메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 100, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 1511-1521

Characterization of microbial compositions in a thermophilic chemostat of mixed culture fermentation

Author keywords

Chemostat; Clone library; Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; Illumina Miseq sequencing; Mixed culture fermentation; Thermophilic

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA; BACTERIOLOGY; BIOMOLECULES; CHEMOSTATS; CLONING; ELECTROPHORESIS; FERMENTATION; METABOLITES; MICROORGANISMS; RNA; THROUGHPUT; VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS;

EID: 84955187723     PISSN: 01757598     EISSN: 14320614     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7130-z     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (25)

References (39)
  • 1
    • 2942672560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Propionispora hippei sp. nov., a novel gram-negative, spore-forming anaerobe that produces propionic acid
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlt1emtL0%3D
    • Abou-Zeid DM, Biebl H, Spröer C, Müller R-J (2004) Propionispora hippei sp. nov., a novel gram-negative, spore-forming anaerobe that produces propionic acid. Int J Syst Bacteriol Evol Microbiol 54(3):951–954
    • (2004) Int J Syst Bacteriol Evol Microbiol , vol.54 , Issue.3 , pp. 951-954
    • Abou-Zeid, D.M.1    Biebl, H.2    Spröer, C.3    Müller, R.-J.4
  • 2
    • 62249142791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of temperature and substrate concentration on biological hydrogen production from starch
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjsV2qs7Y%3D
    • Akutsu Y, Li Y-Y, Harada H, Yu H-Q (2009) Effects of temperature and substrate concentration on biological hydrogen production from starch. Int J Hydrog Energy 34(6):2558–2566
    • (2009) Int J Hydrog Energy , vol.34 , Issue.6 , pp. 2558-2566
    • Akutsu, Y.1    Li, Y.-Y.2    Harada, H.3    Yu, H.-Q.4
  • 3
    • 4344656907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production of bioenergy and biochemicals from industrial and agricultural wastewater
    • PID: 15331229, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXntFCjtL4%3D
    • Angenent LT, Karim K, Al-Dahhan MH, Wrenn BA, Domíguez-Espinosa R (2004) Production of bioenergy and biochemicals from industrial and agricultural wastewater. Trends Biotechnol 22(9):477–485
    • (2004) Trends Biotechnol , vol.22 , Issue.9 , pp. 477-485
    • Angenent, L.T.1    Karim, K.2    Al-Dahhan, M.H.3    Wrenn, B.A.4    Domíguez-Espinosa, R.5
  • 4
    • 84862260215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic constraints shape the structure of carbon fixation pathways
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XpsV2qtL0%3D
    • Bar-Even A, Flamholz A, Noor E, Milo R (2012) Thermodynamic constraints shape the structure of carbon fixation pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta-Bioenergetics 1817(9):1646–1659
    • (2012) Biochim Biophys Acta-Bioenergetics , vol.1817 , Issue.9 , pp. 1646-1659
    • Bar-Even, A.1    Flamholz, A.2    Noor, E.3    Milo, R.4
  • 5
    • 84878869369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of dissolved hydrogen partial pressure on mixed culture fermentations
    • PID: 22996278, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjsFGnt7k%3D
    • de Kok S, Meijer J, van Loosdrecht MCM, Kleerebezem R (2013) Impact of dissolved hydrogen partial pressure on mixed culture fermentations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97(6):2617–2625
    • (2013) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , vol.97 , Issue.6 , pp. 2617-2625
    • de Kok, S.1    Meijer, J.2    van Loosdrecht, M.C.M.3    Kleerebezem, R.4
  • 6
    • 34247594961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycolytic pathway and hydrogen yield studies of the extreme thermophile Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus
    • PID: 17216445, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXks1agsrc%3D
    • de Vrije T, Mars A, Budde M, Lai M, Dijkema C, de Waard P, Claassen P (2007) Glycolytic pathway and hydrogen yield studies of the extreme thermophile Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 74(6):1358–1367
    • (2007) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , vol.74 , Issue.6 , pp. 1358-1367
