One health - an ecological and evolutionary framework for tackling Neglected Zoonotic Diseases

Evolutionary Applications

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 313-333

  Webster, Joanne P ^a   Gower, Charlotte M ^a   Knowles, Sarah C L ^b   Molyneux, David H ^c   Fenton, Andy ^d  

^a ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c LIVERPOOL SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Disease control; Ecology; Evolution; Key hosts; NTDs; NZDs; Preventive chemotherapy; Zoonoses

Indexed keywords

EID: 84953439097     PISSN: 17524563     EISSN: 17524571     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/eva.12341     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Adamo, S., and J. P. Webster 2013. Neural parasitology: how parasites alter host behaviour. Journal of Experimental Biology 216:1-2.
2. Akopyants, N. S., N. Kimblin, N. Secundino, R. Patrick, N. Peters, P. Lawyer, D. E. Dobson et al. 2009. Demonstration of genetic exchange during cyclical development of Leishmania in the sand fly vector. Science 324:265-268.
3. Anderson, R. M., R. M. May 1991. Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
4. Antia, R., R. R. Regoes, J. C. Koella, and C. T. Bergstrom 2003. The role of evolution in the emergence of infectious diseases. Nature 426:658-661.
5. de Azevedo, J. F. 1969. Biological relationships among the different geographical strains of the Schistosoma haematobium complex [in French]. Bulletin of the Society for Pathology of Exotics 62:348-375.
6. Berry, A., H. Moné, X. Iriart, G. Mouahid, O. Abbo, J. Boissier, J. Fillaux et al. 2014. Schistosomiasis haematobium, Corsica, France [letter]. Emerging Infectious Diseases 20:1-3.
7. Betson, M., P. Nejsum, R. P. Bendall, R. M. Deb, and J. R. Stothard 2014. Molecular epidemiology of ascariasis: a global perspective on the transmission dynamics of Ascaris in people and pigs. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 210:932-941.
8. Biswas, G., D. P. Sankara, J. Agua-Agum, and A. Maiga 2013. Dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease): eradication without a drug or a vaccine. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B-Biological Sciences 368:20120146.
9. Boatin, B. A., M. G. Basanez, R. K. Prichard, K. Awadzi, R. M. Barakat, H. H. Garcia, A. Gazzinelli et al. 2012. A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: towards control and elimination. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6:e1547.
10. Boissier, J., H. Moné, G. Mitta, M. D. Bargues, D. H. Molyneux, and S. Mas-Coma 2015. Schistosomiasis reaches Europe. Lancet Infectious Diseases 15:757-758.
11. Center C 2015. Guinea worm wrap-up. The Carter Centre and the CDC.
12. Chargui, N., A. Amro, N. Haouas, G. Schönian, H. Babba, S. Schmidt, C. Ravel et al. 2009. Population structure of Tunisian Leishmania infantum and evidence for the existence of hybrids and gene flow between genetically different populations. International Journal of Parasitology 39:801-811.
13. Civetello, D. J., J. Cohen, H. Fatima, N. T. Halstead, J. Liriano, T. A. McMahon, C. N. Ortega et al. 2014. Biodiversity inhibits parasites: broad evidence for the dilution effect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112:8667-8671.
14. Cleaveland, S. C., M. K. Laurenson, and L. H. Taylor 2001. Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B-Biological Sciences 356:991-999.
15. Combes, C. 2005. The Art of Being a Parasite, pp. 280. Simberloff D, translator. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
16. Consortium* THG 2012. Butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species. Nature 487:94-98.
17. Crichton, V. J. F., and M. Beverly-Burton 1977. Observations on the seasonal prevalence, pathology and transmission of Dracunculus insignis (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea) in the raccoon (Procyon lotor (L.) in Ontario. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 13:273-280.
18. Criscione, C. D., J. D. Anderson, D. Sudimack, W. Peng, B. Jha, S. Williams-Blangero, and T. J. C. Anderson 2007. Disentangling hybridization and host colonization in parasitic roundworms of humans and pigs. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 274:2669-2677.
