Drought over East Asia: A review

Journal of Climate

Volumn 28, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 3375-3399

  Zhang, Lixia ^a,b   Zhou, Tianjun ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS   (China)

^b NANJING UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS; CARBON DIOXIDE; CLIMATOLOGY; DROUGHT; FIGHTER AIRCRAFT; MECHANICAL WAVES; OCEANOGRAPHY;

ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; INTERANNUAL TIME SCALE; NORTHWESTERN CHINA; PACIFIC DECADAL OSCILLATION; PRECIPITATION ANOMALIES; SUMMER PRECIPITATION; TELECONNECTION PATTERNS; TROPICAL INDIAN OCEAN;

CLIMATE MODELS;

EID: 84949844533     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00259.1     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. Adler, R.F., and Coauthors, 2003: The Version-2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979-present). J. Hydrometeor., 4, 1147-1167, doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004,1147:TVGPCP.2.0.CO;2.
2. An, S., and J. Xing, 1986: A modified Palmer's Drought Index (in Chinese). J. Acad. Meteor. Sci., 1, 75-82.
3. Barriopedro, D., C.M. Gouveia, R.M. Trigo, and L. Wang, 2012: The 2009/10 drought in China: Possible causes and impacts on vegetation. J. Hydrometeor., 13, 1251-1267, doi:10.1175/JHM-D-11-074.1.
4. Burke, E.J., and S. J. Brown, 2008: Evaluating uncertainties in the projection of future drought. J. Hydrometeor., 9, 292-299, doi:10.1175/2007JHM929.1.
5. Burke, E.J., S.J. Brown, and N. Christidis, 2006: Modeling the recent evolution of global drought and projections for the twenty-first century with the Hadley Centre climate model. J. Hydrometeor., 7, 1113-1125, doi:10.1175/JHM544.1.
6. Byun, H.R., and D. A. Wilhite, 1999: Objective quantification of drought severity and duration. J. Climate, 12, 2747-2756, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012,2747:OQODSA.2.0.CO;2.
7. Chen, H., T. Zhou, R.B. Neale, X. Wu, and G. J. Zhang, 2010: Performance of the new NCAR CAM3.5 in East Asian summer monsoon simulations: Sensitivity to modifications of the convection scheme. J. Climate, 23, 3657-3675, doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3022.1.
8. Dai, A., 2011a: Drought under global warming: A review. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Climate Change, 2, 45-65, doi:10.1002/wcc.81.
9. Dai, A., 2011b: Characteristics and trends in various forms of the Palmer drought severity index during 1900-2008. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D12115, doi:10.1029/2010JD015541.
10. Dai, A., 2013: Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models. Nat. Climate Change, 3, 52-58, doi:10.1038/nclimate1633.
11. Dai, A., K.E. Trenberth, and T. R. Karl, 1998: Global variations in droughts and wet spells: 1900-1995. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3367-3370, doi:10.1029/98GL52511.
12. Dai, A., K.E. Trenberth, and T. T. Qian, 2004: A global dataset of Palmer drought severity index for 1870-2002: Relationship with soil moisture and effects of surface warming. J. Hydrometeor., 5, 1117-1130, doi:10.1175/JHM-386.1.
13. Ding, Q., and B. Wang, 2005: Circumglobal teleconnection in the Northern Hemisphere summer. J. Climate, 18, 3483-3503, doi:10.1175/JCLI3473.1.
14. Ding, Q., B. Wang, J.M. Wallace, and G. Branstator, 2011: Tropical- extratropical teleconnections in boreal summer: Observed interannual variability. J. Climate, 24, 1878-1896, doi: 10.1175/2011JCLI3621.1.
15. Ding, Y.H., and Y. Sun, 2003: Inter-decadal variation of the temperature and precipitation patterns in East Asian monsoon region. Proc. Int. Symp. on Climate Change (ISCC), Beijing, China, World Meteorological Organization, 66-71.
16. Duan, A., and G. Wu, 2008: Weakening trend in the atmospheric heat source over the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades. Part I: Observations. J. Climate, 21, 3149-3164, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1912.1.
