Interference control training for PTSD: A randomized controlled trial of a novel computer-based intervention

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

Volumn 34, Issue , 2015, Pages 33-42

  Bomyea, Jessica ^a   Stein, Murray B ^a,b   Lang, Ariel J ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognitive control; Cognitive training; Executive functioning; PTSD; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DSM-IV; FEASIBILITY STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION; INFORMED CONSENT; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE CONTROL; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SELF REPORT; SEXUAL ASSAULT; STATE TRAIT ANXIETY INVENTORY; TASK PERFORMANCE; WORKING MEMORY; ADOLESCENT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; COMPUTER ASSISTED THERAPY; MIDDLE AGED; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; SHORT TERM MEMORY; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; MIDDLE AGED; SELF REPORT; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; THERAPY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84951950257     PISSN: 08876185     EISSN: 18737897     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.05.010     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 2000, Author, Washington, DC. 4th ed. text revision.
2. Amir N., Beard C., Burns M., Bomyea J. Attention modification program in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2009, 118:28-33. 10.1037/a0012589.
3. Amir N., Beard C., Taylor C.T., Klumpp H., Elias J., Burns M., et al. Attention training in individuals with generalized social phobia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2009, 77:961-973. 10.1037/a0016685.
4. Amir N., Taylor C.T. Interpretation training in individuals with generalized social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2012, 80:497-511. 10.1037/a0026928.
5. Anderson M.C., Levy B.J. Suppressing unwanted memories. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2008, 18:189-194. 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01634.x.
6. Aupperle R.L., Melrose A.J., Stein M.B., Paulus M.P. Executive function and PTSD: disengaging from trauma. Neuropharmacology 2012, 62:686-694. 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.008.
7. Baron R.M., Kenny D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986, 51:1173-1182. 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173.
8. Beard C. Cognitive bias modification for anxiety: current evidence and future directions. Expert Reviews in Neurotherapy 2011, 11:299-311. 10.1586/ern.10.194.
9. Beck A.T., Steer R.A., Brown G.K. Manual for Beck Depression Inventory-II 1996, Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.
10. Bomyea J., Amir N. The effect of an executive functioning training program on working memory capacity and intrusive thoughts. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2011, 35:529-535. 10.1007/s10608-011-9369-8.
11. Bomyea J., Lang A.J., Amir N. The relationship between cognitive control and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2012, 43:844-848. 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.12.001.
12. Borkovec T.D., Nau S.D. Credibility of analogue therapy rationales. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry 1972, 3:257-260.
13. Blake D.D., Weathers F.W., Nagy L.M. The development of clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1995, 8:75-89.
14. Bradley R., Greene J., Russ E., Dutra L., Westen D. A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for PTSD. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 162:214-227. 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.214.
15. Breslau N., Kessler R.C., Chilcoat H.D., Schultz L.R., Davis G.C., Andreski P. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community. Archives of General Psychiatry 1998, 55:626-632.
16. Breslau N., Kessler R.C., Chilcoat H.D., Schultz L.R., Davis G.C., Andreski P. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit area survey of trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry 1998, 55:626-632. 10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.626.
17. Brewin C.R., Beaton A. Thought suppression, intelligence, and working memory capacity. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2002, 40:923-930. 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00127-9.
18. Brewin C.R., Smart L. Working memory capacity and suppression of intrusive thoughts. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2005, 36:61-68. 10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.11.006.
19. Bunting M. Proactive interference and item similarity in working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2006, 32:183-196. 10.1037/0278-7393.32.2.183.
20. Buschkuehl M., Jaeggi S.M., Hutchison S., Perrig-Chiello P., Däpp C., Müller M., et al. Impact of working memory training on memory performance in old-old adults. Psychology and Aging 2008, 23:743-753. 10.1037/a0014342.
21. Chard K.M. An evaluation of cognitive processing therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2005, 73:965-971. 10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.965.
22. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences 1988, Routledge Academic, New York, NY.
23. Conway A.R.A., Kane M.J., Bunting M.F., Hambrick D.Z., Wilhelm O., Engle R.W. Working memory span tasks: a methodological review and user's guide. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Special Issue: Memory Strength and Recency Judgments 2005, 12:769-786.
24. Daneman M., Carpenter P.A. Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 1980, 19:450-466. 10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90312-6.
25. Dickinson D., Tenhula W., Morris S., Brown C., Peer J., Spencer K., et al. A randomized, controlled trial of computer-assisted cognitive remediation for schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2010, 167:170-180. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020264.
