Erratum: UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients (Gut (2015) 64 (1680-1704) DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309262);UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients

Gut

Volumn 64, Issue 11, 2015, Pages 1680-1704

  Tripathi, Dhiraj ^a   Stanley, Adrian J ^b   Hayes, Peter C ^c   Patch, David ^d   Millson, Charles ^e   Mehrzad, Homoyon ^a   Austin, Andrew ^f   Ferguson, James W ^a   Olliff, Simon P ^a   Hudson, Mark ^g   Christie, John M ^h  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS BIRMINGHAM NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b GLASGOW ROYAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^c ROYAL INFIRMARY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^d ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^e YORK TEACHING HOSPITAL NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^f DERBY HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^g FREEMAN HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^h ROYAL DEVON AND EXETER HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CARVEDILOL; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; ISOSORBIDE MONONITRATE; NADOLOL; NITRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; OCTREOTIDE; PROPRANOLOL; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; SIMVASTATIN; SOMATOSTATIN; TERLIPRESSIN; VASOPRESSIN; WARFARIN;

CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY; CHILD PUGH SCORE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; ELASTOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPY; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER TAMPONADE; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MORTALITY; PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME; PORTAL VEIN BLOOD PRESSURE; PORTOSYSTEMIC ANASTOMOSIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTHROMBIN TIME; REVIEW; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SHUNTING; SURGICAL APPROACH; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; THROMBOCYTE TRANSFUSION; UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING; VARICEAL HEMORRHAGE; VARICOSIS; VASODILATATION; VEIN LIGATION; ALGORITHM; COMPLICATION; ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE;

ALGORITHMS; ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HUMANS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS;

EID: 84947290291     PISSN: 00175749     EISSN: 14683288     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309262corr1     Document Type: Erratum

References (228)

1. de Franchis R. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2010;53:762-8.
2. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: management. NICE, 2012. http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG141
3. Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. CMAJ 2010;182:E839-42.
4. Centre for evidence-based medicine. Oxford: Oxford University, 2009.
5. Jairath V, Rehal S, Logan R, et al. Acute variceal haemorrhage in the United Kingdom: patient characteristics, management and outcomes in a nationwide audit. Dig Liver Dis 2014;46:419-26.
6. Garcia-Pagan JC, Caca K, Bureau C, et al. Early use of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med 2010;362:2370-9.
7. Measuring the Units. A review of patients who died with alcohol-related liver disease. NCEPOD, 2013. http://www.ncepod.org.uk/2013report1/downloads/Measuring%20the%20Units-full%20report.pdf
8. Hobolth L, Krag A, Malchow-Moller A, et al. Adherence to guidelines in bleeding oesophageal varices and effects on outcome: comparison between a specialized unit and a community hospital. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;22:1221-7.
9. Schlansky B, Lee B, Hartwell L, et al. Guideline adherence and outcomes in esophageal variceal hemorrhage: comparison of tertiary care and non-tertiary care settings. J Clin Gastroenterol 2012;46:235-42.
10. Krajina A, Hulek P, Fejfar T, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2012;35:1295-300.
11. Scope for improvement: a toolkit for a safer upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) service. 2011. http://www aomrc org uk/doc-download/9338-upper-gastrointestinal-bleeding-toolkit
12. McPherson S, Dyson J, Austin A, et al. Response to the NCEPOD report: development of a care bundle for patients admitted with decompensated cirrhosis - the first 24 h. Frontline Gastroenterology Published Online First: 2 Dec 2014 doi:10.1136/flgastro-2014-100491
13. Darzi A. High quality care for all: NHS Next Stage Review final report. London: DoH, 2008.
14. Liver Quality Enhancement Service Tool (QuEST). 2015. http://wwwliverquestorguk/
15. [No authors listed]. Tackling liver disease in the UK: a Lancet Commission. Lancet 2014;384:1902.
16. Thabut D, Rudler M, Dib N, et al. Multicenter prospective validation of the Baveno IV and Baveno II/III criteria in cirrhosis patients with variceal bleeding. Hepatology 2015;61:1024-32.
17. Ahn SY, Park SY, Tak WY, et al. Prospective validation of Baveno V definitions and criteria for failure to control bleeding in portal hypertension. Hepatology 2015;61:1033-40.
18. Christensen E, Fauerholdt L, Schlichting P, et al. Aspects of the natural history of gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis and the effect of prednisone. Gastroenterology 1981;81:944-52.
19. Cales P, Pascal JP. [Natural history of esophageal varices in cirrhosis (from origin to rupture)]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1988;12:245-54.
20. Czaja AJ, Wolf AM, Summerskill WH. Development and early prognosis of esophageal varices in severe chronic active liver disease (CALD) treated with prednisone. Gastroenterology 1979;77(4 Pt 1):629-33.
21. Merli M, Nicolini G, Angeloni S, et al. Incidence and natural history of small esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol 2003;38:266-72.
22. D'Amico G, Pasta L, Morabito A, et al. Competing risks and prognostic stages of cirrhosis: a 25-year inception cohort study of 494 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014;39:1180-93.
23. Baker LA, Smith C, Lieberman G. The natural history of esophageal varices; a study of 115 cirrhotic patients in whom varices were diagnosed prior to bleeding. Am J Med 1959;26:228-37.
