Fitness versus Fatness: Which Influences Health and Mortality Risk the Most?

Current Sports Medicine Reports

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 327-332

  Gaesser, Glenn A ^a   Tucker, Wesley J ^a   Jarrett, Catherine L ^a   Angadi, Siddhartha S ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; EXERCISE; FITNESS; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MUSCULAR FITNESS; OBESITY; PHENOTYPE; WEIGHT REDUCTION; RISK ASSESSMENT;

HUMANS; MORTALITY; OBESITY; PHYSICAL FITNESS; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 84953880607     PISSN: 1537890X     EISSN: 15378918     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000170     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Arterburn DE, Olsen MK, Smith VA, et al. Association between bariatric surgery and long-term survival. JAMA. 2015; 313:62-70.
2. Barry VW, Baruth M, Beets MW, et al. Fitness vs. fatness on all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2014; 56:382-90.
3. Bayol SA, Bruce CR, Wadley GD. Growing healthy muscles to optimise metabolic health into adult life. J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis. 2014; 5:420-34.
4. Beavers DP, Beavers KM, Lyles MF, Nicklas BJ. Cardiometabolic risk after weight loss and subsequent weight regain in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2013; 68:691-8.
5. Booth FW, Roberts CK, Laye MJ. Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases. Compr. Physiol. 2012; 2:1143-211.
6. Dansinger ML, Tatsioni A, Wong JB, et al. Meta-analysis: the effect of dietary counseling for weight loss. Ann. Intern. Med. 2007; 147:41-50.
7. DeFina LF, Haskell WL, Willis BL, et al. Physical activity versus cardiorespiratory fitness: two (partly) distinct components of cardiovascular health? Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2015; 57:324-9.
8. Despres JP. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: weight loss is not the only target. Can. J. Cardiol. 2015; 31:216-22.
9. Dixon JB, Egger GJ, Finkelstein EA, et al. 'Obesity paradox' misunderstands the biology of optimal weight throughout the life cycle. Int. J. Obes. (Lond). 2015; 39:82-4.
10. Donnelly JE, Honas JJ, Smith BK, et al. Aerobic exercise alone results in clinically significant weight loss for men and women: midwest exercise trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013; 21:E219-28.
11. Ekelund U, Ward HA, Norat T, et al. Physical activity and all-cause mortality across levels of overall and abdominal adiposity in European men and women: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study (EPIC). Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2015; 101:613-21.
12. Estruch R, Ros E, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Mediterranean diet for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013; 369:676-7.
13. Fabbrini E, Magkos F, Mohammed BS, et al. Intrahepatic fat, not visceral fat, is linked with metabolic complications of obesity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2009; 106:15430-5.
14. Farrell SW, Finley CE, Jackson AW, et al. Association of multiple adiposity exposures and cardiorespiratory fitness with all-cause mortality in men: the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2014; 89:772-80.
15. Farrell SW, Fitzgerald SJ, McAuley PA, Barlow CE. Cardiorespiratory fitness, adiposity, and all-cause mortality in women. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2010; 42:2006-12.
16. Fiuza-Luces C, Garatachea N, Berger NA, Lucia A. Exercise is the real polypill. Physiology (Bethesda). 2013; 28:330-58.
17. Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H, Graubard BI. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013; 309:71-82.
18. Friedman JM. A war on obesity, not the obese. Science. 2003; 299:856-8.
19. Gaesser GA, Angadi SS, Sawyer BJ. Exercise and diet, independent of weight loss, improve cardiometabolic risk profile in overweight and obese individuals. Phys. Sportsmed. 2011; 39:87-97.
20. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2011; 43:1334-59.
21. Harrington M, Gibson S, Cottrell RC. A review and meta-analysis of the effect of weight loss on all-cause mortality risk. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2009; 22:93-108.
22. Jurca R, Lamonte MJ, Barlow CE, et al. Association of muscular strength with incidence of metabolic syndrome in men. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2005; 37:1849-55.
23. Jurca R, Lamonte MJ, Church TS, et al. Associations of muscle strength and fitness with metabolic syndrome in men. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2004; 36:1301-7.
24. Kassirer JP, Angell M. Losing weight V an ill-fated New Year's resolution. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998; 338:52-4.
25. Keating SE, Hackett DA, George J, Johnson NA. Exercise and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Hepatol. 2012; 57:157-66.
26. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002; 346:393-403.
27. Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: A meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009; 301:2024-35.
28. Kokkinos P, Faselis C, Myers J, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and the paradoxical BMI-mortality risk association in male veterans. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2014; 89:754-62.
29. Kramer CK, Zinman B, Retnakaran R. Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 2013; 159:758-69.
30. Lavie CJ, Cahalin LP, Chase P, et al. Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on the obesity paradox in patients with heart failure. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2013; 88:251-8.
31. Lavie CJ, De Schutter A, Milani RV. Healthy obese versus unhealthy lean: the obesity paradox. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2015; 11:55-62.
32. Lavie CJ, Schutter AD, Archer E, et al. Obesity and prognosis in chronic diseases-impact of cardiorespiratory fitness in the obesity paradox. Curr. Sports Med. Rep. 2014; 13:240-5.
33. Lebrun LA, Chowdhury J, Sripipatana A, et al. Overweight/obesity and weight-related treatment among patients in U. S. federally supported health centers. Obes. Res. Clin. Pract. 2013; 7:e377-90.
34. Lee DC, Sui X, Artero EG, et al. Long-term effects of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men: the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. Circulation. 2011; 124:2483-90.
35. Lee DC, Sui X, Church TS, et al. Changes in fitness and fatness on the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and hypercholesterolemia. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2012; 59:665-72.
36. Look Ahead Research Group Wing RR, Bolin P, Brancati FL, et al. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013; 369:145-54.
37. Maciejewski ML, Livingston EH, Smith VA, et al. Survival among high-risk patients after bariatric surgery. JAMA. 2011; 305:2419-26.
38. Masters RK, Reither EN, Powers DA, et al. The impact of obesity on US mortality levels: the importance of age and cohort factors in population estimates. Am. J. Public Health. 2013; 103:1895-901.
39. Matheson EM, King DE, Everett CJ. Healthy lifestyle habits and mortality in overweight and obese individuals. J. Am. Board Fam. Med. 2012; 25:9-15.
40. McAuley PA, Artero EG, Sui X, et al. The obesity paradox, cardiorespiratory fitness, and coronary heart disease. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2012; 87:443-51.
41. McAuley PA, Artero EG, Sui X, et al. Fitness, fatness, and survival in adults with prediabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37:529-36.
42. McAuley PA, Beavers KM. Contribution of cardiorespiratory fitness to the obesity paradox. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2014; 56:434-40.
43. Montani JP, Schutz Y, Dulloo AG. Dieting and weight cycling as risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases: who is really at risk? Obes. Rev. 2015; 16:7-18.
44. Myers J, McAuley P, Lavie CJ, et al. Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness as major markers of cardiovascular risk: their independent and interwoven importance to health status. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2015; 57:306-14.
45. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA. 2014; 311:806-14.
46. Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J, Gallagher DA, Leibel RL. Long-term persistence of adaptive thermogenesis in subjects who have maintained a reduced body weight. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008; 88:906-12.
47. Ross R, Blair S, de Lannoy L, et al. Changing the endpoints for determining effective obesity management. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2015; 57:330-6.
48. Ruiz JR, Sui X, Lobelo F, et al. Association between muscular strength and mortality in men: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2008; 337:a439.
49. Salas-Salvadó J, Bulló M, Babio N, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with the Mediterranean diet: results of the PREDIMED-Reus nutrition intervention randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34:14-9.
50. Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, et al. Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 365:1597-604.
51. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001; 344:1343-50.
52. Vissers D, Hens W, Taeymans J, et al. The effect of exercise on visceral adipose tissue in overweight adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013; 8:e56415.
53. Vuori IM, Lavie CJ, Blair SN. Physical activity promotion in the health care system. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2013; 88:1446-61.
54. Yaemsiri S, Slining MM, Agarwal SK. Perceived weight status, overweight diagnosis, and weight control among US adults: the NHANES 2003-2008 Study. Int. J. Obes. (Lond). 2011; 35:1063-70.