19. Cutillas, C., R. Callejóna, M. de Rojasa, B. Tewesb, J. M. Ubedaa, C. Arizaa, and D. C. Guevaraa 2009. Trichuris suis and Trichuris trichiura are different nematode species. Acta Tropica 111:299-307.
20. Delgado, O., E. Cupolillo, R. Bonfante-Garrido, S. Silva, E. Belfort, G. Grimaldi Júnior, and H. Momen 1997. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela caused by infection with a new hybrid between Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (V.) guyanensis. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 92:581-582.
21. Detwiler, J., and C. Criscione 2010. An infectious topic in reticulate evolution: introgression and hybridization in animal parasite. Genes 1:102-123.
22. Dobson, A. 2004. Population dynamics of pathogens with multiple host species. American Naturalist 164:S64-S78.
23. Doby, J., B. Rault, S. Deblock, and A. Chabaud 1966. Snails and bilharziasis in Corsica. Distribution, frequency and biology of Bulinus truncatus [in French]. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 41:337-349.
24. Dunams-Morel, D. B., M. V. Reichard, L. Torretti, D. S. Zarlenga, and B. M. Rosenthal 2012. Discernible but limited introgression has occurred where Trichinella nativa and the T6 genotype occur in sympatry. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 12:530-538.
25. Eberhard, M. L., E. Ruiz-Tiben, D. R. Hopkins, C. Farrell, F. Toe, A. Weiss, P. C. Jr Withers et al. 2014. The peculiar epidemiology of Dracunculiasis in Chad. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90:61-70.
26. ECDC 2014. Rapid risk assessment: Local transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in Corsica, France - 16 May 2014. ECDC, Stockholm.
27. Fan, P. C. 2006. The history of schistosomiasis japonica in Taiwan. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Science 22:309-320.
28. Faye, O., P.-Y. Boëlle, E. Heleze, O. Faye, C. Loucoubar, N. F. Magassouba, B. Soropogui et al. 2015. Chains of transmission and control of Ebola virus disease in Conakry, Guinea, in 2014: an observational study. Lancet Infectious Diseases 15:320-326.
29. Fenton, A., and A. B. Pedersen 2005. Community epidemiology framework for classifying disease threats. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11:1815-1821.
30. Fenton, A., D. G. Streicker, O. L. Petchey, and A. B. Pedersen 2015. Are all hosts created equal? Partitioning host species contributions to parasite persistence in multi-host communities American Naturalist 186: online early www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/683173.
31. Fraga de Azevedo, J., J. B. da Silva, A. M. Coito, M. F. Coelho, and A. T. Colaco 1948. Portuguese focus of schistosomiasis [in Portuguese]. Annals of the Institute Medicine Tropical (Lisbon) 5:175-222.
32. Funk, S., H. Nishiura, H. Heesterbeek, W. J. Edmunds, and W. J. Checchi 2013. Identifying transmission cycles at the human-animal interface: the role of animal reservoirs in maintaining Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Computational Biology 9:e1002855.
33. Garba, A., M. S. Lamine, N. Barkiré, A. Djibo, B. Sofo, A. N. Gouvras, R. Labbo et al. 2013. Efficacy and safety of two closely spaced doses of praziquantel against Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni and re-infection patterns in school-aged children in Niger. Acta Tropica 128:334-344.
34. Gaunt, M. W., M. Yeo, I. A. Frame, J. R. Stothard, H. J. Carrasco, M. C. Taylor, S. S. Mena et al. 2003. Mechanism of genetic exchange in American trypanosomes. Nature 421:936-939.
35. Gelanew, T., A. Hailu, G. Schonian, M. D. Lewis, M. Miles, and M. Yeo 2014. Multilocus sequence and microsatellite identification of intra-specific hybrids and ancestor-like donors among natural Ethiopian isolates of Leishmania donovani. International Journal of Parasitology 44:751-757.
36. Genis, D. E. 1972. New cases of Dracunculusmedinensis infection in domestic animals (cats and dogs) in Kazakhstan. Meditsink Parazit Parazitar Bolezni 50:365.
