C.D. Local diversity stays about the same, regional diversity increases, and global diversity declines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110:19187-19188.
74. Vackar D., ten Brink B., Loh J., Baillie J.E.M., Reyers B. Review of multispecies indices for monitoring human impacts on biodiversity. Ecol. Indic. 2012, 17:58-67.
75. Vellend M., Baeten L., Myers-Smith I.H., Elmendorf S.C., Beauséjour R., Brown C.D., De Frenne P., Verheyen K., Wipf S. Global meta-analysis reveals no net change in local-scale plant biodiversity over time. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110:19456-19459.
76. Wright J.P., Naeem S., Hector A., Lehman C., Reich P.B., Schmid B., Tilman D. Conventional functional classification schemes underestimate the relationship with ecosystem functioning. Ecol. Lett. 2006, 9:111-120.