    • de Vrije, T.1    Mars, A.2    Budde, M.3    Lai, M.4    Dijkema, C.5    de Waard, P.6    Claassen, P.7
  • 7
    • 35548966658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic co-digestion of olive mill wastewaters and abattoir wastewaters in an upflow anaerobic filter
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXos1Srt7g%3D
    • Gannoun H, Othman NB, Bouallagui H, Moktar H (2007) Mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic co-digestion of olive mill wastewaters and abattoir wastewaters in an upflow anaerobic filter. Ind Eng Chem Res 46(21):6737–6743
    • (2007) Ind Eng Chem Res , vol.46 , Issue.21 , pp. 6737-6743
    • Gannoun, H.1    Othman, N.B.2    Bouallagui, H.3    Moktar, H.4
  • 8
    • 60049096821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A strict anaerobic extreme thermophilic hydrogen-producing culture enriched from digested household waste
    • PID: 19187151, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjvVKkt7k%3D
    • Karakashev D, Kotay SM, Trably E, Angelidaki I (2009) A strict anaerobic extreme thermophilic hydrogen-producing culture enriched from digested household waste. J Appl Microbiol 106(3):1041–1049
    • (2009) J Appl Microbiol , vol.106 , Issue.3 , pp. 1041-1049
    • Karakashev, D.1    Kotay, S.M.2    Trably, E.3    Angelidaki, I.4
  • 9
    • 34249952423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixed culture biotechnology for bioenergy production
    • PID: 17509864, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmtlagsbw%3D
    • Kleerebezem R, van Loosdrecht MCM (2007) Mixed culture biotechnology for bioenergy production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 18(3):207–212
    • (2007) Curr Opin Biotechnol , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 207-212
    • Kleerebezem, R.1    van Loosdrecht, M.C.M.2
  • 10
    • 67349232764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic characterization of a biogas plant microbial community integrating clone library 16S-rDNA sequences and metagenome sequence data obtained by 454-pyrosequencing
    • PID: 19480946
    • Kröber M, Bekel T, Diaz NN, Goesmann A, Jaenicke S, Krause L, Miller D, Runte KJ, Viehöver P, Pühler A, Schlüter A (2009) Phylogenetic characterization of a biogas plant microbial community integrating clone library 16S-rDNA sequences and metagenome sequence data obtained by 454-pyrosequencing. J Biotechnol 142(1):38–49
    • (2009) J Biotechnol , vol.142 , Issue.1 , pp. 38-49
    • Kröber, M.1    Bekel, T.2    Diaz, N.N.3    Goesmann, A.4    Jaenicke, S.5    Krause, L.6    Miller, D.7    Runte, K.J.8    Viehöver, P.9    Pühler, A.10    Schlüter, A.11
  • 11
    • 84893756564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conventional mesophilic vs. thermophilic anaerobic digestion. A trade-off between performance and stability?
    • PID: 24530545, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXktFeqs7g%3D
    • Labatut RA, Angenent LT, Scott NR (2014) Conventional mesophilic vs. thermophilic anaerobic digestion. A trade-off between performance and stability? Water Res 53:249–258
    • (2014) Water Res , vol.53 , pp. 249-258
    • Labatut, R.A.1    Angenent, L.T.2    Scott, N.R.3
  • 12
    • 70350489219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An electron-flow model can predict complex redox reactions in mixed-culture fermentative BioH(2): microbial ecology evidence
    • PID: 19530077, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFOrsbrK
    • Lee HS, Krajmalinik-Brown R, Zhang HS, Rittmann BE (2009) An electron-flow model can predict complex redox reactions in mixed-culture fermentative BioH(2): microbial ecology evidence. Biotechnol Bioeng 104(4):687–697
    • (2009) Biotechnol Bioeng , vol.104 , Issue.4 , pp. 687-697
    • Lee, H.S.1    Krajmalinik-Brown, R.2    Zhang, H.S.3    Rittmann, B.E.4
  • 13
    • 84879842592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Waste valorization by biotechnological conversion into added value products
    • PID: 23749120, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtVCqsr3N
    • Liguori R, Amore A, Faraco V (2013) Waste valorization by biotechnological conversion into added value products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97(14):6129–6147
    • (2013) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , vol.97 , Issue.14 , pp. 6129-6147
    • Liguori, R.1    Amore, A.2    Faraco, V.3