17. Dutra, E., L. Magnusson, F. Wetterhall, H.L. Cloke, G. Balsamo, S. Boussetta, and F. Pappenberger, 2013: The 2010-2011 drought in the Horn of Africa in ECMWF reanalysis and seasonal forecast products. Int. J. Climatol., 33, 1720-1729, doi:10.1002/joc.3545.
18. Edwards, D.C., and T. B. McKee, 1997: Characteristics of 20th century drought in the United States at multiple time scales. Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Atmospheric Science Paper 634, 155 pp.
19. Enomoto, T., B.J. Hoskins, and Y. Matsuda, 2003: The formation mechanism of the Bonin high in August. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 157-178, doi:10.1256/qj.01.211.
20. Fan, G.Z., and G. D. Cheng, 2003a: Reason analysis of the influence of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau uplifting on arid climate forming in northwest China (I): Influence on general circulation of atmosphere (in Chinese). Plateau Meteor., 22, 45-57.
21. Fan, G. Z, G.D. Cheng, 2003b: Simulation of influence of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau uplifting on NW China arid climate forming (II): Changing of atmosphere hydrological cycle and dynamical and thermal effects of Plateau (in Chinese). Plateau Meteor., 22, 58-66.
22. Ferguson, I.M., J.A. Dracup, P.B. Duffy, P. Pegion, and S. Schubert, 2010: Influence of SST forcing on stochastic characteristics of simulated precipitation and drought. J. Hydrometeor., 11, 754-769, doi:10.1175/2009JHM1132.1.
23. Gao, X.J., D. Zhang, Z. Chen, J.S. Pal, and F. Giorgi, 2007: Land use effects on climate in China as simulated by a regional climate model. Sci. China, 50D, 620-628, doi:10.1007/s11430-007-2060-y.
24. Gill, A.E., 1980: Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 447-462, doi:10.1002/qj.49710644905.
25. Gong, D.Y., 2007: Climate of China. Climate Disasters, S.W. Wang and W. Li, Eds., China Meteor. Press, 138-176.
26. Gong, D.Y., and C. H. Ho, 2003: Arctic oscillation signals in the East Asian summer monsoon. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4066, doi:10.1029/2002JD002193.
27. Guo, Q., 1992: Teleconnection between the floods/droughts in North China and Indian summer monsoon rainfall (in Chinese). Acta Geogr. Sin., 47, 394-402.
28. He, B., A.F. Lü, J. Wu, L. Zhao, and M. Liu, 2011: Drought hazard assessment and spatial characteristics analysis in China. J. Geogr. Sci., 21, 235-249, doi:10.1007/s11442-011-0841-x.
29. Heim, R.R., Jr., 2000: Drought indices: A review. Drought: A Global Assessment, D.A. White, Ed., Hazards and Disasters, Vol. 2, Routledge, 159-167.
30. Hu, Z.Z., 1997: Interdecadal variability of summer climate over East Asia and its association with 500 hPa height and global sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 19 403-19 412, doi:10.1029/97JD01052.
31. Huang, R.H., J.L. Chen, and G. Huang, 2007: Characteristics and variations of the East Asian monsoon system and its impacts on climate disasters in China. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 24, 993-1023, doi:10.1007/s00376-007-0993-x.
32. Huang, R.H., J.L. Chen, L. Wang, and Z. D. Lin, 2012: Characteristics, processes, and causes of the spatio-temporal variabilities of the East Asian monsoon system. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 29, 910-942, doi:10.1007/s00376-012-2015-x.
33. Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-470, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077,0437:TNYRP.2.0.CO;2.
34. Kang, I.S., J.Y. Lee, and C. K. Park, 2004: Potential predictability of summer mean precipitation in a dynamical seasonal prediction system with systematic error correction. J. Climate, 17, 834-844, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017,0834: PPOSMP.2.0.CO;2.
35. Keyantash, J., and J.A. Dracup, 2002: The quantification of drought: An evaluation of drought indices. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1167-1180, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083,1191: TQODAE.2.3.CO;2.