24. Dagradi AE. The natural history of esophageal varices in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. An endoscopic and clinical study. Am J Gastroenterol 1972;57:520-40.
25. Ohnishi K, Sato S, Saito M, et al. Clinical and portal hemodynamic features in cirrhotic patients having a large spontaneous splenorenal and/or gastrorenal shunt. Am J Gastroenterol 1986;81:450-5.
26. Takashi M, Igarashi M, Hino S, et al. Portal hemodynamics in chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy. Angiographic study in seven cases. J Hepatol 1985;1:467-76.
27. Groszmann RJ, Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J, et al. Beta-blockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2254-61.
28. Chung JW, Park S, Chung MJ, et al. A novel disposable, transnasal esophagoscope: a pilot trial of feasibility, safety, and tolerance. Endoscopy 2012;44:206-9.
29. Choe WH, Kim JH, Ko SY, et al. Comparison of transnasal small-caliber vs. peroral conventional esophagogastroduodenoscopy for evaluating varices in unsedated cirrhotic patients. Endoscopy 2011;43:649-56.
30. de Franchis R, Eisen GM, Laine L, et al. Esophageal capsule endoscopy for screening and surveillance of esophageal varices in patients with portal hypertension. Hepatology 2008;47:1595-603.
31. Lapalus MG, Ben Soussan E, Gaudric M, et al. Esophageal capsule endoscopy vs. EGD for the evaluation of portal hypertension: a French prospective multicenter comparative study. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:1112-18.
32. Vizzutti F, Arena U, Romanelli RG, et al. Liver stiffness measurement predicts severe portal hypertension in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis. Hepatology 2007;45:1290-7.
33. Castera L, Le Bail B, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al. Early detection in routine clinical practice of cirrhosis and oesophageal varices in chronic hepatitis C: comparison of transient elastography (FibroScan) with standard laboratory tests and non-invasive scores. J Hepatol 2009;50:59-68.
34. Robic MA, Procopet B, Metivier S, et al. Liver stiffness accurately predicts portal hypertension related complications in patients with chronic liver disease: a prospective study. J Hepatol 2011;55:1017-24.
35. Giannini EG, Zaman A, Kreil A, et al. Platelet count/spleen diameter ratio for the noninvasive diagnosis of esophageal varices: results of a multicenter, prospective, validation study. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:2511-19.
36. Chawla S, Katz A, Attar BM, et al. Platelet count/spleen diameter ratio to predict the presence of esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis: a systematic review. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;24:431-6.
37. MacDougall BR, Westaby D, Theodossi A, et al. Increased long-term survival in variceal haemorrhage using injection sclerotherapy. Results of a controlled trial. Lancet 1982;1:124-7.
38. Dawson J, Gertsch P, Mosimann F, et al. Endoscopic variceal pressure measurements: response to isosorbide dinitrate. Gut 1985;26:843-7.
39. Garcia-Tsao G, Groszmann RJ, Fisher RL, et al. Portal pressure, presence of gastroesophageal varices and variceal bleeding. Hepatology 1985;5:419-24.
40. Lebrec D, De Fleury P, Rueff B, et al. Portal hypertension, size of esophageal varices, and risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in alcoholic cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1980;79:1139-44.
41. Groszmann RJ, Bosch J, Grace ND, et al. Hemodynamic events in a prospective randomized trial of propranolol versus placebo in the prevention of a first variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1990;99:1401-7.
42. Feu F, Garcia-Pagan JC, Bosch J, et al. Relation between portal pressure response to pharmacotherapy and risk of recurrent variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. Lancet 1995;346:1056-9.
43. Tripathi D, Therapondos G, Jackson E, et al. The role of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPSS) in the management of bleeding gastric varices: clinical and haemodynamic correlations. Gut 2002;51:270-4.
44. Vinel JP, Cassigneul J, Levade M, et al. Assessment of short-term prognosis after variceal bleeding in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis by early measurement of portohepatic gradient. Hepatology 1986;6:116-17.
45. Palmer ED, Brick IB. Correlation between the severity of esophageal varices in portal cirrhosis and their propensity toward hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1956;30:85-90.
46. Polio J, Groszmann RJ. Hemodynamic factors involved in the development and rupture of esophageal varices: a pathophysiologic approach to treatment. Semin Liver Dis 1986;6:318-31.
47. Vegesna AK, Chung CY, Bajaj A, et al. Minimally invasive measurement of esophageal variceal pressure and wall tension (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 2009;70:407-13.
48. Beppu K, Inokuchi K, Koyanagi N, et al. Prediction of variceal hemorrhage by esophageal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1981;27:213-18.
49. North Italian Endoscopic Club for the Study and Treatment of Esophageal Varices. Prediction of the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. A prospective multicenter study. N Engl J Med 1988;319:983-9.
50. Inokuchi K. Improved survival after prophylactic portal nondecompression surgery for esophageal varices: a randomized clinical trial. Cooperative Study Group of Portal Hypertension of Japan. Hepatology 1990;12:1-6.
51. de Franchis R, Primignani M, Arcidiacono PG, et al. Prophylactic sclerotherapy in high-risk cirrhotics selected by endoscopic criteria. A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1991;101:1087-93.
52. Feu F, Ruiz del Arbol L, Banares R, et al. Double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing terlipressin and somatostatin for acute variceal hemorrhage. Variceal Bleeding Study Group. Gastroenterology 1996;111:1291-9.