37. Gibbs, E. P. 2005. Emerging zoonotic epidemics in the interconnected global community. Veterinary Record 157:673-679.
38. Gibson, W., L. Peacock, V. Ferris, K. Fischer, J. Livingstone, J. Thomas, and M. Bailey 2015. Genetic recombination between human and animal parasites creates novel strains of human pathogen. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 9:e0003665.
39. Gouvras, A., C. Kariuki, A. Koukounari, A. J. Norton, N. C. Lange, E. Irerie, A. Fenwick et al. 2013. The impact of single versus mixed Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni infections on morbidity profiles amongst school-children in Taveta, Kenya. Acta Tropica 128:309-317.
40. Gretillat, S. 1963. Epidemiology of certain trematode diseases of domestic animals in Corsica (bovine bilharzosis and bovine and ovine distomiasis). Observations conducted during a mission accomplished during the autumn of 1962 [in French]. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 38:471-481.
41. Grigg, M. E., S. Bonnefoy, A. B. Hehl, Y. Suzuki, and J. C. Boothroyd 2001. Success and virulence in toxoplasma as the result of sexual recombination between two distinct ancestries. Science 294:161-165.
42. Gupta, S., N. Ferguson, and R. Anderson 1998. Chaos, persistence, and evolution of strain structure in antigenically diverse infectious agents. Science 280:912-915.
43. Hahn, B. H., G. M. Shaw, K. M. DeCock, and P. M. Sharp 2000. AIDS as a zoonosis: scientific and public health implications. Science 287:607-614.
44. Hahn, M. B., J. H. Epstein, E. S. Gurley, M. S. Islam, S. P. Luby, P. Daszak, and J. A. Patz 2014. Roosting behaviour and habitat selection of Pteropus giganteus reveals potential links to Nipah virus epidemiology. Journal of Applied Ecology 51:376-387.
45. Hanelt, B., I. N. Mwangi, J. M. Kinuthia, G. M. Maina, L. E. Agola, M. W. Mutuku, M. L. Steinauer et al. 2010. Schistosomes of small mammals from the Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya: New species, familiar species, and implications for schistosomiasis control. Parasitology 137:1109-1118.
46. Hargrove, J. W., R. Ouifki, D. Kajunguri, G. A. Vale, and S. J. Torr 2012. Modeling the control of trypanosomiasis using trypanocides or insecticide-treated livestock. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 6:e1615.
47. Haydon, D. T., S. Cleaveland, L. H. Taylor, and M. K. Laurenson 2002. Identifying reservoirs of infection: a conceptual and practical challenge. Emerging Infectious Diseases 8:1468-1473.
48. Hotez, P. J., D. H. Molyneux, A. Fenwick, E. Ottesen, S. Ehrlich Sachs, and J. D. Sachs 2006. Incorporating a rapid-impact package for neglected tropical diseases with programs for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. PLoS Medicine 3:e102.
49. Hotez, P. J., A. Fenwick, L. Savioli, and D. H. Molyneux 2009. Rescuing the bottom billion through control of neglected tropical diseases. Lancet 373:1570-1575.
50. Huyse, T., B. L. Webster, S. Geldof, J. R. Stothard, O. T. Diaw, K. Polman, and D. Rollinson 2009. Bidirectional introgressive hybridisation between a cattle and human schistosome species. PLoS Pathogens 5:e1000571.
51. Huyse, T., F. Van den Broeck, B. Hellemans, F. A. M. Volckaert, and K. Polman 2013. Hybridisation between the two major African schistosome species of humans. International Journal of Parasitology 43:687-689.
52. Inpankaew, T., F. Schär, A. Dalsgaard, V. Khieu, W. Chimnoi, C. Chhoun, D. Sok et al. 2014. High prevalence of Ancylostoma ceylanicum Hookworm infections in humans, Cambodia, 2012. Emerging Infectious Diseases 20:976-982.
53. Johnson, P. T. J., J. C. de Roode, and A. Fenton 2015. Why infectious disease research needs community ecology. Science 349:1259504.