36. Kim, D.W., and H. R. Byun, 2009: Future pattern of Asian drought under global warming scenario. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 98, 137-150, doi:10.1007/s00704-008-0100-y.
37. Kim, D.W., H.R. Byun, and K. S. Choi, 2009: Evaluation, modification, and application of the effective drought index to 200-year drought climatology of Seoul, Korea. J. Hydrol., 378, 1-12, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.08.021.
38. Kim, D.W., H.R. Byun, K.S. Choi, and S. B. Oh, 2011: A spatiotemporal analysis of historical droughts in Korea. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, 1895-1912, doi:10.1175/2011JAMC2664.1.
39. Kim, H.M., P.J. Webster, J.A. Curry, and V. E. Toma, 2012: Asian summer monsoon prediction in ECMWF System 4 and NCEP CFSv2 retrospective seasonal forecasts. Climate Dyn., 39, 2975-2991, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1470-5.
40. Kosaka, Y., and H. Nakamura, 2006: Structure and dynamics of the summertime Pacific-Japan teleconnection pattern. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 2009-2030, doi:10.1256/qj.05.204.
41. Quart. J. Roy, J.S. Chowdary, S.P. Xie, Y.M. Min, and J. Y. Lee, 2012: Limitations of seasonal predictability for summer climate over East Asia and the northwestern Pacific. J. Climate, 25, 7574-7589, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00009.1.
42. Lee, J., S. Lee, B. Wang, K. Ha, and J. Jhun, 2013: Seasonal prediction and predictability of the Asian winter temperature variability. Climate Dyn., 41, 573-587, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1588-5.
43. Lee, S.-M., H.-R. Byun, and H. L. Tanaka, 2012: Spatiotemporal characteristics of drought occurrences over Japan. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 51, 1087-1098, doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0157.1.
44. Li, B., and T. J. Zhou, 2011: El Niño-Southern Oscillation-related principal interannual variability modes of early and late summer rainfall over East Asia in sea surface temperaturedriven atmospheric general circulation model simulations. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D14118, doi:10.1029/2011JD015691.
45. Li, H., A. Dai, T. Zhou, and J. Lu, 2010: Responses of East Asian summer monsoon to historical SST and atmospheric forcing during 1950-2000. Climate Dyn., 34, 501-514, doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0482-7.
46. Li, S., R. Liu, L. Shi, and Z. Ma, 2009: Analysis on drought characteristic of He'nan in recent 40 years based on meteorological drought composite index. J. Arid Meteor., 27, 97-102.
47. Li, S.L., J. Lu, G. Huang, and K. M. Hu, 2008: Tropical Indian Ocean basin warming and East Asian summer monsoon: A multiple AGCM study. J. Climate, 21, 6080-6088, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2433.1.
48. Li, Y.H., and D. L. Li, 2004: Effects of ENSO cycle on the summer climate anomaly over northwest China (in Chinese). Plateau Meteor., 23, 930-935.
49. Lin, R., T. Zhou, and Y. Qian, 2014: Evaluation of global monsoon precipitation changes based on five reanalysis datasets. J. Climate, 27, 1271-1289, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00215.1.
50. Liu, H., T. Zhou, Y. Zhu, and Y. Lin, 2012: The strengthening East Asia summer monsoon since the early 1990s. Chin. Sci. Bull., 57, 1553-1558, doi:10.1007/s11434-012-4991-8.
51. Liu, W., S. An, G. Liu, and A. Guo, 2004: The further modification of the Palmer Drought Severity Model (in Chinese). J. Appl. Meteor. Sci., 15, 207-216.
52. Liu, X., S. Yang, Q. Li, A. Kumar, S. Weaver, and S. Liu, 2014: Subseasonal forecast skills and biases of global summer monsoons in the NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2. Climate Dyn., 42, 1487-1508, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1831-8.
53. Liu, X.M., J. Li, Z.H. Lu, M. Liu, and W. R. Xing, 2009: Dynamic changes of composite drought index in Liaoning Province in recent 50 years (in Chinese). Chin. J. Ecol., 28, 938-942.