26. Etkin A., Wager T.D. Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 164:1476-1488. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504.
27. First M.B., Spitzer R.L., Gibbon M., Williams J.B. Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-patient edition (SCID-I/P, version 2.0) 1994, Biometrics Research Department, New York, NY.
28. Eren-Koçak E.1., Kiliç C., Aydin I., Hizli F.G. Memory and prefrontal functions in earthquake survivors: differences between current and past post-traumatic stress disorder patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009, 119(1):35-44. Epub 2008 Oct 14. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01281.x.
29. Fox L.S., Knight B.G. The effects of anxiety on attentional processes in older adults. Aging and Mental Health 2005, 9:585-593. 10.1080/13607860500294282.
30. Friedman N.P., Miyake A. The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: a latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2004, 133:101-135. 10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.101.
31. Gray M.J., Litz B.T., Hsu J.L., Lombardo T.W. Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. Assessment 2004, 11:330-341. 10.1177/1073191104269954.
32. Hallion L.S., Ruscio A.M. A meta-analysis of the effect of cognitive bias modification on anxiety and depression. Psychological Bulletin 2011, 137:940-958. 10.1037/a0024355.
33. Harrison T.L., Shipstead Z., Hicks K.L., Hambtrick D.Z., Redick T.S., Engle R.W. Working memory training may increase working memory capacity but not fluid intelligence. Psychological Science 2013, 25:2409-2419. 10.1177/0956797613492984.
34. Jaeggi S.M., Buschkuehl M., Jonides J., Perrig W.J. Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2008, 105:6829-6833. 10.1073/pnas.0801268105.
35. Joormann J., Yoon K.L., Siemer M. Cognition and emotion regulation. Emotion regulation and psychopathology: a transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment 2010, 174-203. Guilford Press, New York, NY, USA. A.M. Kring, D.M. Sloan (Eds.).
36. Keshayan M.S., Vinogradov S., Rumsey J., Sherrill J., Wagner A. Cognitive training in mental disorders: update and future directions. American Journal of Psychiatry 2014, 171:510-522. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13081075.
37. Kessler R.C., Sonnega A., Bromet E., Hughes M. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 1995, 52:1048-1060.
38. Klingberg T., Fernell E., Olesen P.J., Johnson M., Gustafsson P., Dahlström K., et al. Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD-a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2005, 44:177-186. 10.1097/00004583-200502000-00010.
39. Lustig C., May C.P., Hasher L. Working memory span and the role of proactive interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2001, 130:199-207. 10.1037/0096-3445.130.2.199.
40. MacKinnon D.P., Fairchild A.J., Fritz M.S. Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology 2007, 58:593-614. 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542.
41. Macleod C. Cognitive bias modification procedures in the management of mental disorders. Current Opinions in Psychiatry 2012, 25:114-120. 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32834fda4a.
42. Macleod C., Mathews A. Cognitive bias modification approaches to anxiety. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2012, 8:189-217. 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143052.
43. Mahncke H.W., Bronstone A., Merzenich M.M. Brain plasticity and functional losses in the aged: scientific bases for a novel intervention. Progress in Brain Research 2006, 157:81-109.
44. May C.P., Hasher L., Kane M.J. The role of interference in memory span. Memory & Cognition 1999, 27:759-767.
45. McFarlane A.C., Yehuda R., Clark C.R. Biologic models of traumatic memories and post-traumatic stress disorder: the role of neural networks. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 2002, 25:253-270. (Special Issue: Recent Advances in the Study of Biological Alterations in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder). 10.1016/S0193-953X(01)00008-9.
46. McNally R.J., Bryant R.A., Ehlers A. Does early psychological intervention promote recovery from posttraumatic stress?. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 2003, 4:45-79. 10.1111/1529-1006.01421.
47. Melby-Lervâg M., Hulme C. Is working memory training effective?. A meta-analytic review. Developmental Psychology 2012, 48:270-291. 10.1037/a0028228.
48. Miyake A., Friedman N.P., Emerson M.J., Witzki A.H., Howerter A. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology 2000, 41:49-100. 10.1006/cogp.1999.0734.
49. Morrison A.C., Chein J.M. Does working memory training work? The promise and challenges of enhancing cognition by training working memory. Psychonomics Bulletin Review 2011, 18:46-60. 10.3758/s12423-010-0044-0.
50. National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Epidemiological facts about PTSD-a national center for PTSD fact sheet 2005, Retrieved April 1 2005 from 〈http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/facts/general/fs_epidemiological.html〉.
