Time to get moving: Assisted gene flow of forest trees

Evolutionary Applications

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 271-290

  Aitken, Sally N ^a   Bemmels, Jordan B ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Assisted migration; Climate change; Ecological genetics; Forest policy; Genetic clines; Local adaptation; Provenance; Temperate species

Indexed keywords

EID: 84954448246     PISSN: 17524563     EISSN: 17524571     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/eva.12293     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Aitken, S. N., and W. T. Adams 1996. Genetics of fall and winter cold hardiness of coastal Douglas-fir in Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26:1828-1837.
2. Aitken, S. N., and M. C. Whitlock 2013. Assisted gene flow to facilitate local adaptation to climate change. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 44:367-388.
3. Aitken, S. N., and J. B. Bemmels 2015. Data from: Time to get moving: assisted migration of forest trees. doi: 10.5061/dryad.rj15h.
4. Aitken, S. N., S. Yeaman, J. A. Holliday, T. L. Wang, and S. Curtis-McLane 2008. Adaptation, migration or extirpation: climate change outcomes for tree populations. Evolutionary Applications 1:95-111.
5. Alberto, F., S. N. Aitken, R. Alia, S. C. Gonzalez-Martinez, H. Hanninen, A. Kremer, F. Lefevre et al. 2013. Potential for evolutionary responses to climate change - evidence from tree populations. Global Change Biology 19:1645-1661.
6. Allen, C. D., A. K. Macalady, H. Chenchouni, D. Bachelet, N. McDowell, M. Vennetier, T. Kitzberger et al. 2010. A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest Ecology and Management 259:660-684.
7. Bongarten, B. C. 1978. Genetic and environmental variation in shoot growth and other traits of blue spruce (Picea pungens). PhD thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
8. Bower, A. D., and S. N. Aitken 2008. Ecological genetics and seed transfer guidelines for Pinus albicaulis (Pinaceae). American Journal of Botany 95:66-76.
9. Broadhurst, L. M., A. Lowe, D. J. Coates, S. A. Cunningham, M. McDonald, P. A. Vesk, and C. Yates 2008. Seed supply for broadscale restoration: maximizing evolutionary potential. Evolutionary Applications 1:587-597.
10. Brown, A. G., and J. C. Doran 1985. Variation in growth and branching characteristics of Pinus attenuata. Silvae Genetica 34:100-104.
11. Cherry, M. L. 1995. Genetic variation in western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) seedlings. PhD thesis, University of British Columbia.
12. Chmura, D. J., P. D. Anderson, G. T. Howe, C. A. Harrington, J. E. Halofsky, D. L. Peterson, D. C. Shaw et al. 2011. Forest responses to climate change in the northwestern United States: ecophysiological foundations for adaptive management. Forest Ecology and Management 261:1121-1142.
13. Cieslar, A. 1895. Uber die Erblichkeit des Zuwachsvermogens bei den Waldbaumen. Centralbl. f. das ges. Forstw. 21.
14. Cieslar, A. 1899. Neues aus dem Gebiet der forstlichen Zuchtwahl. Centralbl. f. das ges. Forstw. 25.
15. Clausen, J., D. D. Keck, and W. M. Hiesey 1940. Experimental Studies on the Nature of Species. I. Effects of Varied Environments on Western North American Plants. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.
16. Clausen, J., D. D. Keck, and W. M. Hiesey 1948. Experimental Studies on Teh Nature of Species. III. Environmental Responses of Climatic Races of Achillea. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington, DC.
17. Cooke, J. E. K., M. E. Eriksson, and O. Junttila 2012. The dynamic nature of bud dormancy in trees: environmental control and molecular mechanisms. Plant, Cell and Environment 35:1707-1728.
18. Darwin, C. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. John Murray, London.
19. Davis, M. B., and R. G. Shaw 2001. Range shifts and adaptive responses to quaternary climate change. Science 292:673-679.
20. Davis, M. B., R. G. Shaw, and J. R. Etterson 2005. Evolutionary responses to changing climate. Ecology 86:1704-1714.
21. De La Torre, A. R., T. L. Wang, B. Jaquish, and S. N. Aitken 2014. Adaptation and exogenous selection in a Picea glauca x Picea engelmannii hybrid zone: implications for forest management under climate change. New Phytologist 201:687-699.