  • 16
    • 39949084870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermophilic fermentative hydrogen production by the newly isolated Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum PSU-2
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXislKgsb8%3D
    • O-Thong S, Prasertsan P, Karakashev D, Angelidaki I (2008) Thermophilic fermentative hydrogen production by the newly isolated Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum PSU-2. Int J Hydrog Energy 33(4):1204–1214
    • (2008) Int J Hydrog Energy , vol.33 , Issue.4 , pp. 1204-1214
    • O-Thong, S.1    Prasertsan, P.2    Karakashev, D.3    Angelidaki, I.4
  • 17
    • 33646575569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation and characterization of acid-tolerant, thermophilic bacteria for effective fermentation of biomass-derived sugars to lactic acid
    • PID: 16672461, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XkvFSqu7o%3D
    • Patel MA, Ou MS, Harbrucker R, Aldrich HC, Buszko ML, Ingram LO, Shanmugam KT (2006) Isolation and characterization of acid-tolerant, thermophilic bacteria for effective fermentation of biomass-derived sugars to lactic acid. Appl Environ Microbiol 72(5):3228–3235
    • (2006) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.72 , Issue.5 , pp. 3228-3235
    • Patel, M.A.1    Ou, M.S.2    Harbrucker, R.3    Aldrich, H.C.4    Buszko, M.L.5    Ingram, L.O.6    Shanmugam, K.T.7
  • 18
    • 84883556644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermophilic biohydrogen production: how far are we?
    • PID: 23948723, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1ylu7vN
    • Pawar S, Niel EJ (2013) Thermophilic biohydrogen production: how far are we? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97(18):7999–8009
    • (2013) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , vol.97 , Issue.18 , pp. 7999-8009
    • Pawar, S.1    Niel, E.J.2
  • 20
    • 55049109322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dark fermentation of xylose and glucose mix using isolated Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum W16
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht12gur3P
    • Ren N, Cao G, Wang A, Lee D-J, Guo W, Zhu Y (2008) Dark fermentation of xylose and glucose mix using isolated Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum W16. Int J Hydrog Energy 33(21):6124–6132
    • (2008) Int J Hydrog Energy , vol.33 , Issue.21 , pp. 6124-6132
    • Ren, N.1    Cao, G.2    Wang, A.3    Lee, D.-J.4    Guo, W.5    Zhu, Y.6
  • 21
    • 32544440924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling product formation in anaerobic mixed culture fermentations
    • PID: 16273553, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1Krsbk%3D
    • Rodriguez J, Kleerebezem R, Lema JM, van Loosdrecht MCM (2006) Modeling product formation in anaerobic mixed culture fermentations. Biotechnol Bioeng 93(3):592–606
    • (2006) Biotechnol Bioeng , vol.93 , Issue.3 , pp. 592-606
    • Rodriguez, J.1    Kleerebezem, R.2    Lema, J.M.3    van Loosdrecht, M.C.M.4
  • 22
    • 2442653104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a newly discovered enteric bacterium, Leclercia adecarboxylata
    • PID: 15128584, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXktlCntLk%3D
    • Sarma PM, Bhattacharya D, Krishnan S, Lal B (2004) Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a newly discovered enteric bacterium, Leclercia adecarboxylata. Appl Environ Microbiol 70(5):3163–6
    • (2004) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.70 , Issue.5 , pp. 3163-3166
    • Sarma, P.M.1    Bhattacharya, D.2    Krishnan, S.3    Lal, B.4
  • 23
    • 67649413347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The iron-hydrogenase of Thermotoga maritima utilizes ferredoxin and NADH synergistically: a new perspective on anaerobic hydrogen production
    • PID: 19411328, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXotlCktrg%3D
    • Schut GJ, Adams MWW (2009) The iron-hydrogenase of Thermotoga maritima utilizes ferredoxin and NADH synergistically: a new perspective on anaerobic hydrogen production. J Bacteriol 191(13):4451–4457
    • (2009) J Bacteriol , vol.191 , Issue.13 , pp. 4451-4457
    • Schut, G.J.1    Adams, M.W.W.2
  • 24
    • 34548677290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 sink during thermophilic anaerobic degradation of butyrate under suppressed methanogenesis