54. Jolles, A. E., D. V. Cooper, and S. A. Levin 2005. Hidden effects of chronic tuberculosis in African buffalo. Ecology 86:2258-2264.
55. Kaushik, M., P. H. L. Lamberton, and J. P. Webster 2012. The role of parasites and pathogens in influencing generalized anxiety and predation-related fear in the mammalian central nervous system. Hormones and Behaviour 62:191-201.
56. Kaushik, M., S. C. L. Knowles, and J. P. Webster 2014. What makes a feline fatal in Toxoplasma gondii's Fatal Feline Attraction? infected rats choose wild cats. Integrative and Comparative Biology 54:118-128.
57. Keesing, F., R. D. Holt, and R. S. Ostfeld 2006. Effects of species diversity on disease risk. Ecology Letters 9:485-498.
58. Kelly, J. M., J. M. Law, C. J. Chapman, G. J. Van Eys, and D. A. Evans 1991. Evidence of genetic recombination in Leishmania. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 46:253-263.
59. Kilpatrick, A. M., L. D. Kramer, M. J. Jones, P. P. Marra, and P. Daszak 2006. West Nile Virus Epidemics in North America Are Driven by Shifts in Mosquito Feeding Behavior. PLoS Biology 4:e82.
60. King, K. C., R. B. Stelkens, J. P. Webster, D. F. Smith, and M. A. Brockhurst 2015. Hybridization in parasites: consequences for adaptive evolution, pathogenesis and public health in a changing world. PLoS Pathogens 11:e1005098, 1-12.
61. Klepac, C. P., J. E. Metcalf, A. R. McLean, and K. Hampson 2013. Towards the endgame and beyond: complexities and challenges for the elimination of infectious diseases. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London Series B (Biological Sciences) 368:20120137.
62. Koukounari, A., C. A. Donnelly, M. Sacko, A. Keita, E. C. Bosque- Oliva, A. Gouvras, M. Traore et al. 2010. The impact of single versus mixed schistosome species infections on liver, spleen and bladder morbidity within Malian children pre- and post-praziquantel treatment. BMC Infectious Diseases 10:227.
63. Lamberton, P. H. L., T. Crellen, J. A. Cotton, and J. P. Webster 2015. Modelling the dynamics of mass drug administration selective pressures on schistosome population genetics and genomics. Advances in Parasitology 87.
64. Laval, F., H. Savini, E. Biance-Valero, and F. Simon 2014. Human schistosomiasis: an emerging threat for Europe (correspondence). Lancet 384:1094-1095.
65. Le, T. H., N. V. De, T. Agatsuma, T. G. Thi Nguyen, Q. D. Nguyen, D. P. McManus, and D. Blair 2008. Human fascioliasis and the presence of hybrid/introgressed forms of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica in Vietnam. International Journal for Parasitology 38:725-730.
66. Leger, E., and J. P. Webster in press. Schistosoma spp. hybridizations: implications for evolution, epidemiology and control. Parasitology, In press.
67. Lembo, T., K. Hampson, D. T. Haydon, M. Craft, A. Dobson, J. Dushoff, E. Ernest et al. 2008. Exploring reservoir dynamics: a case study of rabies in the Serengeti ecosystem. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:1246-1257.
68. Liang, S., C. Yang, B. Zhong, and D. Qiu 2006. Re-emerging schistosomiasis in hilly and mountainous areas of Sichuan, China. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 84:139-144.
69. Liese, B. H., N. Houghton, and L. Teplitskaya 2014. Development assistance for neglected tropical diseases: progress since 2009. International Health 6:162-171.
70. Lloyd-Smith, J. O., S. J. Schreiber, P. E. Kopp, and W. M. Getz 2005. Superspreading and the effect of individual variation on disease emergence. Nature 438:355-359.
71. Lu, D.-B., T.-P. Wang, J. W. Rudge, C. A. Donnelly, G.-R. Fang, and J. P. Webster 2009. Evolution in a multi-host parasite? Chronobiological circadian rhythm and population genetics of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae indicates contrasting definitive host reservoirs by habitat. International Journal of Parasitology 39:1581-1588.