22. Dow, B. D., R. A. Cunningham, and J. M. Krupinsky 1998. Fifteen-year provenance tests of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) in North Dakota. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 13:5-11.
23. Duputié, A., A. Rutschmann, O. Ronce, and I. Chuine 2015. Phenotypic plasticity will not help all species adapt to climate change. Global Change Biology. 21:3062-3073.
24. Eckert, A. J., A. D. Bower, J. L. Wegrzyn, B. Pande, K. D. Jermstad, K. V. Krutovsky, J. B. S. Clair et al. 2009. Asssociation genetics of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii, Pinaceae) I. Cold-hardiness related traits. Genetics 182:1289-1302.
25. Engler, A. 1908. Tatsachen, Hypotesen und Irrtumer auf dem Gebiete der Samenprovenienzfrage. Forstwiss. Centralbl. 30.
26. Enricci, J. A., N. M. Pasquini, O. A. Picco, and V. Mondino, 2000. Provenance Trials on Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson in Argentina's Andean Patagonia. Forest Genetic Resources (FAO), vol 1020-4431, No. 28. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
27. Evans, L. M., G. T. Slavov, E. Rodgers-Melnick, J. Martin, P. Ranjan, W. Muchero, A. M. Brunner et al. 2014. Population genomics of Populus trichocarpa identifies signatures of selection and adaptive trait associations. Nature Genetics 46:1089.
28. Franks, S. J., J. J. Weber, and S. N. Aitken 2014. Evolutionary and plastic responses to climate change in terrestrial plant populations. Evolutionary Applications 7:123-139.
29. Fuchigami, L. H., C. J. Weiser, K. D. Kobayashi, R. Timmis, and L. V. Gusta 1982. A degree growth stage (0GS) model and cold acclimation in temperate woody plants. In P. H. Li, and A. Sakai, eds. Plant Cold and Freezing Stress, pp. 93-116. Academic Press, New York, NY.
30. Gonzalez-Martinez, S. C., N. C. Wheeler, E. Ersoz, C. D. Nelson, and D. B. Neale 2007. Association genetics in Pinus taeda L I. Wood property traits. Genetics 175:399-409.
31. Gonzalez-Martinez, S. C., D. Huber, E. Ersoz, J. M. Davis, and D. B. Neale 2008. Association genetics in Pinus taeda L II. Carbon isotope discrimination. Heredity 101:19-26.
32. Gray, L. K., and A. Hamann 2013. Tracking suitable habitat for tree populations under climate change in western North America. Climatic Change 117:289-303.
33. Günther, T., and G. Coop 2013. Robust identification of local adaptation from allele frequencies. Genetics 195:205-220.
34. Hamann, A., D. R. Roberts, Q. E. Barber, C. Carroll, and S. E. Nielsen 2014. Velocity of climate change algorithms for guiding conservation and management. Global Change Biology 21:997-1004.
35. Hamilton, J. A., and S. N. Aitken 2013. Genetic and morphological structure of a spruce hybrid (Picea sitchensis x P. glauca) zone along a climatic gradient. American Journal of Botany 100:1651-1662.
36. Hamilton, J. A., A. R. De La Torre, and S. N. Aitken 2015. Fine-scale environmental variation contributes to introgression in a three-species spruce hybrid complex. Tree Genetics and Genomes 11:1-14.
37. Hampe, A., and R. J. Petit 2005. Conserving biodiversity under climate change: the rear edge matters. Ecology Letters 8:461-467.
38. Hannerz, M., S. N. Aitken, J. N. King, and S. Budge 1999. Effects of genetic selection for growth on frost hardiness in western hemlock. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29:509-516.
39. Hansen, O. K., U. B. Nielsen, Ø. M. Edvardsen, B. Skúlason, and J.-O. Skage 2004. Nordic provenance trials with Abies lasiocarpa and Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica: three-year results. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 19:112-126.
40. Harrington, C. A., and P. J. Gould 2015. Tradeoffs between chilling and forcing in satisfying dormancy requirements for Pacific Northwest tree species. Frontiers in Plant Science 6:1-12.
41. Hijmans, R. J., S. E. Cameron, J. L. Parra, P. G. Jones, and A. Jarvis 2005. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25:1965-1978.
42. Holliday, J. A., K. Ritland, and S. N. Aitken 2010a. Widespread, ecologically relevant genetic markers developed from association mapping of climate-related traits in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). New Phytologist 188:501-514.