54. Liu, Y., and Y. Ding, 2008: Analysis and numerical simulations of the teleconnection between Indian summer monsoon and precipitation in North China (in Chinese). Acta Meteor. Sin., 22, 489-501.
55. Luo, L., and E. F. Wood, 2007: Monitoring and predicting the 2007 U.S. drought. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L22702, doi:10.1029/2007GL031673.
56. Luo, L., W. Tang, Z. Lin, and E. Wood, 2013: Evaluation of summer temperature and precipitation predictions from NCEP CFSv2 retrospective forecast over China. Climate Dyn., 41, 2213-2230, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1927-1.
57. Ma, Z., 2007: The interdecadal trend and shift of dry/wet over the central part of North China and their relationship to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Chin. Sci. Bull., 52, 2130-2139, doi:10.1007/s11434-007-0284-z.
58. Ma, Z., C. Fu, 2006: Some evidence of drying trend over northern China from 1951 to 2004. Chin. Sci. Bull., 51, 2913-2925, doi:10.1007/s11434-006-2159-0.
59. Man, W., T. Zhou, and J. H. Jungclaus, 2012: Simulation of the East Asian summer monsoon during the last millennium with the MPI Earth System Model. J. Climate, 25, 7852-7866, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00462.1.
60. Mao, R., D. Gong, and Q. Fang, 2007: Influences of the East Asian jet stream on winter climate in China (in Chinese). J. Appl. Meteor. Sci., 18, 137-146.
61. Matsuno, T., 1966: Quasi-geostrophic motions in the equatorial area. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 44, 25-43.
62. McKee, T.B., N.J. Doesken, and J. Kleist, 1993: The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. Proc. 8th Conf. on Applied Climatology, Anaheim, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 179-184.
63. Menon, S., J. Hansen, L. Nazarenko, and Y. Luo, 2002: Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India. Science, 27, 2250-2253, doi:10.1126/science.1075159.
64. Mishra, A.K., and V. P. Singh, 2010:Areview of drought concepts. J. Hydrol., 391, 202-216, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012.
65. Mitchell, T.D., and P. D. Jones, 2005: An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high resolution grids. Int. J. Climatol., 25, 693-712, doi:10.1002/joc.1181.
66. Morid, S., V. Smakhtin, and M. Moghaddasi, 2006: Comparison of seven meteorological indices for drought monitoring in Iran. Int. J. Climatol., 26, 971-985, doi:10.1002/joc.1264.
67. Nitta, T., 1987: Convective activities in the tropical western Pacific and their impact on the Northern Hemisphere summer circulation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 65, 373-390.
68. North, G., T.L. Bell, R. F. Cahalan, and F. J. Moeng, 1982: Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 699-706, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110,0699: SEITEO.2.0.CO;2.
69. Oh, S.-B., H.-R. Byun, and D.-W. Kim, 2014: Spatiotemporal characteristics of regional drought occurrence in East Asia. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 117, 89-101, doi:10.1007/s00704-013-0980-3.
70. Palmer, W.C., 1965: Meteorologic drought. U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, Research Paper 45, 58 pp.
71. Pandey, R.P., B.B. Dash, S.K. Mishra, and R. Singh, 2007: Study of indices for drought characterization in KBK districts in Orissa (India). Hydrol. Processes, 22, 1895-1907, doi:10.1002/hyp.6774.
72. Qian, C., and T. Zhou, 2014: Multidecadal variability of North China aridity and its relationship to PDO during 1900-2010. J. Climate, 27, 1210-1222, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00235.1.
73. Qian, W., and Y. L. Zhu, 2001: Climate change in China from 1880 to 1998 and its impact on the environmental condition. Climatic Change, 50, 419-444, doi:10.1023/A: 1010673212131.
74. Qian, W., Q. Hu, Y. Zhu, and D.-K. Lee, 2003: Centennial-scale dry- wet variations in East Asia. Climate Dyn., 21, 77-89, doi:10.1007/s00382-003-0319-3.