53. Merkel C, Bolognesi M, Bellon S, et al. Prognostic usefulness of hepatic vein catheterization in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices. Gastroenterology 1992;102:973-9.
54. Villanueva C, Aracil C, Colomo A, et al. Acute hemodynamic response to beta-blockers and prediction of long-term outcome in primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology 2009;137:119-28.
55. Stokkeland K, Brandt L, Ekbom A, et al. Improved prognosis for patients hospitalized with esophageal varices in Sweden 1969-2002. Hepatology 2006;43:500-5.
56. [No authors listed]. Propranolol prevents first gastrointestinal bleeding in non-ascitic cirrhotic patients. Final report of a multicenter randomized trial. The Italian Multicenter Project for Propranolol in Prevention of Bleeding (IMPP). J Hepatol 1989;9:75-83.
57. Conn HO, Grace ND, Bosch J, et al. Propranolol in the prevention of the first hemorrhage from esophagogastric varices: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. The Boston-New Haven-Barcelona Portal Hypertension Study Group. Hepatology 1991;13:902-12.
58. Ideo G, Bellati G, Fesce E, et al. Nadolol can prevent the first gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotics: a prospective, randomized study. Hepatology 1988;8:6-9.
59. Lebrec D, Poynard T, Capron JP, et al. Nadolol for prophylaxis of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. A randomized trial. J Hepatol 1988;7:118-25.
60. Pascal JP, Cales P. Propranolol in the prevention of first upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. N Engl J Med 1987;317:856-61.
61. Cales P, Oberti F, Payen JL, et al. Lack of effect of propranolol in the prevention of large oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized trial. French- Speaking Club for the Study of Portal Hypertension. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999;11:741-5.
62. Merkel C, Marin R, Angeli P, et al. A placebo-controlled clinical trial of nadolol in the prophylaxis of growth of small esophageal varices in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2004;127:476-84.
63. Sarin SK, Misra SR, Sharma P, et al. Early primary prophylaxis with beta-blockers does not prevent the growth of small esophageal varices in cirrhosis: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatol Intl 2013;7:248-56.
64. Conn HO, Lindenmuth WW. Prophylactic portacaval anastomosis in cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices: a progress report of a continuing study. N Engl J Med 1965;272:1255-63.
65. Conn HO, Lindenmuth WW, May CJ, et al. Prophylactic portacaval anastomosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1972;51:27-40.
66. Jackson FC, Perrin EB, Smith AG, et al. A clinical investigation of the portacaval shunt. II. Survival analysis of the prophylactic operation. Am J Surg 1968;115:22-42.
67. Resnick RH, Chalmers TC, Ishihara AM, et al. A controlled study of the prophylactic portacaval shunt. A final report. Ann Intern Med 1969;70:675-88.
68. D'Amico G, Pagliaro L, Bosch J. The treatment of portal hypertension: a meta-analytic review. Hepatology 1995;22:332-54.
69. Garcia-Tsao G, Grace ND, Groszmann RJ, et al. Short-term effects of propranolol on portal venous pressure. Hepatology 1986;6:101-6.
70. La Mura V, Abraldes JG, Raffa S, et al. Prognostic value of acute hemodynamic response to i.v. propranolol in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2009;51:279-87.
71. Cheng JW, Zhu L, Gu MJ, et al. Meta analysis of propranolol effects on gastrointestinal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. World J Gastroenterol 2003;9:1836-9.
72. Banares R, Moitinho E, Matilla A, et al. Randomized comparison of long-term carvedilol and propranolol administration in the treatment of portal hypertension in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2002;36:1367-73.
73. Hobolth L, Moller S, Gronbaek H, et al. Carvedilol or propranolol in portal hypertension? A randomized comparison. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012;47:467-74.
74. Reiberger T, Ulbrich G, Ferlitsch A, et al. Carvedilol for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients with haemodynamic non-response to propranolol. Gut 2013;62:1634-41.
75. Tripathi D, Ferguson JW, Kochar N, et al. Randomized controlled trial of carvedilol versus variceal band ligation for the prevention of the first variceal bleed. Hepatology 2009;50:825-33.
76. Shah HA, Azam Z, Rauf J, et al. Carvedilol vs. esophageal variceal band ligation in the primary prophylaxis of variceal hemorrhage: a multicentre randomized controlled trial. J Hepatol 2014;60:757-64.
77. Serste T, Melot C, Francoz C, et al. Deleterious effects of beta-blockers on survival in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites. Hepatology 2010;52:1017-22.
78. Krag A, Wiest R, Albillos A, et al. The window hypothesis: haemodynamic and non-haemodynamic effects of beta-blockers improve survival of patients with cirrhosis during a window in the disease. Gut 2012;61:967-9.
79. Leithead JA, Rajoriya N, Tehami N, et al. Non-selective beta-blockers are associated with improved survival in patients with ascites listed for liver transplantation. Gut 2015;64:1111-9.
80. Mandorfer M, Bota S, Schwabl P, et al. Nonselective beta blockers increase risk for hepatorenal syndrome and death in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology 2014;146:1680-90.
81. Navasa M, Chesta J, Bosch J, et al. Reduction of portal pressure by isosorbide-5-mononitrate in patients with cirrhosis. Effects on splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics and liver function. Gastroenterology 1989;96:1110-18.