43. Holliday, J. A., M. Yuen, K. Ritland, and S. N. Aitken 2010b. Postglacial history of a widespread conifer produces inverse clines in selective neutrality tests. Molecular Ecology 19:3857-3864.
44. Holliday, J. A., H. Suren, and S. N. Aitken 2012. Divergent selection and heterogeneous migration rates across the range of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 279:1675-1683.
45. Howe, G. T., S. N. Aitken, D. B. Neale, K. D. Jermstad, N. C. Wheeler, and T. H. H. Chen 2004. From genotype to phenotype: unraveling the complexities of cold adaptation in forest trees. Canadian Journal of Botany 81:1247-1266.
46. Huebert, C. A. 2009. The ecological and conservation genetics of Garry oak (Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook). M.Sc. thesis, University of British Columbia.
47. Illingworth, K. 1978. Study of lodgepole pine genotype-environment interaction in B.C. In: International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO) Joint Meeting of Working Parties: Douglas-fir Provenances, Lodgepole Pine provenances, Sitka Spruce Provenances and Abies Provenances, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. pp 151-158.
48. Jermstad, K. D., D. L. Bassoni, K. S. Jech, N. C. Wheeler, and D. B. Neale 2001a. Mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling adaptive traits in coastal Douglas-fir. I. Timing of vegetative bud flush. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 102:1142-1151.
49. Jermstad, K. D., D. L. Bassoni, N. C. Wheeler, T. S. Anekonda, S. N. Aitken, W. T. Adams, and D. B. Neale 2001b. Mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling adaptive traits in coastal Douglas-fir. II. Spring and fall cold-hardiness. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 102:1152-1158.
50. Keir, K. R., J. B. Bemmels, and S. N. Aitken 2011. Low genetic diversity, moderate local adaptation, and phylogeographic insights in Cornus nuttallii (Cornaceae). American Journal of Botany 98:1327-1336.
51. Kirkpatrick, M., and N. H. Barton 1997. Evolution of a species' range. American Naturalist 150:1-23.
52. Klinka, K., J. Worrall, L. Skoda, and P. Varga 2000. The Distribution and Synopsis of Ecological and Silvical Characteristics of Tree Species of British Columbia's Forests. Canadian Cartographics Ltd, Coquitlam, BC, Canada.
53. König, A. 1995. Geographic variation of Abies grandis-provenances grown in northwestern Germany. Silvae Genetica 44:248-255.
54. Kozlowski, T. T., and S. G. Pallardy 2002. Acclimation and adaptive responses of woody plants to environmental stresses. The Botanical Review 68:270-334.
55. Kranabetter, J. M. 2014. Ectomycorrhizal fungi and the nitrogen economy of conifers-implications for genecology and climate change mitigation. Botany-Botanique 92:417-423.
56. Kranabetter, J. M., M. U. Stoehr, and G. A. O'Neill 2012. Divergence in ectomycorrhizal communities with foreign Douglas-fir populations and implications for assisted migration. Ecological Applications 22:550-560.
57. Kremer, A., O. Ronce, J. J. Robledo-Arnuncio, F. Guillaume, G. Bohrer, R. Nathan, J. R. Bridle et al. 2012. Long-distance gene flow and adaptation of forest trees to rapid climate change. Ecology Letters 15:378-392.
58. Krutzsch, P. 1992. IUFRO's role in coniferous tree improvement: Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Silvae Genetica 41:143-150.
59. Kuser, J. E., and K. K. Ching 1981. Provenance variation in seed weight, cotyledon number, and growth rate of western hemlock seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 11:662-670.
60. Kvaalen, H., and O. Johnsen 2008. Timing of bud set in Picea abies is regulated by a memory of temperature during zygotic and somatic embryogenesis. New Phytologist 177:49-59.
61. Langlet, O. 1971. Two hundred years of genecology. Taxon 20:653-722.
62. Latta, R. G. 2003. Gene flow, adaptive population divergence and comparative population structure across loci. New Phytologist 161:51-58.
63. Le Corre, V., and A. Kremer 2012. The genetic differentiation at quantitative trait loci under local adaptation. Molecular Ecology 21:1548-1566.
64. Ledig, F. T., and J. H. Kitzmiller 1992. Genetic strategies for reforestation in the face of global climate change. Forest Ecology and Management 50:153-169.