72. Lu, D.-B., T.-P. Wang, J. W. Rudge, C. A. Donnelly, G.-R. Fang, and J. P. Webster 2010a. Contrasting reservoirs for Schistosoma japonicum between marshland and hilly regions in Anhui, China - a two-year longitudinal parasitological survey. Parasitology 137:99-110.
73. Lu, D.-B., T.-P. Wang, J. W. Rudge, C. A. Donnelly, G.-R. Fang, and J. P. Webster 2010b. Transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in marshland and hilly regions of China: parasite population genetic and sibship structure. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 4:e781.
74. Lu, D.-B., T.-P. Wang, J. W. Rudge, C. A. Donnelly, G.-R. Fang, and J. P. Webster 2011. Genetic diversity of Schistosoma japonicum miracidia within individual rodent hosts. International Journal of Parasitology 41:1371-1376.
75. Lustigman, S., R. K. Prichard, A. Gazzinelli, W. N. Grant, B. A. Boatin, J. S. McCarthy, and M. G. Basanez 2012. A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: the problem of helminthiases. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6:e1582.
76. Machado, C. A., and F. J. Ayala 2001. Nucleotide sequences provide evidence of genetic exchange among distantly related lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98:7396-7401.
77. Maia, C., M. Nunes, M. Marques, S. Henriques, N. Rolão, and L. Campino 2013. In vitro drug susceptibility of Leishmania infantum isolated from humans and dogs. Experimental Parasitology 135:36-41.
78. Mathews, F., D. W. Macdonald, M. Taylor, M. Gelling, R. Norman, P. Honess, R. Foster et al. 2006. Bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in British farmland wildlife: importance to agriculture of species other than badgers. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 273:357-365.
79. Mavarez, J., C. A. Salazar, E. Bermingham, C. Salcedo, C. D. Jiggins, and M. Linares 2006. Speciation by hybridization in Heliconius butterflies. Nature 441:868-871.
80. Messenger, L. A., M. S. Llewellyn, T. Bhattacharyya, O. Franzén, M. D. Lewis, J. D. Ramírez, H. J. Carrasco et al. 2012. Multiple mitochondrial introgression events and heteroplasmy in Trypanosoma cruzi revealed by Maxicircle MLST and Next Generation Sequencing. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 6:e1584.
81. Messenger, L. A., L. Garcia, M. Vanhove, C. Huaranca, M. Bustamante, M. Torrico, F. Torrico et al. 2015. Ecological host fitting of Trypanosoma cruzi TcI in Bolivia: mosaic population structure, hybridization and a role for humans in Andean parasite dispersal. Molecular Ecology 24:2406-2422.
82. Miles, M. A., M. S. Llewellyn, M. D. Lewis, M. Yeo, R. Baleela, S. Fitzpatrick, M. Gaunt et al. 2009. The molecular epidemiology and phylogeography of Trypanosoma cruzi and parallel research on Leishmania: looking back and to the future. Parasitology 136:1509-1528.
83. Molyneux, D. H. 2003. Common themes in changing vector-borne disease scenarios. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97:129-132.
84. Moné, H., G. Mouahid, and S. Morand 1999. The distribution of Schistosoma bovis Sonsino, 1876 in relation to intermediate host mollusc-parasite relationships. Advances in Parasitology 44:99-189.
85. Muhanguzi, D., K. Picozzi, J. Hatendorf, M. Thrusfield, S. C. Welburn, J. D. Kabasa, and C. Waiswa 2014. Improvements on restricted insecticide application protocol for control of human and animal African Trypanosomiasis in Eastern Uganda. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 8:e3284.
86. Muller-Graf, C. D. M., D. A. Collins, C. Packer, and M. E. J. Woolhouse 1997. Schistosoma mansoni infection in a natural population of olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania. Parasitology 115:621-627.