75. Qiu, H.J., M. Cao, J. Hao, Y. Wang, and Y. Wang, 2013: Relationship between frequency and magnitude of drought damage in China in 1950-2010. Sci. Geogr. Sin., 33, 576-580.
76. Qiu, J., 2010: China drought highlights future climate threats. Nature, 465, 142-143, doi:10.1038/465142a.
77. Sato, N., and M. Takahashi, 2006: Dynamical processes related to the appearance of quasi-stationary waves on the subtropical jet in the midsummer Northern Hemisphere. J. Climate, 19, 1531-1544, doi:10.1175/JCLI3697.1.
78. Sheffield, J., and E. Wood, 2008: Projected changes in drought occurrence under future global warming from multi-model, multi-scenario, IPCC AR4 simulations. Climate Dyn., 31, 79-105, doi:10.1007/s00382-007-0340-z.
79. Shen, C.M., W.C. Wang, Z. Hao, and W. Dong, 2007: Exceptional drought events over eastern China during the last five centuries. Climatic Change, 85, 453-471, doi:10.1007/s10584-007-9283-y.
80. Shi, Y., Y. Shen, E. Kang, D. Li, Y. Ding, G. Zhang, and R. Hu, 2007: Recent and future climate change in northwest China. Climatic Change, 80, 379-393, doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9121-7.
81. Sillman, J., V.V. Kharin, F.W. Zwiers, X. Zhang, andD. Bronaugh, 2013: Climate extremes indices in the CMIP5 multimodel ensemble: Part 2. Future climate projections. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 2473-2493, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50188.
82. Song, F., and T. Zhou, 2013: FGOALS-s2 simulation of upper-level jet streams over East Asia: Mean state bias and synoptic-scale transient eddy activity. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 30, 739-753, doi:10.1007/s00376-012-2212-7.
83. Song, F., T. Zhou, 2014: Interannual variability of East Asian summer monsoon simulated by CMIP3 and CMIP5 AGCMs: Skill dependence on Indian Ocean-western Pacific anticyclone teleconnection. J. Climate, 27, 1679-1697, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00248.1.
84. Song, F., T. Zhou, and Y. Qian, 2014: Responses of East Asian summer monsoon to natural and anthropogenic forcings in the 17 latest CMIP5 models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 596-603, doi:10.1002/2013GL058705.
85. Sperber, K.R., H. Annamalai, I.-S. Kang, A. Kitoh, A. Moise, A. Turner, B. Wang, and T. Zhou, 2013: The Asian summer monsoon: An intercomparison of CMIP5 vs. CMIP3 simulations of the late 20th century. Climate Dyn., 41, 2711-2744, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1607-6.
86. Sun, C., and S. Yang, 2012: Persistent severe drought in southern China during winter-spring 2011: Large-scale circulation patterns and possible impacting factors. J. Geophys. Res., 117, D10112, doi:10.1029/2012JD017500.
87. Takaya, K., and H. Nakamura, 2001: A formulation of a phaseindependent wave-activity flux for stationary and migratory quasigeostrophic eddies on a zonally varying basic flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 608-627, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058,0608: AFOAPI.2.0.CO;2.
88. Vicente-Serrano, S.M., S. Beguería, and J. I. López-Moreno, 2010: A multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index. J. Climate, 23, 1696-1718, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2909.1.
89. Wang, A., D.P. Lettenmaier, and J. Sheffield, 2011: Soil moisture drought in China, 1950-2006. J. Climate, 24, 3257-3271, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3733.1.
90. Wang, B., and Z. Fan, 1999: Choice of South Asian summer monsoon indices. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 629-638, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080,0629:COSASM.2.0.CO;2.
91. Wang, B., Q. Ding, 2006: Changes in global monsoon precipitation over the past 56 years. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06711, doi:10.1029/2005GL025347.
92. Wang, B., R. Wu, and T. Li, 2003: Atmosphere-warm ocean interaction and its impacts on Asian-Australian monsoon variation. J. Climate, 16, 1195-1211, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16,1195: AOIAII.2.0.CO;2.
