Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid blood biomarkers increase linearly in men and women after tightly controlled intakes of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 g/d of EPA + DHA

Nutrition Research

Volumn 35, Issue 12, 2015, Pages 1040-1051

  Patterson, Ashley C ^a,b   Chalil, Alan ^a   Aristizabal Henao, Juan J ^a   Streit, Isaac T ^a   Stark, Ken D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^b Mead Johnson Nutritionals   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Blood; Docosahexaenoic acid; Dose response; Eicosapentaenoic acid; Humans; Nutrition assessment

Indexed keywords

DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PHOSPHOLIPID; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DIETARY COMPLIANCE; DIETARY INTAKE; FATTY ACID BLOOD LEVEL; FEMALE; FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LIPID COMPOSITION; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; PHOSPHOLIPID BLOOD LEVEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEX DIFFERENCE; SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH; THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY; BLOOD; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DIET; DIETARY SUPPLEMENT; ERYTHROCYTE; HEART ARREST; MEDICATION COMPLIANCE; METABOLISM; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; QUESTIONNAIRE;

ADULT; BIOMARKERS; DIET; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACIDS; EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; ERYTHROCYTES; FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-3; FEMALE; HEART ARREST; HUMANS; MALE; MEDICATION ADHERENCE; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES;

EID: 84949231686     PISSN: 02715317     EISSN: 18790739     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.09.016     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Mozaffarian D., Rimm E.B. Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA 2006, 296:1885-1899.
2. Mozaffarian D., Wu J.H. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011, 58:2047-2067.
3. U.S.Department of Agriculture, U.S.Department of Health and Human Services Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 2010, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 7th ed.
4. Kris-Etherton P.M., Harris W.S., Appel L.J. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003, 23:e20-e30.
5. Kris-Etherton P.M., Innis S. Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: dietary fatty acids. J Am Diet Assoc 2007, 107:1599-1611.
6. ISSFAL Policy Statement 3. Recommendations for intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids in healthy adults http://archiveissfalorg/indexphp/lipid-matters-mainmenu-8/issfal-policy-statements-mainmenu-9/23-issfal-policy-statement-32004.
7. WHO/FAO Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition. Report of an expert consultation 2010.
8. Harris W.S., Von Schacky C. The Omega-3 Index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease?. Prev Med 2004, 39:212-220.
9. Patterson A.C., Hogg R.C., Kishi D.M., Stark K.D. Biomarker and dietary validation of a Canadian food frequency questionnaire to measure eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid intakes from whole food, functional food, and nutraceutical sources. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012, 112:1005-1014.
10. Patterson A.C., Metherel A.H., Hanning R.M., Stark K.D. The percentage of DHA in erythrocytes can detect non-adherence to advice to increase EPA and DHA intakes. Br J Nutr 2014, 111:270-278.
11. Blonk M.C., Bilo H.J., Nauta J.J., Popp-Snijders C., Mulder C., Donker A.J. Dose-response effects of fish-oil supplementation in healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 1990, 52:120-127.
12. Di Stasi D., Bernasconi R., Marchioli R., Marfisi R.M., Rossi G., Tognoni G., et al. Early modifications of fatty acid composition in plasma phospholipids, platelets and mononucleates of healthy volunteers after low doses of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004, 60:183-190.
13. Katan M.B., Deslypere J.P., van Birgelen A.P., Penders M., Zegwaard M. Kinetics of the incorporation of dietary fatty acids into serum cholesteryl esters, erythrocyte membranes, and adipose tissue: an 18-month controlled study. J Lipid Res 1997, 38:2012-2022.