65. Leimu, R., and M. Fischer . 2008. A meta-analysis of local adaptation in plants. PLoS ONE 3:e4010.
66. Little, E. L. J.. 1971. Atlas of United States Trees, Volume 1, Conifers and Important Hardwoods. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication 1146, Washington, DC.
67. Little, E. L. J.. 1976. Atlas of United States Trees, Volume 3, Minor Western Hardwoods. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication 1314, Washington, DC.
68. Loarie, S. R., P. B. Duffy, H. Hamilton, G. P. Asner, C. B. Field, and D. D. Ackerly 2009. The velocity of climate change. Nature 462:1052-1055.
69. Lobo, N. L. 2011. Clinal variation at putatively adaptive polymorphisms in mature populations of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.). MSc Thesis, University of British Columbia.
70. Lotterhos, K. E., and M. C. Whitlock 2015. The relative power of genome scans to detect local adaptation depends on sampling design and statistical method. Molecular Ecology 24:1031-1046.
71. Mátyás, C.. 1994. Modeling climate-change effects with provenance test data. Tree Physiology 14:797-804.
72. Matthew, P. 1831. On naval timber and arboriculture; with critical notes on authors who have recently treated the subject of planting. Edinburgh and London (available from Google Books), Black.
73. McDowell, N., W. T. Pockman, C. D. Allen, D. D. Breshears, N. Cobb, T. Kolb, J. Plaut et al. 2008. Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought? New Phytologist 178:719-739.
74. McKown, A. D., R. D. Guy, J. Klápště, A. Geraldes, M. Friedmann, Q. C. B. Cronk, Y. A. El-Kassaby et al. 2013. Geographical and environmental gradients shape phenotypic trait variation and genetic structure in Populus trichocarpa. New Phytologist 201:1263-1276.
75. Mimura, M., and S. N. Aitken 2007a. Adaptive gradients and isolation-by-distance with postglacial migration in Picea sitchensis. Heredity 99:224-232.
76. Mimura, M., and S. N. Aitken 2007b. Increased selfing and decreased effective pollen donor number in peripheral relative to central populations in Picea sitchensis (Pinaceae). American Journal of Botany 94:991-998.
77. Pickles, B. J., B. D. Twieg, G. A. O'Neill, W. W. Mohn, and S. W. Simard 2015. Local adaptation in migrated interior Douglas-fir seedlings is mediated by ectomycorrhizas and other soil factors. New Phytologist 207:858-871.
78. Porter, R. B., T. Lacourse, B. J. Hawkins, and A. Yanchuk . 2013. Adaptive variation in growth, phenology, cold tolerance and nitrogen fixation of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.). Forest Ecology and Management 291:357-366.
79. Read, R. A. 1980. Genetic variation in seedling progeny of Ponderosa pine provenances. Forest Science Monographs 23:1-60.
80. Rehfeldt, G. E. 1994. Adaptation of Picea engelmannii populations to the heterogeneous environments of the Intermountain West. Canadian Journal of Botany 72:1197-1208.
81. Rehfeldt, G. E. 1995. Genetic-variation, climate models and the ecological genetics of Larix occidentalis. Forest Ecology and Management 78:21-37.
82. Rehfeldt, G. E., R. J. Hoff, and R. J. Steinhoff 1984. Geographic patterns of genetic variation in Pinus monticola. Botanical Gazette 145:229-239.
83. Rehfeldt, G. E., C. C. Ying, D. L. Spittlehouse, and D. A. Hamilton 1999. Genetic responses to climate in Pinus contorta: Niche breadth, climate change, and reforestation. Ecological Monographs 69:375-407.
84. Rohde, A., and R. P. Bhalerao 2007. Plant dormancy in the perennial context. Trends in Plant Science 12:217-223.
85. Rohde, A., V. Storme, V. Jorge, M. Gaudet, N. Vitacolonna, F. Fabbrini, T. Ruccink et al. 2011. Bud set in poplar - genetic dissection of a complex trait in natural and hybrid populations. New Phytologist 189:106-121.
86. Sala, A., D. R. Woodruff, and F. C. Meinzer 2012. Carbon dynamics in trees: feast or famine? Tree Physiology 32:764-775.
87. Savolainen, O., T. Pyhajarvi, and T. Knurr . 2007. Gene flow and local adaptation in trees. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 38:595-619.
88. Savolainen, O., M. Lascoux, and J. Merilä 2013. Ecological genomics of local adaptation. Nature Reviews Genetics 14:807-820.