93. Wang, B., Q. Ding, X. Fu, I.-S. Kang, K. Jin, J. Shukla, and F. Doblas-Reyes, 2005: Fundamental challenge in simulation and prediction of summer monsoon rainfall. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15711, doi:10.1029/2005GL022734.
94. Wang, B., J. Yang, T. Zhou, and B. Wang, 2008: Interdecadal changes in the major modes of Asian-Australian monsoon variability: Strengthening relationship with ENSO since the late 1970s. J. Climate, 21, 1771-1789, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1981.1.
95. Wang, B., Coauthors, 2009: Advance and prospectus of seasonal prediction: Assessment of the APCC/CliPAS 14-model ensemble retrospective seasonal prediction (1980-2004). Climate Dyn., 33, 93-117, doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0460-0.
96. Wang, H., 2001: The weakening of Asian monsoon circulation after the end of 1970's. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 18, 376-386, doi:10.1007/BF02919316.
97. Wang, J., J. Guo, Y. Zhou, and L. Yang, 2007: Progress and prospect on drought indices research (in Chinese). Arid Land Geogr., 30, 60-65.
98. Wang, P.X., J.H. He, Y.F. Zheng, and Q. Zhang, 2007: Interdecadal relationship between summer Arctic Oscillation and aridity-wettness feature in northwest China (in Chinese). J. Desert Res., 27, 883-889.
99. Wang, S.W., D. Gong, J. Ye, and Z. Chen, 2000: Seasonal precipitation series over China since 1880 (in Chinese). Acta Geogr. Sin., 55, 281-293.
100. Wang, S.W., J. Cai, and J. Zhu, 2002: The interdecadal variations of annual precipitation in China during 1880s-1990s (in Chinese). Acta Meteor. Sin., 60, 637-639.
101. Wang, T., H. Wang, O. Ottera, Y. Gao, L. Suo, T. Furevik, andL. Yu, 2013: Anthropogenic agent implicated as a prime driver of shift in precipitation in eastern China in the late 1970s. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12 433-12 450, doi:10.5194/acp-13-12433-2013.
102. Wang, W., H. Xu, 2012: The modification of Palmer drought severity index in the research of drought in the Huaihe area. Adv. Earth Sci., 27, 60-67, doi:10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2012.01.0060.
103. Wang, Z., and Y. Ding, 2006: Climate change of the cold wave frequency of China in the last 53 years and the possible reasons (in Chinese). Chin. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1068-1076.
104. Wei, K., and L. Wang, 2013: Reexamination of the aridity conditions in arid northwestern China for the last decade. J. Climate, 26, 9594-9602, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00605.1.
105. Wu, B., T. Zhou, and T. Li, 2009: Seasonally evolving dominant interannual variability modes of East Asian climate. J. Climate, 22, 2992-3005, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2710.1.
106. Wu, B., T. Li, and T. Zhou, 2010: Relative contributions of the Indian Ocean and local SST anomalies to the maintenance of the western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone during the El Niño decaying summer. J. Climate, 23, 2974-2986, doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3300.1.
107. Wu, R., and B. P. Kirtman, 2005: Roles of Indian and Pacific Ocean air-sea coupling in tropical atmospheric variability. Climate Dyn., 25, 155-170, doi:10.1007/s00382-005-0003-x.
108. Wu, R., B.P. Kirtman, 2007: Regimes of seasonal air-sea interaction and implications for performance of forced simulations. Climate Dyn., 29, 393-410, doi:10.1007/s00382-007-0246-9.
109. Wu, R., Z. Hu, and B. Kirtman, 2003: Evolution of ENSO-related rainfall anomalies in East Asia. J. Climate, 16, 3742-3758, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016,3742:EOERAI.2.0.CO;2.
110. Wu, T., and Z. Qian, 1996: Comparative analyses of differences between circulation and dynamical effect of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau overNWChina drought area in dry- and wet-summer. Plateau Meteor., 15, 387-396.