82. Angelico M, Carli L, Piat C, et al. Isosorbide-5-mononitrate versus propranolol in the prevention of first bleeding in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1993;104:1460-5.
83. Garcia-Pagan JC. Isosorbide-5-monitrate (ISMN) vs placebo (PLA) in the prevention of the first variceal bleeding (FVB) in patients with contraindications or intolerance to beta-blockers. J Hepatol 2000;32:28.
84. Merkel C, Marin R, Enzo E, et al. Randomised trial of nadolol alone or with isosorbide mononitrate for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Gruppo-Triveneto per L'ipertensione portale (GTIP). Lancet 1996;348:1677-81.
85. Garcia-Pagan JC, Morillas R, Banares R, et al. Propranolol plus placebo versus propranolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate in the prevention of a first variceal bleed: a double-blind RCT. Hepatology 2003;37:1260-6.
86. Hidaka H, Nakazawa T, Wang G, et al. Long-term administration of PPI reduces treatment failures after esophageal variceal band ligation: a randomized, controlled trial. J Gastroenterol 2012;47:118-26.
87. Min YW, Lim KS, Min BH, et al. Proton pump inhibitor use significantly increases the risk of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in 1965 patients with cirrhosis and ascites: a propensity score matched cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014;40:695-704.
88. Terg R, Casciato P, Garbe C, et al. Proton pump inhibitor therapy does not increase the incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: a multicenter prospective study. J Hepatol 2014. Doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.11.036
89. Dultz G, Piiper A, Zeuzem S, et al. Proton pump inhibitor treatment is associated with the severity of liver disease and increased mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015;41:459-66.
90. Janarthanan S, Ditah I, Adler DG, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and proton pump inhibitor therapy: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:1001-10.
91. Gluud LL, Krag A. Banding ligation versus beta-blockers for primary prevention in oesophageal varices in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;8:CD004544.
92. Funakoshi N, Duny Y, Valats JC, et al. Meta-analysis: beta-blockers versus banding ligation for primary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding. Ann Hepatol 2012;11:369-83.
93. Debernardi VW, Elia C, Stradella D, et al. Prospective randomized trial: endoscopic follow up 3 vs 6 months after esophageal variceal eradication by band ligation in cirrhosis. Eur J Intern Med 2014;25:674-9.
94. Avgerinos A, Armonis A, Manolakopoulos S, et al. Endoscopic sclerotherapy plus propranolol versus propranolol alone in the primary prevention of bleeding in high risk cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices: a prospective multicenter randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:652-8.
95. Gotoh Y, Iwakiri R, Sakata Y, et al. Evaluation of endoscopic variceal ligation in prophylactic therapy for bleeding of oesophageal varices: a prospective, controlled trial compared with endoscopic injection sclerotherapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999;14:241-4.
96. Masumoto H, Toyonaga A, Oho K, et al. Ligation plus low-volume sclerotherapy for high-risk esophageal varices: comparisons with ligation therapy or sclerotherapy alone. J Gastroenterol 1998;33:1-5.
97. Graham DY, Smith JL. The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1981;80:800-9.
98. Kamath PS, Wiesner RH, Malinchoc M, et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology 2001;33:464-70.
99. D'Amico G, de Franchis R. Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. Hepatology 2003;38:599-612.
100. Abraldes JG, Villanueva C, Banares R, et al. Hepatic venous pressure gradient and prognosis in patients with acute variceal bleeding treated with pharmacologic and endoscopic therapy. J Hepatol 2008;48:229-36.
101. Bambha K, Kim WR, Pedersen R, et al. Predictors of early re-bleeding and mortality after acute variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. Gut 2008;57:814-20.
102. Hunter SS, Hamdy S. Predictors of early re-bleeding and mortality after acute variceal haemorrhage. Arab J Gastroenterol 2013;14:63-7.
103. Reverter E, Tandon P, Augustin S, et al. A MELD-based model to determine risk of mortality among patients with acute variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology 2014;146:412-19.
104. Al Freah MA, Gera A, Martini S, et al. Comparison of scoring systems and outcome of patients admitted to a liver intensive care unit of a tertiary referral centre with severe variceal bleeding. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014;39:1286-300.
105. Chen PH, Chen WC, Hou MC, et al. Delayed endoscopy increases re-bleeding and mortality in patients with hematemesis and active esophageal variceal bleeding: a cohort study. J Hepatol 2012;57:1207-13.
106. Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, et al. Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med 2013;368:11-21.
107. Scalea TM, Holman M, Fuortes M, et al. Central venous blood oxygen saturation: an early, accurate measurement of volume during hemorrhage. J Trauma 1988;28:725-32.
108. Tripodi A, Mannucci PM. The coagulopathy of chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med 2011;365:147-56.
109. Bendtsen F, D'Amico G, Rusch E, et al. Effect of recombinant Factor VIIa on outcome of acute variceal bleeding: an individual patient based meta-analysis of two controlled trials. J Hepatol 2014;61:252-9.
110. Wells M, Chande N, Adams P, et al. Meta-analysis: vasoactive medications for the management of acute variceal bleeds. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012;35:1267-78.
111. Seo YS, Park SY, Kim MY, et al. Lack of difference among terlipressin, somatostatin, and octreotide in the control of acute gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage. Hepatology 2014;60:954-63.