14. Browning L.M., Walker C.G., Mander A.P., West A.L., Madden J., Gambell J.M., et al. Incorporation of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids into lipid pools when given as supplements providing doses equivalent to typical intakes of oily fish. Am J Clin Nutr 2012, 96:748-758.
15. Galan P., Kesse-Guyot E., Czernichow S., Briancon S., Blacher J., Hercberg S. Effects of B vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases: a randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2010, 341:c6273.
16. Kromhout D., Giltay E.J., Geleijnse J.M. n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:2015-2026.
17. Rauch B., Schiele R., Schneider S., Diller F., Victor N., Gohlke H., et al. OMEGA, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to test the effect of highly purified omega-3 fatty acids on top of modern guideline-adjusted therapy after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2010, 122:2152-2159.
18. Burr M.L., Fehily A.M., Gilbert J.F., Rogers S., Holliday R.M., Sweetnam P.M., et al. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet 1989, 2:757-761.
19. GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators, Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Lancet 1999, 354:447-455.
20. Hu F.B., Manson J.E. Omega-3 fatty acids and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease-is it just a fish tale?: comment on "Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplements (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease". Arch Intern Med 2012, 172:694-696.
21. Galli C., Brenna J. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and cardiovascular disease events. JAMA 2013, 309:27.
22. Neale E.P., Cossey A., Probst Y.C., Batterham M.J., Tapsell L.C. Effectiveness of dietary advice to increase fish consumption over a 12-month period. Food Nutr Sci 2012, 3:455-460.
23. von Schacky C. Omega-3 Index and Cardiovascular Health. Nutrients 2014, 6:799-814.
24. Lands W.E., Libelt B., Morris A., Kramer N.C., Prewitt T.E., Bowen P., et al. Maintenance of lower proportions of (n - 6) eicosanoid precursors in phospholipids of human plasma in response to added dietary (n - 3) fatty acids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992, 1180:147-162.
25. Burr M.L., Ashfield-Watt P.A., Dunstan F.D., Fehily A.M., Breay P., Ashton T., et al. Lack of benefit of dietary advice to men with angina: results of a controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003, 57:193-200.
26. Mozaffarian D., Lemaitre R.N., King I.B., Song X., Huang H., Sacks F.M., et al. Plasma phospholipid long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and total and cause-specific mortality in older adults: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2013, 158:515-525.
27. Stark K.D., Park E.J., Maines V.A., Holub B.J. Effect of a fish-oil concentrate on serum lipids in postmenopausal women receiving and not receiving hormone replacement therapy in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 72:389-394.
28. Siscovick D.S., Raghunathan T.E., King I., Weinmann S., Wicklund K.G., Albright J., et al. Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. JAMA 1995, 274:1363-1367.
29. Albert C.M., Campos H., Stampfer M.J., Ridker P.M., Manson J.E., Willett W.C., et al. Blood levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden death. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:1113-1118.
30. Metherel A.H., Armstrong J.M., Patterson A.C., Stark K.D. Assessment of blood measures of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with acute fish oil supplementation and washout in men and women. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009, 81:23-29.
31. Armstrong J.M., Metherel A.H., Stark K.D. Direct microwave transesterification of fingertip prick blood samples for fatty acid determinations. Lipids 2008, 43:187-196.
32. Canada H. Canadian Nutrient File, version 2007b http://webprodhc-scgcca/cnf-fce/index-engjsp2007.
33. Bligh E.G., Dyer W.J. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 1959, 37:911-917.
34. Reed C.F., Swisher S.N., Marinetti G.V., Eden E.G. Studies of the lipids of the erythrocyte. I. Quantitative analysis of the lipids of normal human red blood cells. J Lab Clin Med 1960, 56:281-289.
35. Folch J., Lees M., Sloane Stanley G.H.S. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 1957, 226:497-509.