51. Olesen P.J., Westerberg H., Klingberg T. Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory. Nature Neuroscience 2004, 7:75-79. 10.1038/nn1165.
52. Ponniah K., Hollon S.D. Empirically supported psychological treatments for adult acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: a review. Depression and Anxiety 2009, 26:1086-1109. 10.1002/da.20635.
53. Preacher K.J., Hayes A.F. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods 2008, 40:879-891. 10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.
54. Redick T.S., Shipstead Z., Harrison T.L., Hicks K.L., Fried D.E., Hambrick D.Z., et al. No evidence of intelligence improvement after working memory training: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2013, 142:359-379. 10.1037/a0029082.
55. Rothbaum B.O., Astin M.C., Marsteller F. Prolonged exposure versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2005, 18:607-616. 10.1002/jts.20069.
56. Schnurr P.P., Friedman M.J., Engel C.C., Foa E.B., Shea M.T., Chow B.K., et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association 2007, 297:820-830. 10.1001/jama.297.8.820.
57. Schweizer S., Hampshire A., Dalglesigh T. Extending brain-training to the affective domain: increasing executive control through emotional working memory training. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:1-7. 10.1371/journal.pone.0024372.
58. Schottenbauer M.A., Glass C.R., Arnkoff D.B., Tendick V., Gray S.H. Nonresponse and dropout rates in outcome studies on PTSD: review and methodological considerations. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes 2008, 71:134-168. 10.1521/psyc.2008.71.2.134.
59. Shipstead Z., Redick T.S., Engle R.W. Is working memory training effective?. Psychological Bulletin 2012, 138:628-654. 10.1037/a0027473.
60. Siegle G.J., Ghinassi F., Thase M.E. Neurobehavioral therapies in the 21st century: summary of an emerging field and an extended example of cognitive control training for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2007, 31:235-262. 10.1007/s10608-006-9118-6.
61. Spielberger C.D., Gorsuch R.L., Lushene R., Vagg P.R., Jacobs G.A. Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory 1983, Consulting Psychologist Press, Palo Alto, CA.
62. Stein M.B., Walker J.R., Hazen A.L., Forde D.R. Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from a community survey. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1997, 154:1114-1119.
63. Tabachnick B.G., Fidell L.S. Using multivariate statistics 2007, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. 5th ed.
64. Unsworth N. Interference control, working memory capacity, and cognitive ability: a latent variable analysis. Intelligence 2010, 28:255-267.
65. Unsworth N., Heitz R.P., Schrock J.C., Engle R.W. An automated version of the operation span task. Behavior Research Methods 2005, 37:498-505.
66. Van Breukelen G.J.P. ANCOVA versus change from baseline had more power in randomized studies and more bias in nonrandomized studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2006, 59:920-925.
67. Vasterling J.J., Brailey K., Constans J.I., Sutker P.B. Attention and memory dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychology 1998, 12:125-133. 10.1037/0894-4105.12.1.125.
68. Verwoerd J., de Jong P.J., Wessel I. Low attentional control and the development of intrusive memories following a laboratory stressor. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 2008, 30:291-297. 10.1007/s10862-008-9080-6.
69. Verwoerd J., Wessel I., de Jong P.J. Individual differences in experiencing intrusive memories: the role of the ability to resist proactive interference. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2009, 40:189-201. 10.1016/j.jbtep.2008.08.002.
70. Verwoerd J., Wessel I., de Jong P.J., Nieuwenhuis M.M.W., Huntjens R.C.J. Pre-stressor interference control and intrusive memories. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2011, 35:161-170.
71. Vickers A.J., Altman D.G. Analysing controlled trials with baseline and follow up measurements. British Medical Journal 2001, 323:1123-1124.
72. Vinogradov S., Fisher M., de Villers-Sidani E. Cognitive training for impaired neural systems in neuropsychiatric illness. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012, 37:43-76.
73. Weathers F.W., Keane T.M., Davidson J.R.T. Clinician-administered PTSD scale: a review of the first ten years of research. Depression and Anxiety 2001, 13:132-156. 10.1002/da.1029.
74. Weathers F.W., Ruscio A.M., Keane T.M. Psychometric properties of nine scoring rules for the clinician-administered posttraumatic stress disorder scale. Psychological Assessment 1999, 11:124-133. 10.1037/1040-3590.11.2.124.
75. Wessel I., Overwijk S., Verwoerd J., de Vrieze N. Pre-stressor cognitive control is related to intrusive cognition of a stressful film. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2008, 46:496-513. 10.1016/j.brat.2008.01.016.