112. Groszmann RJ, Kravetz D, Bosch J, et al. Nitroglycerin improves the hemodynamic response to vasopressin in portal hypertension. Hepatology 1982;2:757-62.
113. Ioannou G, Doust J, Rockey DC. Terlipressin for acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(1):CD002147.
114. Azam Z, Hamid S, Jafri W, et al. Short course adjuvant terlipressin in acute variceal bleeding: a randomized double blind dummy controlled trial. J Hepatol 2012;56:819-24.
115. Bosch J, Kravetz D, Rodes J. Effects of somatostatin on hepatic and systemic hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis of the liver: comparison with vasopressin. Gastroenterology 1981;80:518-25.
116. Chavez-Tapia NC, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Tellez-Avila F, et al. Meta-analysis: antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding - an updated Cochrane review. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;34:509-18.
117. Fernandez J, Ruiz del Arbol L, Gomez C, et al. Norfloxacin vs ceftriaxone in the prophylaxis of infections in patients with advanced cirrhosis and hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 2006;131:1049-56.
118. Lo GH, Perng DS, Chang CY, et al. Controlled trial of ligation plus vasoconstrictor versus proton pump inhibitor in the control of acute esophageal variceal bleeding. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;28:684-9.
119. Cheung J, Soo I, Bastiampillai R, et al. Urgent vs. non-urgent endoscopy in stable acute variceal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:1125-9.
120. Van Stiegmann G, Goff JS. Endoscopic esophageal varix ligation: preliminary clinical experience. Gastrointest Endosc 1988;34:113-17.
121. Laine L, Cook D. Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:280-7.
122. Ljubicic N, Biscanin A, Nikolic M, et al. A randomized-controlled trial of endoscopic treatment of acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage: N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection vs. variceal ligation. Hepatogastroenterology 2011;58:438-43.
123. Ibrahim M, El Mikkawy A, Mostafa I, et al. Endoscopic treatment of acute variceal hemorrhage by using hemostatic powder TC-325: a prospective pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc 2013;78:769-73.
124. Banares R, Albillos A, Rincon D, et al. Endoscopic treatment versus endoscopic plus pharmacologic treatment for acute variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Hepatology 2002;35:609-15.
125. Lo GH, Lai KH, Cheng JS, et al. Emergency banding ligation versus sclerotherapy for the control of active bleeding from esophageal varices. Hepatology 1997;25:1101-4.
126. Villanueva C, Piqueras M, Aracil C, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing ligation and sclerotherapy as emergency endoscopic treatment added to somatostatin in acute variceal bleeding. J Hepatol 2006;45:560-7.
127. Panes J, Teres J, Bosch J, et al. Efficacy of balloon tamponade in treatment of bleeding gastric and esophageal varices. Results in 151 consecutive episodes. Dig Dis Sci 1988;33:454-9.
128. Teres J, Cecilia A, Bordas JM, et al. Esophageal tamponade for bleeding varices. Controlled trial between the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube and the Linton-Nachlas tube. Gastroenterology 1978;75:566-9.
129. Dechene A, El Fouly AH, Bechmann LP, et al. Acute management of refractory variceal bleeding in liver cirrhosis by self-expanding metal stents. Digestion 2012;85:185-91.
130. Wright G, Lewis H, Hogan B, et al. A self-expanding metal stent for complicated variceal hemorrhage: experience at a single center. Gastrointest Endosc 2010;71:71-8.
131. Vangeli M, Patch D, Burroughs AK. Salvage tips for uncontrolled variceal bleeding. J Hepatol 2002;37:703-4.
132. Rosemurgy AS, Frohman HA, Teta AF, et al. Prosthetic H-graft portacaval shunts vs transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic stent shunts: 18-year follow-up of a randomized trial. J Am Coll Surg 2012;214:445-53.
133. Orloff MJ, Vaida F, Haynes KS, et al. Randomized controlled trial of emergency transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus emergency portacaval shunt treatment of acute bleeding esophageal varices in cirrhosis. J Gastrointest Surg 2012;16:2094-111.
134. Bureau C, Pagan JC, Layrargues GP, et al. Patency of stents covered with polytetrafluoroethylene in patients treated by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: long-term results of a randomized multicentre study. Liver Int 2007;27:742-7.
135. Perarnau JM, Le Gouge A, Nicolas C, et al. Covered vs. uncovered stents for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: a randomized controlled trial. J Hepatol 2014;60:962-8.
136. Monescillo A, Martinez-Lagares F, Ruiz-del-Arbol L, et al. Influence of portal hypertension and its early decompression by TIPS placement on the outcome of variceal bleeding. Hepatology 2004;40:793-801.
137. Garcia-Pagan JC, Di Pascoli M, Caca K, et al. Use of early-TIPS for high-risk variceal bleeding: results of a post-RCT surveillance study. J Hepatol 2013;58:45-50.
138. Rudler M, Cluzel P, Corvec TL, et al. Early-TIPSS placement prevents rebleeding in high-risk patients with variceal bleeding, without improving survival. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014;40:1074-80.
139. Gatta A, Merkel C, Sacerdoti D, et al. Nadolol for prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhosis: a controlled clinical trial. Digestion 1987;37:22-8.
140. D'Amico G, Pagliaro L, Bosch J. Pharmacological treatment of portal hypertension: an evidence-based approach. Semin Liver Dis 1999;19:475-505.