36. Metherel A.H., Buzikievich L.M., Charkhzarin P., Patterson A.C., Peel A.C., Howorth A.M., et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid profiling using fingertip-prick whole blood does not require overnight fasting before blood collection. Nutr Res 2012, 32:547-556.
37. Morrison W.R., Smith L.M. Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and dimethylacetals from lipids with boron fluoride-methanol. J Lipid Res 1964, 4:600-608.
38. Fratesi J.A., Hogg R.C., Young-Newton G.S., Patterson A.C., Charkhzarin P., Block T.K., et al. Direct quantitation of omega-3 fatty acid intake of Canadian residents of a long-term care facility. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009, 34:1-9.
39. Stark K.D., Salem N. Fast gas chromatography for the identification of fatty acid methyl esters from mammalian samples. Lipid Technol 2005, 17:181-185.
40. Kitson A.P., Patterson A.C., Izadi H., Stark K.D. Pan-frying salmon in an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) enriched margarine prevents EPA and DHA loss. Food Chem 2008, 114:927-932.
41. Stark K.D. Analytical implications of routine clinical testing for omega-3 fatty acid biomarkers. Lipid Technol 2008, 20:177-179.
42. Serra-Majem L., Nissensohn M., Overby N.C., Fekete K. Dietary methods and biomarkers of omega 3 fatty acids: a systematic review. Br J Nutr 2012, 107(Suppl. 2):S64-S76.
43. Allard J.P., Kurian R., Aghdassi E., Muggli R., Royall D. Lipid peroxidation during n-3 fatty acid and vitamin E supplementation in humans. Lipids 1997, 32:535-541.
44. Bonaa K.H., Bjerve K.S., Nordoy A. Docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids in plasma phospholipids are divergently associated with high density lipoprotein in humans. Arterioscler Thromb 1992, 12:675-681.
45. Conquer J.A., Cheryk L.A., Chan E., Gentry P.A., Holub B.J. Effect of supplementation with dietary seal oil on selected cardiovascular risk factors and hemostatic variables in healthy male subjects. Thromb Res 1999, 96:239-250.
46. Conquer J.A., Holub B.J. Effect of supplementation with different doses of DHA on the levels of circulating DHA as non-esterified fatty acid in subjects of Asian Indian background. J Lipid Res 1998, 39:286-292.
47. Engstrom K., Wallin R., Saldeen T. Effects of Scandinavian caviar paste enriched with a stable fish oil on plasma phospholipid fatty acids and lipid peroxidation. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003, 57:1052-1059.
48. Harris W.S., Pottala J.V., Sands S.A., Jones P.G. Comparison of the effects of fish and fish-oil capsules on the n 3 fatty acid content of blood cells and plasma phospholipids. Am J Clin Nutr 2007, 86:1621-1625.
49. Hodge J., Sanders K., Sinclair A.J. Differential utilization of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in human plasma. Lipids 1993, 28:525-531.
50. Kew S., Mesa M.D., Tricon S., Buckley R., Minihane A.M., Yaqoob P. Effects of oils rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on immune cell composition and function in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 79:674-681.
51. Khan F., Elherik K., Bolton-Smith C., Barr R., Hill A., Murrie I., et al. The effects of dietary fatty acid supplementation on endothelial function and vascular tone in healthy subjects. Cardiovasc Res 2003, 59:955-962.
52. Laidlaw M., Holub B.J. Effects of supplementation with fish oil-derived n-3 fatty acids and gamma-linolenic acid on circulating plasma lipids and fatty acid profiles in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 77:37-42.
53. Mantzioris E., James M.J., Gibson R.A., Cleland L.G. Dietary substitution with an alpha-linolenic acid-rich vegetable oil increases eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations in tissues. Am J Clin Nutr 1994, 59:1304-1309.
54. Miles E.A., Banerjee T., Calder P.C. The influence of different combinations of gamma-linolenic, stearidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids on the fatty acid composition of blood lipids and mononuclear cells in human volunteers. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004, 70:529-538.
55. Otto S.J., van Houwelingen A.C., Hornstra G. The effect of supplementation with docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid derived from single cell oils on plasma and erythrocyte fatty acids of pregnant women in the second trimester. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2000, 63:323-328.