87. Mupfasoni, D., A. Koukounari, E. Ruberanziza, T. Kaberuka, M. H. Kramer, O. Mukabayire, K. Kabera et al. 2009. Polyparasite helminth infections and their association to anaemia and under-nutrition in Northern Rwanda. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 3:e517.
88. Norton, A. J., J. P. Webster, R. Kane, and D. Rollinson 2008. Inter-specific parasite competition: mixed infections of Schistosoma mansoni and S. rodhaini in the definitive host. Parasitology 135:1-12.
89. Pardo-Diaz, C., C. Salazar, S. W. Baxter, C. Merot, W. Figueiredo-Ready, M. Joron, W. O. McMillan et al. 2012. Adaptive introgression across species boundaries in Heliconius Butterflies. PLoS Genetics 8:e1002752.
90. Parrish, C. R., E. C. Holmes, D. M. Morens, E. C. Park, D. S. Burke, C. H. Calisher, C. A. Laughlin et al. 2008. Cross-species virus transmission and the emergence of new epidemic diseases. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 72:457-470.
91. Pedersen, A. B., and T. J. Davies 2009. Cross-species pathogen transmission and disease emergence in primates. EcoHealth 6:496-508.
92. Perez-Quintero, J. C., M. Bech Taberner, and L. Huertsa Dionisio 2004. Molluscs of the inland waters of the province of Huleva (SO Spain) [in Spanish]. Iberus 22:19-31.
93. Ramiro, R. S., S. M. Khan, B. Franke-Faynard, C. J. Janse, D. J. Obbard, and S. E. Reece 2015. Hybridization and pre-zygotic reproductive barriers in Plasmodium. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 282:20143027.
94. Randolph, S. E., and A. D. M. Dobson 2012. Pangloss revisited: a critique of the dilution effect and the biodiversity-buffers-disease paradigm. Parasitology 139:847-863.
95. Ravel, C., S. Cortes, F. Pratlong, F. Morio, J. P. Dedet, and L. Campino 2006. First report of genetic hybrids between two very divergent Leishmania species: Leishmania infantum and Leishmania major. International Journal of Parasitology 36:13831388.
96. Robinson, T. P., G. R. W. Wint, G. Conchedda, T. P. V. Boeckel, V. Ercoli, E. Palamara, G. Cinard et al. 2014. Mapping the global distribution of livestock. PLoS ONE 9:e96084.
97. Rogers, M. B., T. Downing, B. A. Smith, H. Imamura, M. Sanders, M. Svobodova, P. Volf et al. 2014. Genomic confirmation of hybridisation and recent Inbreeding in a vector-isolated Leishmania population. PLoS Genetics 10:e1004092.
98. Rollinson, D., V. R. Southgate, J. Vercruysse, and P. J. Moore 1990. Observations on natural and experimental interactions between Schistosoma bovis and Schistosoma curassoni from West-Africa. Acta Tropica 47:101-114.
99. Rudge, J. W., H. Carabin, E. J. Balolong, V. Tallo, J. Shrivastava, D.-B. Lu, M.-G. Basáñez et al. 2008. Population genetics of Schistosoma japonicum within the Philippines suggest high levels of transmission between humans and dogs. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2:e340.
100. Rudge, J. W., D.-B. Lu, G.-W. Feng, T.-P. Wang, M.-G. Basáñez, and J. P. Webster 2009. Parasite genetic differentiation by habitat type and host species: molecular epidemiology of Schistosoma japonicum in hilly and marshland areas of Anhui Province, China. Molecular Ecology 18:2134-2147.
101. Rudge, J. W., J. P. Webster, D.-B. Lu, T.-P. Wang, and M.-G. Basanez 2013. Identifying host species driving transmission of schistosomiasis japonica, a multi-host parasite system, in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110:11457-11462.
102. Salkeld, D. J., K. A. Padgett, and J. H. Jones 2013. A meta-analysis suggesting that the relationship between biodiversity and risk of zoonotic pathogen transmission is idiosyncratic. Ecology Letters 16:679-686.