    • PID: 17618671, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVKru7rF
    • 2 sink during thermophilic anaerobic degradation of butyrate under suppressed methanogenesis. Water Res 41(18):4204–4210
    • (2007) Water Res , vol.41 , Issue.18 , pp. 4204-4210
    • Siriwongrungson, V.1    Zeng, R.J.2    Angelidaki, I.3
  • 25
    • 84896817228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative metagenomic analysis of bacterial populations in three full-scale mesophilic anaerobic manure digesters
    • PID: 24085391, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhsFKitbbJ
    • St-Pierre B, Wright A-D (2014) Comparative metagenomic analysis of bacterial populations in three full-scale mesophilic anaerobic manure digesters. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98(6):2709–2717
    • (2014) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , vol.98 , Issue.6 , pp. 2709-2717
    • St-Pierre, B.1    Wright, A.-D.2
  • 26
    • 84899542480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomic analysis of thermophilic Bacillus coagulans strains: efficient producers for platform bio-chemicals
    • PID: 24473268
    • Su F, Xu P (2014) Genomic analysis of thermophilic Bacillus coagulans strains: efficient producers for platform bio-chemicals. Sci Rep 4:3926
    • (2014) Sci Rep , vol.4 , pp. 3926
    • Su, F.1    Xu, P.2
  • 28
    • 2442704248 scopus 로고
    • Leclercia adecarboxylata Gen. Nov., Comb. Nov., formerly known as Escherichia adecarboxylata
    • Tamura K, Sakazaki R, Kosako Y, Yoshizaki E (1986) Leclercia adecarboxylata Gen. Nov., Comb. Nov., formerly known as Escherichia adecarboxylata. Curr Microbiol 13(4):179–184
    • (1986) Curr Microbiol , vol.13 , Issue.4 , pp. 179-184
    • Tamura, K.1    Sakazaki, R.2    Kosako, Y.3    Yoshizaki, E.4
  • 29
    • 53249101309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity of microbial communities in open mixed culture fermentations: impact of the pH and carbon source
    • PID: 18800185, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtF2gsL7F
    • Temudo MF, Muyzer G, Kleerebezem R, van Loosdrecht MCM (2008) Diversity of microbial communities in open mixed culture fermentations: impact of the pH and carbon source. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 80(6):1121–1130
    • (2008) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , vol.80 , Issue.6 , pp. 1121-1130
    • Temudo, M.F.1    Muyzer, G.2    Kleerebezem, R.3    van Loosdrecht, M.C.M.4
  • 30
    • 0035316138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biogeochemical and molecular signatures of anaerobic methane oxidation in a marine sediment
    • PID: 11282617, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXis1egtrc%3D
    • Thomsen TR, Finster K, Ramsing NB (2001) Biogeochemical and molecular signatures of anaerobic methane oxidation in a marine sediment. Appl Environ Microbiol 67(4):1646–1656
    • (2001) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.67 , Issue.4 , pp. 1646-1656
    • Thomsen, T.R.1    Finster, K.2    Ramsing, N.B.3
  • 31
    • 84862010951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridia: the importance of their exceptional substrate and metabolite diversity for biofuel and biorefinery applications
    • PID: 22079352, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xot12htrg%3D
    • Tracy BP, Jones SW, Fast AG, Indurthi DC, Papoutsakis ET (2012) Clostridia: the importance of their exceptional substrate and metabolite diversity for biofuel and biorefinery applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 23(3):364–381
    • (2012) Curr Opin Biotechnol , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 364-381
    • Tracy, B.P.1    Jones, S.W.2    Fast, A.G.3    Indurthi, D.C.4    Papoutsakis, E.T.5
  • 32
    • 0034764035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial community in anaerobic hydrogen-producing microflora enriched from sludge compost
    • PID: 11762604, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXptVantLc%3D
    • Ueno H, Ishii I (2001) Microbial community in anaerobic hydrogen-producing microflora enriched from sludge compost. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 57(4):555–562
    • (2001) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , vol.57 , Issue.4 , pp. 555-562