141. Gournay J, Masliah C, Martin T, et al. Isosorbide mononitrate and propranolol compared with propranolol alone for the prevention of variceal rebleeding. Hepatology 2000;31:1239-45.
142. Gluud LL, Langholz E, Krag A. Meta-analysis: isosorbide-mononitrate alone or with either beta-blockers or endoscopic therapy for the management of oesophageal varices. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;32:859-71.
143. Lo GH, Chen WC, Wang HM, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of carvedilol versus nadolol plus isosorbide mononitrate for the prevention of variceal rebleeding. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;27:1681-7.
144. Abraldes JG, Villanueva C, Aracil C, et al. Addition of simvastatin to standard treatment improves survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. A double-blind randomized trial. J Hepatol 2014;60:S525.
145. Shaheen NJ, Stuart E, Schmitz SM, et al. Pantoprazole reduces the size of postbanding ulcers after variceal band ligation: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 2005;41:588-94.
146. de Franchis R, Primignani M. Endoscopic treatments for portal hypertension. Semin Liver Dis 1999;19:439-55.
147. Laine L. Ligation: endoscopic treatment of choice for patients with bleeding esophageal varices? Hepatology 1995;22:663-5.
148. Wang HM, Lo GH, Chen WC, et al. Randomized controlled trial of monthly versus biweekly endoscopic variceal ligation for the prevention of esophageal variceal rebleeding. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;29:1229-36.
149. Karsan HA, Morton SC, Shekelle PG, et al. Combination endoscopic band ligation and sclerotherapy compared with endoscopic band ligation alone for the secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2005;50:399-406.
150. Singh P, Pooran N, Indaram A, et al. Combined ligation and sclerotherapy versus ligation alone for secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding: a metaanalysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:623-9.
151. Lo GH, Chen WC, Chen MH, et al. Banding ligation versus nadolol and isosorbide mononitrate for the prevention of esophageal variceal rebleeding. Gastroenterology 2002;123:728-34.
152. Lo GH, Chen WC, Lin CK, et al. Improved survival in patients receiving medical therapy as compared with banding ligation for the prevention of esophageal variceal rebleeding. Hepatology 2008;48:580-7.
153. Patch D, Sabin CA, Goulis J, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of medical therapy versus endoscopic ligation for the prevention of variceal rebleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2002;123:1013-19.
154. Romero G, Kravetz D, Argonz J, et al. Comparative study between nadolol and 5-isosorbide mononitrate vs. endoscopic band ligation plus sclerotherapy in the prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients: a randomized controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24:601-11.
155. Stanley AJ, Dickson S, Hayes PC, et al. Multicentre randomised controlled study comparing carvedilol with variceal band ligation in the prevention of variceal rebleeding. J Hepatol 2014;61:1014-19.
156. Li L, Yu C, Li Y. Endoscopic band ligation versus pharmacological therapy for variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Can J Gastroenterol 2011;25:147-55.
157. Cheung J, Zeman M, van Zanten SV, et al. Systematic review: secondary prevention with band ligation, pharmacotherapy or combination therapy after bleeding from oesophageal varices. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;30:577-88.
158. Ding SH, Liu J, Wang JP. Efficacy of beta-adrenergic blocker plus 5-isosorbide mononitrate and endoscopic band ligation for prophylaxis of esophageal variceal rebleeding: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:2151-5.
159. Ravipati M, Katragadda S, Swaminathan PD, et al. Pharmacotherapy plus endoscopic intervention is more effective than pharmacotherapy or endoscopy alone in the secondary prevention of esophageal variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Gastrointest Endosc 2009;70:658-64.
160. Gonzalez R, Zamora J, Gomez-Camarero J, et al. Meta-analysis: combination endoscopic and drug therapy to prevent variceal rebleeding in cirrhosis. Ann Intern Med 2008;149:109-22.
161. Funakoshi N, Segalas-Largey F, Duny Y, et al. Benefit of combination beta-blocker and endoscopic treatment to prevent variceal rebleeding: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2010;16:5982-92.
162. Thiele M, Krag A, Rohde U, et al. Meta-analysis: banding ligation and medical interventions for the prevention of rebleeding from oesophageal varices. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012;35:1155-65.
163. Puente A, Hernández-Gea V, Graupera I, et al. Drugs plus ligation to prevent rebleeding in cirrhosis: an updated systematic review. Liver Int 2014;34:823-33.
164. Luca A, D'Amico G, La Galla R, et al. TIPS for prevention of recurrent bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Radiology 1999;212:411-21.
165. Papatheodoridis GV, Goulis J, Leandro G, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt compared with endoscopic treatment for prevention of variceal rebleeding: a meta-analysis. Hepatology 1999;30:612-22.
166. Zheng M, Chen Y, Bai J, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus endoscopic therapy in the secondary prophylaxis of variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients: meta-analysis update. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008;42:507-16.
167. Garcia-Villarreal L, Martinez-Lagares F, Sierra A, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus endoscopic sclerotherapy for the prevention of variceal rebleeding after recent variceal hemorrhage. Hepatology 1999;29:27-32.
168. Qi X, Liu L, Bai M, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in combination with or without variceal embolization for the prevention of variceal rebleeding: a meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;29:688-96.