89. Soolanayakanahally, R. Y., R. D. Guy, S. N. Silim, and M. H. Song 2013. Timing of photoperiodic competency causes phenological mismatch in balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.). Plant, Cell and Environment 36:116-127.
90. Soularue, J. P., and A. Kremer 2014. Evolutionary responses of tree phenology to the combined effects of assortative mating, gene flow and divergent selection. Heredity 113:485-494.
91. Spitze, K. 1993. Population structure in Daphnia obtusa - quantitative genetic and allozymic variation. Genetics 135:367-374.
92. St Clair, J. B., and G. T. Howe 2007. Genetic maladaptation of coastal Douglas-fir seedlings to future climates. Global Change Biology 13:1441-1454.
93. St Clair, J. B., N. L. Mandel, and K. W. Vance-Boland 2005. Genecology of Douglas-fir in western Oregon and Washington. Annals of Botany 96:1199-1214.
94. Sweet, G. B. 1965. Provenance differences in Pacific coast Douglas-fir. Silvae Genetica 14:46-56.
95. Thompson, R. S., K. H. Anderson, and P. J. Bartlein . 2000. Atlas of Relations Between Climatic Parameters and Distributions of Important Trees and Shrubs in North America. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1650-C, Reston, VA, 386 pp.
96. Turesson, G. 1923. The scope and import of genecology. Hereditas 4:171-176.
97. Vilmorin, P. P. A. D. 1862. Expose historique et descriptif de l'Ecole forestiere des Barres pres de Nogent-sur-Vernisson (Loiret). Mem. Soc. Imp. Centr. d'Agric, France, Paris.
98. Vitasse, Y., C. C. Bresson, A. Kremer, R. Michalet, and S. Delzon 2010. Quantifying phenological plasticity to temperature in two temperate tree species. Functional Ecology 24:1211-1218.
99. Wagenheim, F. A. J. V. 1787. Beytrag zur teutschen holzgerechten Forstwissenschaft, die Anpflanzung Nordamericanischer Holzarten, mit Anwendung auf teutsche Forste, Gottingen.
100. Wang, T., A. Hamann, A. Yanchuk, G. A. O'Neill, and S. N. Aitken 2006. Use of response functions in selecting lodgepole pine populations for future climate. Global Change Biology 12:2404-2416.
101. Wang, T. L., G. A. O'Neill, and S. N. Aitken 2010. Integrating environmental and genetic effects to predict responses of tree populations to climate. Ecological Applications 20:153-163.
102. Wang, T., A. Hamann, D. L. Spittlehouse, and T. Q. Murdock 2012. ClimateWNA-High-resolution spatial climate data for western North America. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 51:16-29.
103. Weed, A. S., M. P. Ayres, and J. A. Hicke . 2013. Consequences of climate change for biotic disturbances in North American Forests. Ecological Mongraphs 83:441-470.
104. White, T. L. 1987. Drought tolerance of southwestern Oregon Douglas-fir. Forest Science 33:283-293.
105. White, T. L., and K. K. Ching 1985. Provenance study of Douglas-fir in the Pacific Northwest region. IV. Field performance at age 25 years. Silvae Genetica 34:84-90.
106. Whiteley, A. R., S. W. Fitzpatrick, and W. C. Funk 2015. Genetic rescue to the rescue. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30:42-49.
107. ST. Molecular Ecology 17:1885-1896.
108. ST. Genetics 183:1055-1063.
109. Wright, J. W., W. A. Lemmien, and J. N. Bright 1971. Genetic variation in Southern Rocky Mountain white fir. Silvae Genetica 20:148-150.
110. Xie, C. Y., and C. C. Ying 1993. Geographic variation of grand fir (Abies grandis) in the Pacific coast region: 10-year results from a provenance trial. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23:1065-1072.
111. Xie, C. Y., and C. C. Ying 1994. Adaptedness of noble fir (Abies procera Rehd.) beyond its northern limit. Forest Science 40:412-428.
112. Yeaman, S., and A. Jarvis 2006. Regional heterogeneity and gene flow maintain variance in a quantitative trait within populations of lodgepole pine. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 273:1587-1593.
113. Ying, C. C. 1997. Effects of site, provenance, and provenance and site interaction in Sitka spruce in coastal British Columbia. Forest Genetics 4:99-112.