56. Rees D., Miles E.A., Banerjee T., Wells S.J., Roynette C.E., Wahle K.W., et al. Dose-related effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on innate immune function in healthy humans: a comparison of young and older men. Am J Clin Nutr 2006, 83:331-342.
57. Surai P.F., MacPherson A., Speake B.K., Sparks N.H. Designer egg evaluation in a controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000, 54:298-305.
58. Yaqoob P., Pala H.S., Cortina-Borja M., Newsholme E.A., Calder P.C. Encapsulated fish oil enriched in alpha-tocopherol alters plasma phospholipid and mononuclear cell fatty acid compositions but not mononuclear cell functions. Eur J Clin Invest 2000, 30:260-274.
59. Barcelo-Coblijn G., Murphy E.J., Othman R., Moghadasian M.H., Kashour T., Friel J.K. Flaxseed oil and fish-oil capsule consumption alters human red blood cell n-3 fatty acid composition: a multiple-dosing trial comparing 2 sources of n-3 fatty acid. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 88:801-809.
60. Hagve T.A., Lie O., Gronn M. The effect of dietary N-3 fatty acids on osmotic fragility and membrane fluidity of human erythrocytes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1993, 215:75-84.
61. Murphy K.J., Meyer B.J., Mori T.A., Burke V., Mansour J., Patch C.S., et al. Impact of foods enriched with n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on erythrocyte n-3 levels and cardiovascular risk factors. Br J Nutr 2007, 97:749-757.
62. Palozza P., Sgarlata E., Luberto C., Piccioni E., Anti M., Marra G., et al. n-3 fatty acids induce oxidative modifications in human erythrocytes depending on dose and duration of dietary supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 1996, 64:297-304.
63. DeLany J.P., Vivian V.M., Snook J.T., Anderson P.A. Effects of fish oil on serum lipids in men during a controlled feeding trial. Am J Clin Nutr 1990, 52:477-485.
64. Nichaman M.Z., Sweeley C.C., Oldham N.M., Olson R.E. Changes in fatty acid composition during preparative thin-layer chromatography. J Lipid Res 1963, 4:484-485.
65. Kitson A.P., Stroud C.K., Stark K.D. Elevated production of docosahexaenoic acid in females: potential molecular mechanisms. Lipids 2010, 45:209-224.
66. Pawlosky R., Hibbeln J., Lin Y., Salem N. n-3 fatty acid metabolism in women. Br J Nutr 2003, 90:993-994.
67. Albert C.M., Oh K., Whang W., Manson J.E., Chae C.U., Stampfer M.J., et al. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid intake and risk of sudden cardiac death and coronary heart disease. Circulation 2005, 112:3232-3238.
68. Stark K.D., Beblo S., Murthy M., Whitty J.E., Buda-Abela M., Janisse J., et al. Alcohol consumption in pregnant, black women is associated with decreased plasma and erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005, 29:130-140.
69. Block R.C., Harris W.S., Pottala J.V. Determinants of blood cell omega-3 fatty acid content. Open Biomark J 2008, 1:1-6.
70. Harris W.S., Pottala J.V., Lacey S.M., Vasan R.S., Larson M.G., Robins S.J. Clinical correlates and heritability of erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid content in the Framingham Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 2012, 225:425-431.
71. von Schacky C., Fischer S., Weber P.C. Long-term effects of dietary marine omega-3 fatty acids upon plasma and cellular lipids, platelet function, and eicosanoid formation in humans. J Clin Invest 1985, 76:1626-1631.
72. Marangoni F., Angeli M.T., Colli S., Eligini S., Tremoli E., Sirtori C.R., et al. Changes of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in plasma and circulating cells of normal subjects, after prolonged administration of 20:5 (EPA) and 22:6 (DHA) ethyl esters and prolonged washout. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993, 1210:55-62.
73. Andersen M.B., Rinnan A., Manach C., Poulsen S.K., Pujos-Guillot E., Larsen T.M., et al. Untargeted metabolomics as a screening tool for estimating compliance to a dietary pattern. J Proteome Res 2014, 13:1405-1418.
74. Harris W.S., Mozaffarian D., Lefevre M., Toner C.D., Colombo J., Cunnane S.C., et al. Towards establishing dietary reference intakes for eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. J Nutr 2009, 139:804S-819S.