169. Orloff MJ, Isenberg JI, Wheeler HO, et al. Liver transplantation in a randomized controlled trial of emergency treatment of acutely bleeding esophageal varices in cirrhosis. Transplant Proc 2010;42:4101-8.
170. Henderson JM, Boyer TD, Kutner MH, et al. Distal splenorenal shunt versus transjugular intrahepatic portal systematic shunt for variceal bleeding: a randomized trial. Gastroenterology 2006;130:1643-51.
171. Boyer TD, Henderson JM, Heerey AM, et al. Cost of preventing variceal rebleeding with transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic shunt and distal splenorenal shunt. J Hepatol 2008;48:407-14.
172. Khan S, Tudur SC, Williamson P, et al. Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic therapy for variceal rebleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(4):CD000553.
173. Zhou J, Wu Z, Wu J, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) versus laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) plus preoperative endoscopic varices ligation (EVL) in the treatment of recurrent variceal bleeding. Surg Endosc 2013;27:2712-20.
174. Neuberger J, Gimson A, Davies M, et al. Selection of patients for liver transplantation and allocation of donated livers in the UK. Gut 2008;57:252-7.
175. Sarin SK, Lahoti D, Saxena SP, et al. Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric varices: a long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients. Hepatology 1992;16:1343-9.
176. Trudeau W, Prindiville T. Endoscopic injection sclerosis in bleeding gastric varices. Gastrointest Endosc 1986;32:264-8.
177. Gimson AE, Westaby D, Williams R. Endoscopic sclerotherapy in the management of gastric variceal haemorrhage. J Hepatol 1991;13:274-8.
178. Harada T, Yoshida T, Shigemitsu T, et al. Therapeutic results of endoscopic variceal ligation for acute bleeding of oesophageal and gastric varices. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997;12:331-5.
179. Takeuchi M, Nakai Y, Syu A, et al. Endoscopic ligation of gastric varices. Lancet 1996;348:1038.
180. Binmoeller KF, Weilert F, Shah JN, et al. EUS-guided transesophageal treatment of gastric fundal varices with combined coiling and cyanoacrylate glue injection (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2011;74:1019-25.
181. Cheng LF, Wang ZQ, Li CZ, et al. Low incidence of complications from endoscopic gastric variceal obturation with butyl cyanoacrylate. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;8:760-6.
182. Hung HH, Chang CJ, Hou MC, et al. Efficacy of non-selective beta-blockers as adjunct to endoscopic prophylactic treatment for gastric variceal bleeding: a randomized controlled trial. J Hepatol 2012;56:1025-32.
183. Kahloon A, Chalasani N, Dewitt J, et al. Endoscopic therapy with 2-octyl-cyanoacrylate for the treatment of gastric varices. Dig Dis Sci 2014;59:2178-83.
184. Kanagawa H, Mima S, Kouyama H, et al. Treatment of gastric fundal varices by balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996;11:51-8.
185. Lee YT, Chan FK, Ng EK, et al. EUS-guided injection of cyanoacrylate for bleeding gastric varices. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;52:168-74.
186. Lo GH, Lai KH, Cheng JS, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of butyl cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation in the management of bleeding gastric varices. Hepatology 2001;33:1060-4.
187. Mishra SR, Chander SB, Kumar A, et al. Endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection versus beta-blocker for secondary prophylaxis of gastric variceal bleed: a randomised controlled trial. Gut 2010;59:729-35.
188. Oho K, Iwao T, Sumino M, et al. Ethanolamine oleate versus butyl cyanoacrylate for bleeding gastric varices: a nonrandomized study. Endoscopy 1995;27:349-54.
189. Rajoriya N, Forrest EH, Gray J, et al. Long-term follow-up of endoscopic histoacryl glue injection for the management of gastric variceal bleeding. QJM 2011;104:41-7.
190. Ramond MJ, Valla D, Mosnier JF, et al. Successful endoscopic obturation of gastric varices with butyl cyanoacrylate. Hepatology 1989;10:488-93.
191. Romero-Castro R, Ellrichmann M, Ortiz-Moyano C, et al. EUS-guided coil versus cyanoacrylate therapy for the treatment of gastric varices: a multicenter study (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2013;78:711-21.
192. Soehendra N, Grimm H, Nam VC, et al. N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate: a supplement to endoscopic sclerotherapy. Endoscopy 1987;19:221-4.
193. Tan PC, Hou MC, Lin HC, et al. A randomized trial of endoscopic treatment of acute gastric variceal hemorrhage: N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation. Hepatology 2006;43:690-7.
194. Tantau M, Crisan D, Popa D, et al. Band ligation vs. N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection in acute gastric variceal bleeding: a prospective follow-up study. Ann Hepatol 2013;13:75-83.
195. Williams SG, Peters RA, Westaby D. Thrombin-an effective treatment for gastric variceal haemorrhage. Gut 1994;35:1287-9.
196. Przemioslo RT, McNair A, Williams R. Thrombin is effective in arresting bleeding from gastric variceal hemorrhage. Dig Dis Sci 1999;44:778-81.
197. Ramesh J, Limdi JK, Sharma V, et al. The use of thrombin injections in the management of bleeding gastric varices: a single-center experience. Gastrointest Endosc 2008;68:877-82.
198. McAvoy NC, Plevris JN, Hayes PC. Human thrombin for the treatment of gastric and ectopic varices. World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:5912-17.