111. Wu, T., and Z. Qian, P. Li, M. Song, and X. Ma, 1998: Some comparative analyses of subsequent precipitation over northwest China drought area in winter heavy- and light-snow years over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (in Chinese). Plateau Meteor., 17, 364-372.
112. Xiao, J., Q. Zhuang, E. Liang, X. Shao, A.D. McGuire, A. Moody, D.W. Kicklighter, and J. M. Melillo, 2009: Twentieth-century drought and their impacts on terrestrial carbon cycling in China. Earth Interact., 13, doi:10.1175/2009EI275.1.
113. Xie, S.-P., K. Hu, J. Hafner, H. Tokinaga, Y. Du, G. Huang, and T. Sampe, 2009: Indian Ocean capacitor effect on Indo- western Pacific climate during the summer following El Niño. J. Climate, 22, 730-747, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2544.1.
114. Xin, X.G., R. Yu, T. Zhou, and B. Wang, 2006: Drought in late spring of South China in recent decades. J. Climate, 19, 3197-3206, doi:10.1175/JCLI3794.1.
115. Xin, X.G., T. Zhou, and R. Yu, 2010: Increased Tibetan Plateau snow depth:Anindicator of the connection between enhancedwinter NAOand late-spring tropospheric cooling over EastAsia. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 27, 788-794, doi:10.1007/s00376-009-9071-x.
116. Xu, G.C., and Z. Y. Zhang, 1983: The effect of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau on the formation of dry climate over the northwest China (in Chinese). Plateau Meteor., 2, 9-16.
117. Xu, K., D. Young, H. Yang, Z. Li, Y. Qin, and Y. Shen, 2014: Spatio-temporal variation of drought in China during 1961-2012: A climatic perspective. J. Hydrol., doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.09.047, in press.
118. Xu, Q., 2001: Abrupt change of the mid-summer climate in central east China by the influence of atmospheric pollution. Atmos. Environ., 35, 5029-5040, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00315-6.
119. Yang, J., D. Gong, W. Wang, M. Hu, and R. Mao, 2012: Extreme drought event of 2009/2010 over southwestern China. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 115, 173-184, doi:10.1007/s00703-011-0172-6.
120. Yang, L.F., and W. S. Xie, 2009: Drought-flood monitoring and index test in Anhui Province (in Chinese). J. Anhui Agric. Sci., 37, 3848-3850.
121. Yang, S., Z. Zhang, V. Kousky, R. Higgins, S. Yoo, J. Liang, and Y. Fan, 2008: Simulations and seasonal prediction of the Asian summer monsoon in the NCEP Climate Forecast System. J. Climate, 21, 3755-3775, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI1961.1.
122. Yang, X., G. Liu, X. Yang, and R. Wang, 2005a: The modification of Palmer Drought Severity Model for Gansu Loess Plateau (in Chinese). Arid Meteor., 23, 8-12.
123. Yang, X., X. Yang, P. Ma, R. Wang, and Y. Dong, 2005b: Modification and applications of PDSI for mid and eastern Gansu Province (in Chinese). Adv. Earth Sci., 20, 1022-1028.
124. Yao, Y., C. Zhang, Z. Deng, A. Dong, X. Zhang, F. Wei, and J. Yang, 2007: Overview of meteorological and agricultural drought indices (in Chinese). Agric. Res. Arid Areas, 25, 185-189.
125. Ye, D.Z., and Y. X. Gao, 1979: Tibetan Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese). Science Press, 278 pp.
126. Yu, R.C., and T. J. Zhou, 2007: Seasonality and three-dimensional structure of the interdecadal change in East Asian monsoon. J. Climate, 20, 5344-5355, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1559.1.
127. Yu, R.C., B. Wang, and T. Zhou, 2004: Tropospheric cooling and summer monsoon weakening trend over East Asia. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L22212, doi:10.1029/2004GL021270.
128. Yuan, W.P., and G. S. Zhou, 2004: Theoretical study and research prospect on drought indices (in Chinese). Adv. Earth Sci., 19, 982-991.
129. Yuan, X., and E. F. Wood, 2013: Multimodel seasonal forecasting of global drought onset. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 4900-4905, doi:10.1002/grl.50949.