103. Saroufim, M., K. Charafeddine, G. Issa, H. Khalifeh, R. H. Habib, A. Berry, N. Ghosn et al. 2014. Ongoing epidemic of cutaneous Leishmaniasis among Syrian refugees, Lebanon. Emerging Infectious Diseases 20:1712-1715.
104. Silva Oliveira, L., M. Simoes, and J. Fraga de Azevedo 1974. Comparative study of the behaviour between the Planorbarius metidjensis and the Bulinus contortus towards infection by Schistosoma haematobium. Annals of the Institute Higene and Medicine Tropical (Lisbon) 2:541-544.
105. Smith, M. A., N. E. Woodley, D. H. Janzen, W. Hallwachs, and P. D. N. Hebert 2006. DNA barcodes reveal cryptic host-specificity within the presumed polyphagous members of a genus of parasitoid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103:3657-3662.
106. Steinauer, M. L., B. Hanelt, I. N. Mwangi, G. M. Maina, L. E. Agola, J. M. Kinuthia, M. W. Mutuku et al. 2008. Introgressive hybridization of human and rodent schistosome parasites in western Kenya. Molecular Ecology 17:5062-5064.
107. Strauss, A. T., D. J. Civetello, C. E. Caceres, and S. R. Hall 2015. Success, failure and ambiguity of the dilution effect among competitors. Ecology Letters 18:919-926.
108. Streicker, D. G., A. S. Turmelle, M. J. Vonhof, I. V. Kuzmin, G. F. McCracken, and C. E. Rupprecht 2010. Host phylogeny constrains cross-species emergence and establishment of Rabies Virus in bats. Science 392:676-679.
109. Streicker, D. G., A. Fenton, and A. B. Pedersen 2013. Differential sources of host species heterogeneity influence the transmission and control of multihost parasites. Ecology Letters 16:975-984.
110. Sturm, N. R., N. S. Vargas, S. J. Westenberger, B. Zingales, and D. A. Campbell 2003. Evidence for multiple hybrid groups in Trypanosoma cruzi. International Journal for Parasitology 33:269-279.
111. Taylor, L. H., S. M. Latham, and M. E. Woolhouse 2001. Risk factors for human disease emergence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B: Biol Sci 356:983-989.
112. Theron, A. 1984. Early and late emergence patterns of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae: Ecological significance in transmission to human and murine hosts. Journal of Parasitology 70:652-655.
113. Theron, A., J. P. Pointier, S. Morand, D. Imbert-EStablet, and G. Borel 1992. Long-term dynamics of natural populations of Schistosoma mansoni among Rattus rattus in patchy environment. Parasitology 104:291-298.
114. Tomley, F. M., and M. W. Shirley 2009. Livestock infectious diseases and zoonoses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B-Biological Sciences 364:2637-2642.
115. UNDP 2008. Human Development Report 2007/2008: Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. UNDP, New York, NY.
116. Viana, M., R. Mancy, R. Biek, S. Cleaveland, P. C. Cross, J. O. Lloyd-Smith, and D. T. Haydon 2014. Assembling evidence for identifying reservoirs of infection. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 29:270-279.
117. Volf, P., I. Benkova, J. Myskova, J. Sadlova, L. Campino, and C. Ravel 2007. Increased transmission potential of Leishmania major/Leishmania infantum hybrids. International Journal for Parasitology 37:589-593.
118. Wang, T.-P., J. Shrivastava, M. V. Johansen, Z. K. Zhang, and J. P. Webster 2006. Does multiple hosts mean multiple parasites? Population genetic structure of Schistosoma japonicum between definitive host species. International Journal for Parasitology 36:1317-1325.
119. Webby, R. J., and R. G. Webster 2003. Are we ready for pandemic influenza? Science 302:1519-1522.
120. Webster, J. P. 2007. The impact of Toxoplasma gondii on animal behaviour: playing cat and mouse. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33:752-756.
121. Webster, J. P., C. M. Gower, and A. J. Norton 2008. Application of evolutionary concepts to predicting and evaluating the impact of mass-chemotherapy schistosomiasis control programmes. Evolutionary Applications 1.