199. Smith MR, Tidswell R, Tripathi D. Outcomes of endoscopic human thrombin injection in the management of gastric varices. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;26:846-52.
200. Holster IL, Poley JW, Kuipers EJ, et al. Controlling gastric variceal bleeding with endoscopically applied hemostatic powder (Hemospray). J Hepatol 2012;57:1397-8.
201. Stanley AJ, Smith LA, Morris AJ. Use of hemostatic powder (Hemospray) in the management of refractory gastric variceal hemorrhage. Endoscopy 2013;45(Suppl 2 UCTN):E86-7.
202. Kuradusenge P, Rousseau H, Vinel JP, et al. [Treatment of hemorrhages by rupture of cardio-tuberous varices with transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic shunt]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1993;17:431-4.
203. Sanyal AJ, Freedman AM, Luketic VA, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for patients with active variceal hemorrhage unresponsive to sclerotherapy. Gastroenterology 1996;111:138-46.
204. Stanley AJ, Jalan R, Ireland HM, et al. A comparison between gastric and oesophageal variceal haemorrhage treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPSS). Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997;11:171-6.
205. Barange K, Peron JM, Imani K, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the treatment of refractory bleeding from ruptured gastric varices. Hepatology 1999;30:1139-43.
206. Chau TN, Patch D, Chan YW, et al. "Salvage" transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: gastric fundal compared with esophageal variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology 1998;114:981-7.
207. Lo GH, Liang HL, Chen WC, et al. A prospective, randomized controlled trial of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus cyanoacrylate injection in the prevention of gastric variceal rebleeding. Endoscopy 2007;39:679-85.
208. Procaccini NJ, Al Osaimi AM, Northup P, et al. Endoscopic cyanoacrylate versus transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for gastric variceal bleeding: a single-center US analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2009;70:881-7.
209. Mahadeva S, Bellamy MC, Kessel D, et al. Cost-effectiveness of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (histoacryl) glue injections versus transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the management of acute gastric variceal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:2688-93.
210. Koito K, Namieno T, Nagakawa T, et al. Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration for gastric varices with gastrorenal or gastrocaval collaterals. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996;167:1317-20.
211. Choi YH, Yoon CJ, Park JH, et al. Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration for gastric variceal bleeding: its feasibility compared with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Korean J Radiol 2003;4:109-16.
212. Hong CH, Kim HJ, Park JH, et al. Treatment of patients with gastric variceal hemorrhage: endoscopic N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection versus balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;24:372-8.
213. Jang SY, Kim GH, Park SY, et al. Clinical outcomes of balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration for the treatment of gastric variceal hemorrhage in Korean patients with liver cirrhosis: a retrospective multicenter study. Clin Mol Hepatol 2012;18:368-74.
214. Naeshiro N, Aikata H, Kakizawa H, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with gastric varices treated by balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;29:1035-42.
215. Cho SK, Shin SW, Lee IH, et al. Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of gastric varices: outcomes and complications in 49 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007;189:W365-72.
216. Tanihata H, Minamiguchi H, Sato M, et al. Changes in portal systemic pressure gradient after balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of gastric varices and aggravation of esophageal varices. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2009;32:1209-16.
217. Sabri SS, Abi-Jaoudeh N, Swee W, et al. Short-term rebleeding rates for isolated gastric varices managed by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus balloonoccluded retrograde transvenous obliteration. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2014;25:355-61.
218. Saad WE. The history and evolution of balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO): from the United States to Japan and back. Semin Intervent Radiol 2011;28:283-7.
219. Wang J, Tian XG, Li Y, et al. Comparison of modified percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization and endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection for gastric variceal rebleeding. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:706-14.
220. Orozco H, Mercado MA. The evolution of portal hypertension surgery: lessons from 1000 operations and 50 years' experience. Arch Surg 2000;135:1389-93.
221. Jaroszewski DE, Schlinkert RT, Gray RJ. Laparoscopic splenectomy for the treatment of gastric varices secondary to sinistral portal hypertension. Surg Endosc 2000;14:87.
222. Stone PA, Phang D, Richmond B, et al. Splenic artery embolization for the treatment of bleeding gastric varices secondary to splenic vein thrombosis. Ann Vasc Surg 2014;28:737-11.
223. Greig JD, Garden OJ, Anderson JR, et al. Management of gastric variceal haemorrhage. Br J Surg 1990;77:297-9.
224. Riemenschneider T, Bermel RE, Hirner A. [Results of devascularization surgery of the gastroesophageal junction in recurrent hemorrhage of esophageal and fundus varices]. Zentralbl Chir 1994;119:291-7.
225. Thomas PG, D'Cruz AJ. Distal splenorenal shunting for bleeding gastric varices. Br J Surg 1994;81:241-4.
226. Mishra SR, Sharma BC, Kumar A, et al. Primary prophylaxis of gastric variceal bleeding comparing cyanoacrylate injection and beta-blockers: a randomized controlled trial. J Hepatol 2011;54:1161-7.
227. Kang EJ, Jeong SW, Jang JY, et al. Long-term result of endoscopic Histoacryl (N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate) injection for treatment of gastric varices. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:1494-500.
228. Katoh K, Sone M, Hirose A, et al. Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration for gastric varices: the relationship between the clinical outcome and gastrorenal shunt occlusion. BMC Med Imaging 2010;10:2.