130. Zhai, J., B. Su, V. Krysanova, T. Vetter, C. Gao, and T. Jiang, 2010: Spatial variation and trends in PDSI and SPI indices and their relation to streamflow in 10 large regions of China. J. Climate, 23, 649-663, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2968.1.
131. Zhang, C., B. Wang, D. Liu, and Z. Cai, 1998: Research on drought and flood indices in the northwest China (in Chinese). Plateau Meteor., 17, 381-389.
132. Zhang, L.X., and T. Zhou, 2011: An assessment of monsoon precipitation changes during 1901-2001. Climate Dyn., 37, 279-296, doi:10.1007/s00382-011-0993-5.
133. Zhang, Q., J. Wei, and S. Tao, 2003: The decadal and interannual variations of drought in the northernChina and associationwith the circulations (in Chinese). Climate Environ. Res., 8, 318-328.
134. Zhang, Q., X. Zou, and F. Xiao, 2006: Classification of meteorological droughts. Standards Press of China Tech. Rep. GB/T20481-2006, 17 pp.
135. Zhang, Q., Zhang, Q., and Coauthors, 2009: Drought (in Chinese). China Meteorological Press, 199 pp.
136. Zhang Q., J.F. Li, V.P. Singh, and Y. G. Bai, 2012: SPI-based evaluation of drought events in Xinjiang, China. Nat. Hazards, 64, 481-492, doi:10.1007/s11069-012-0251-0.
137. Zhang, S.Y., and Coauthors, 2008: Arid Meteorology (in Chinese). China Meteorological Press, 292 pp.
138. Zhou, T.J., and R. C. Yu, 2005: Atmospheric water vapor transport associated with typical anomalous summer rainfall patterns in China. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D08104, doi:10.1029/2004JD005413.
139. Zhou, T.J., and L. Zou, 2010: Understanding the predictability of East Asian summer monsoon from the reproduction of land-sea thermal contrast change in AMIP-type simulation. J. Climate, 23, 6009-6026, doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3546.1.
140. Zhou, T.J., T. Hong, 2013: Projected changes of Palmer drought severity index under an RCP8.5 scenario. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. Lett., 6, 273-278, doi:10.3878/j.issn.1674-2834.13.0032.
141. Zhou, T.J., R. Yu, H. Li, and B. Wang, 2008a: Ocean forcing to changes in global monsoon precipitation over the recent half-century. J. Climate, 21, 3833-3852, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2067.1.
142. Zhou, T.J., L. Zhang, and H. Li, 2008b: Changes in global land monsoon area and total rainfall accumulation over the last half century. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L16707, doi:10.1029/2008GL034881.
143. Zhou, T.J., D. Gong, J. Li, and B. Li, 2009a: Detecting and understanding the multi-decadal variability of the East Asian summer monsoon- Recent progress and state of affairs. Meteor. Z., 18, 455-467, doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2009/0396.
144. Zhou, T.J., B. Wu, and B. Wang, 2009b: How well do atmospheric general circulation models capture the leading modes of the interannual variability of the Asian-Australian monsoon? J. Climate, 22, 1159-1173, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2245.1.
145. Zhou, T.J., F. Song, R. Lin, X. Chen, and X. Chen, 2013: The 2012 North China floods: Explaining an extreme rainfall event in the context of a long-term drying tendency [in "Explaining Extreme Events of 2012 from a Climate Perspective"]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94 (9), S49-S51.
146. Zhu, Y.L., H.J. Wang, W. Zhou, and J. Ma, 2011: Recent changes in the summer precipitation pattern in East China and the background circulation. Climate Dyn., 36, 1463-1473, doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0852-9.
147. Zou, X., and Q. Zhang, 2008: Preliminary studies on variations in droughts over China during past 50 years (in Chinese). J. Appl. Meteor. Sci., 19, 679-687.
148. Zou, X., P. Zhai, and Q. Zhang, A2005: Variations in droughts over China: 1951-2003. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L04707, doi:10.1029/2004GL021853.