122. Webster, B. L., O. T. Diaw, M. M. Seye, D. S. Faye, J. R. Stothard, J. C. Sousa-Figueiredo, and D. Rollinson 2012. Praziquantel treatment of school children from single and mixed infection foci of intestinal and urogenital schistosomiasis along the Senegal River Basin: monitoring treatment success and re-infection patterns. Acta Tropica 128:292-302.
123. Webster, B. L., O. T. Diaw, M. M. Seye, J. P. Webster, and D. Rollinson 2013a. Introgressive hybridization of Schistosoma haematobium group species in Senegal: species barrier break down between ruminant and human schistosomes. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 7:e2110.
124. Webster, J. P., M. Kaushik, G. C. Bristow, and G. A. McConkey 2013b. Toxoplasma gondii infection, from predation to schizophrenia: can animal behaviour help us understand human behaviour? Journal of Experimental Biology 216:99-112.
125. Webster, J. P., D. Molyneux, P. J. Hotez, and A. Fenwick 2014. The contribution of mass drug administration to global health - past, present and future. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B-Biological Sciences 370.
126. Welburn, S. C., K. Picozzi, E. M. Fèvre, P. G. Coleman, M. Odiit, M. Carrington, and I. Maudlin 2001. Identification of human-infective trypanosomes in animal reservoir of sleeping sickness in Uganda by means of serum-resistance-associated (SRA) gene. The Lancet 358:2017-2019.
127. Welburn, S. C., I. Beange, M. J. Ducrotoy, and A. L. Okello 2015. The neglected zoonoses-the case for integrated control and advocacy. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 21:433-443.
128. Whitlock, M. C. 1996. The red queen beats the jack-of-all-trades: the limitations on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity and niche breadth. American Naturalist 148:S65-S77.
129. WHO 2006. Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis. 62 pp.
130. WHO 2012a. Research Priorities for Zoonoses and Marginalized Infections. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Report nr 971.
131. WHO 2012b. A roadmap to elimination. http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/NTD_RoadMap_2012_Fullversion.pdf World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Report nr WHO/HTM/NTD/2012.1
132. WHO 2014. Global Burden of Disease Estimates for 2000-2012.
133. Wood, C. L., K. D. Lafferty, G. Deleo, H. S. Young, P. J. Hudson, and A. M. Kuris 2014. Does biodiversity protect humans against infectious disease? Ecology 95:817-832.
134. Woolhouse, M. E. J., and C. Dye 2001. Population biology of emerging and re-emerging pathogens. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B-Biological Sciences 356:979-1106.
135. Woolhouse, M. E. J., and J. P. Webster 2000. In Search of the Red Queen. Parasitology Today 16:506-508.
136. Woolhouse, M. E. J., L. H. Taylor, and D. T. Haydon 2001. Population biology of multihost pathogens. Science 292:1109-1112.
137. Woolhouse, M. E. J., J. P. Webster, E. Domingo, B. Charlesworth, and B. R. Levin 2002. Biological and biomedical implications of the coevolution of pathogens and their hosts. Nature Genetics 32:569-577.
138. Woolhouse, M. E., D. T. Haydon, and R. Antia 2005. Emerging pathogens: the epidemiology and evolution of species jumps. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20:238-244.
139. Yamane, K., Y. Suzuki, E. Tachi, T. Li, X. Chen, M. Nakao, A. Nkouawa et al. 2012. Recent hybridization between Taenia asiatica and Taenia saginata. Parasitology International 61:351-355.
140. Yamane, K., T. Yanagida, T. Li, X. Chen, P. Dekumyoy, J. Waikagul, A. Nkouawa et al. 2013. Genotypic relationships between Taenia saginata, Taenia asiatica and their hybrids. Parasitology 140:1595-1601.
141. Zhou, X. N., J. G. Guo, X. H. Wu, Q. W. Jiang, J. Zheng, H. Dang, X. H. Wang et al. 2007. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China, 2004. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13:1470-1476.