    • Ueno, H.1    Ishii, I.2
  • 33
    • 33745960794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in bacterial community during fermentative hydrogen and acid production from organic waste by thermophilic anaerobic microflora
    • PID: 16882140, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XpsVeqsrY%3D
    • Ueno Y, Sasaki D, Fukui H, Haruta S, Ishii M, Igarashi Y (2006) Changes in bacterial community during fermentative hydrogen and acid production from organic waste by thermophilic anaerobic microflora. J Appl Microbiol 101(2):331–343
    • (2006) J Appl Microbiol , vol.101 , Issue.2 , pp. 331-343
    • Ueno, Y.1    Sasaki, D.2    Fukui, H.3    Haruta, S.4    Ishii, M.5    Igarashi, Y.6
  • 34
    • 84868212086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrogen supersaturation in thermophilic mixed culture fermentation
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsVamsLjI
    • Zhang F, Zhang Y, Chen M, Zeng RJ (2012a) Hydrogen supersaturation in thermophilic mixed culture fermentation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 37(23):17809–17816
    • (2012) Int J Hydrogen Energy , vol.37 , Issue.23 , pp. 17809-17816
    • Zhang, F.1    Zhang, Y.2    Chen, M.3    Zeng, R.J.4
  • 35
    • 84861345451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 454 Pyrosequencing reveals bacterial diversity of activated sludge from 14 sewage treatment plants
    • PID: 22170428, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xnt1eltbw%3D
    • Zhang T, Shao M-F, Ye L (2012b) 454 Pyrosequencing reveals bacterial diversity of activated sludge from 14 sewage treatment plants. ISME J 6(6):1137–1147
    • (2012) ISME J , vol.6 , Issue.6 , pp. 1137-1147
    • Zhang, T.1    Shao, M.-F.2    Ye, L.3
  • 36
    • 84885385895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatty acids production from hydrogen and carbon dioxide by mixed culture in the membrane biofilm reactor
    • PID: 23941982, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1CrtrrE
    • Zhang F, Ding J, Zhang Y, Chen M, Ding Z-W, van Loosdrecht MCM, Zeng RJ (2013a) Fatty acids production from hydrogen and carbon dioxide by mixed culture in the membrane biofilm reactor. Water Res 47(16):6122–6129
    • (2013) Water Res , vol.47 , Issue.16 , pp. 6122-6129
    • Zhang, F.1    Ding, J.2    Zhang, Y.3    Chen, M.4    Ding, Z.-W.5    van Loosdrecht, M.C.M.6    Zeng, R.J.7
  • 37
    • 84878379659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A modified metabolic model for mixed culture fermentation with energy conserving electron bifurcation reaction and metabolite transport energy
    • PID: 23381671, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXivFeksro%3D
    • Zhang F, Zhang Y, Chen M, van Loosdrecht MCM, Zeng RJ (2013b) A modified metabolic model for mixed culture fermentation with energy conserving electron bifurcation reaction and metabolite transport energy. Biotechnol Bioeng 110(7):1884–1894
    • (2013) Biotechnol Bioeng , vol.110 , Issue.7 , pp. 1884-1894
    • Zhang, F.1    Zhang, Y.2    Chen, M.3    van Loosdrecht, M.C.M.4    Zeng, R.J.5
  • 38
    • 84916881740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The chemostat study of metabolic distribution in extreme-thermophilic (70°C) mixed culture fermentation
    • PID: 25341404, COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhvVWksbrP
    • Zhang F, Chen Y, Dai K, Zeng R (2014) The chemostat study of metabolic distribution in extreme-thermophilic (70°C) mixed culture fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98(24):10267–10273
    • (2014) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , vol.98 , Issue.24 , pp. 10267-10273
    • Zhang, F.1    Chen, Y.2    Dai, K.3    Zeng, R.4
  • 39
    • 84916912556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The glucose metabolic distribution in thermophilic (55°C) mixed culture fermentation: a chemostat study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXitVyhu73I
    • Zhang F, Chen Y, Dai K, Shen N, Zeng RJ (2015) The glucose metabolic distribution in thermophilic (55°C) mixed culture fermentation: a chemostat study. Int J Hydrog Energy 40(2):919–926
    • (2015) Int J Hydrog Energy , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 919-926
    • Zhang, F.1    Chen, Y.2    Dai, K.3    Shen, N.4    Zeng, R.J.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.