Increasing the performance of dielectric elastomer actuators: A review from the materials perspective

Progress in Polymer Science

Volumn 51, Issue , 2015, Pages 188-211

  Romasanta, L J ^a   Lopez Manchado, M A ^a   Verdejo, R ^a  

^a INSTITUTO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA DE POLÍMEROS   (Spain)

Author keywords

Actuators; Artificial muscle; Dielectric elastomers; Dielectric permittivity

Indexed keywords

ACTUATORS; DIELECTRIC LOSSES; ELASTOMERS; ELECTROACTIVE POLYMER ACTUATORS; ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS; MECHANICAL ACTUATORS; MUSCLE; PERMITTIVITY; PLASTICS; POLYMERS;

ARTIFICIAL MUSCLE; DIELECTRIC ELASTOMER ACTUATORS; DIELECTRIC ELASTOMERS; DIELECTRIC PERMITTIVITIES; ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS; ELASTOMERIC MEMBRANES; ELECTRO-ACTIVE POLYMERS; MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS;

DIELECTRIC MATERIALS;

EID: 84947017742     PISSN: 00796700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.08.002     Document Type: Review

References (204)

1. T. Mirfakhrai, J.D. Madden, and R.H. Baughman Polymer artificial muscles Mater Today 10 2007 30 38
2. Y. Bar-Cohen EAP actuators for biomimetic technologies with humanlike robots as one of the ultimate challenges Adv Sci Technol 61 2009 1 7
3. Anonymous. Parker Hannifin Corp. EAP Sensor Technology. 2015; www.artificialmuscle.com [accessed August 2015].
4. Anonymous. Optotune. Machine Vision. 2013; www.optotune.com [accessed August 2015].
5. Anonymous. Tactus Technology Inc. A New Dimension of Touch. 2015; www.tactustechnology.com [accessed August 2015].
6. G.I. Montanari Lettere inedite di Alessandro Volta 1835 Stamperia Nobili Pesaro 15 17
7. C. Keplinger, M. Kaltenbrunner, N. Arnold, and S. Bauer Röntgen's electrode-free elastomer actuators without electromechanical pull-in instability Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107 2010 4505 4510
8. F. Carpi, S. Bauer, and D. De Rossi Stretching dielectric elastomer performance Science 330 2010 1759 1761
9. W.C. Röntgen Ueber die durch Electricität bewirkten Form- und Volumenänderungen von dielectrischen Körpern Ann Phys 247 1880 771 786
10. R. Pelrine, R. Kornbluh, Q. Pei, and J. Joseph High-speed electrically actuated elastomers with strain greater than 100% Science 287 2000 836 839
11. F. Carpi, D. De Rossi, R. Kornbluh, R. Pelrine, and P. Sommer-Larsen Dielectric elastomers as electromechanical transducers 2008 Elsevier Oxford, UK 344 pp.
12. Y. Bar-Cohen EAP history, current status and infrastructure Y. Bar-Cohen, Electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators as artificial muscles: reality, potential, and challenges 2nd ed. 2004 SPIE Press Bellingham, WA 3 52
13. Y. Bar-Cohen Electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators as artificial muscles: reality, potential and challenges. SPIE Press Monograph Series 2004 SPIE Press Bellingham, WA 816 pp.
14. Y. Osada, and J.-P. Gong Soft and wet materials: polymer gels Adv Mater 10 1998 827 837
15. M. Doi, M. Matsumoto, and Y. Hirose Deformation of ionic polymer gels by electric fields Macromolecules 25 1992 5504 5511
16. T. Shiga Deformation and viscoelastic behavior of polymer gels in electric fields Adv Polym Sci 134 1997 131 163
17. T. Shiga, Y. Hirose, A. Okada, and T. Kurauchi Bending of ionic polymer gel caused by swelling under sinusoidally varying electric fields J Appl Polym Sci 47 1993 113 119
18. M. Shahinpoor, and K.J. Kim Ionic polymer-metal composites: I. Fundamentals Smart Mater Struct 10 2001 819 833
19. X.-L. Wang, I.-K. Oh, J. Lu, J. Ju, and S. Lee Biomimetic electro-active polymer based on sulfonated poly (styrene-b-ethylene-co-butylene-b-styrene) Mater Lett 61 2007 5117 5120
20. J.-W. Lee, Y.-T. Yoo, and J.Y. Lee Ionic polymer-metal composite actuators based on triple-layered polyelectrolytes composed of individually functionalized layers ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6 2014 1266 1270
21. P. Chandrasekhar Basics of conducting polymers. Conducting polymers, fundamentals and applications: a practical approach 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston, MA 3 22
22. T.A. Skotheim, R.L. Elsenbaumer, and J.R. Reynolds Handbook of conducting polymers 2nd ed. 1998 Marcel Dekker New York, NY 1120 pp.
23. xChem Commun 1977 578 580
24. R.H. Baughman, L.W. Shacklette, R.L. Elsenbaumer, E. Plichta, and C. Becht Conducting polymer electromechanical actuators J.L. Brédas, R.R. Chance, Conjugated polymeric materials: opportunities in electronics, optoelectronics, and molecular electronics 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, The Netherlands 559 582
25. T. Otero, E. Angulo, J. Rodriguez, and C. Santamaria Electrochemomechanical properties from a bilayer: polypyrrole/non-conducting and flexible material - artificial muscle J Electroanal Chem 341 1992 369 375
26. J. Sansinena, V. Olazabal, T. Otero, C.P. Da Fonseca, and M.-A. De Paoli A solid state artificial muscle based on polypyrrole and a solid polymeric electrolyte working in air Chem Commun 1997 2217 2218
27. R. Pytel, E. Thomas, and I. Hunter Anisotropy of electroactive strain in highly stretched polypyrrole actuators Chem Mater 18 2006 861 863
28. P. Qibing, O. Inganas, and I. Lundstrom Bending bilayer strips built from polyaniline for artificial electrochemical muscles Smart Mater Struct 2 1993 1 6
29. G.M. Spinks, V. Mottaghitalab, M. Bahrami-Samani, P.G. Whitten, and G.G. Wallace Carbon-nanotube-reinforced polyaniline fibers for high-strength artificial muscles Adv Mater 18 2006 637 640
30. R.H. Baughman Conducting polymer artificial muscles Synth Met 78 1996 339 353
31. A. Mazzoldi, A.D. Santa, and D. Rossi Conducting polymer actuators: properties and modeling Y. Osada, D. Rossi, Polymer sensors and actuators 2000 Springer Berlin 207 244
32. J.D. Madden, P.G. Madden, and I.W. Hunter Conducting polymer actuators as engineering materials Proc SPIE 4695 2002 176 190
33. R.H. Baughman, C. Cui, A.A. Zakhidov, Z. Iqbal, J.N. Barisci, G.M. Spinks, G.G. Wallace, A. Mazzoldi, D. De Rossi, A.G. Rinzler, O. Jaschinski, S. Roth, and M. Kertesz Carbon nanotube actuators Science 284 1999 1340 1344
34. J.D. Madden, J.N. Barisci, P.A. Anquetil, G.M. Spinks, G.G. Wallace, R.H. Baughman, and I.W. Hunter Fast carbon nanotube charging and actuation Adv Mater 18 2006 870 873
35. R.H. Baughman, A.A. Zakhidov, and W.A. de Heer Carbon nanotubes - the route toward applications Science 297 2002 787 792
36. R. Shankar, T.K. Ghosh, and R.J. Spontak Dielectric elastomers as next-generation polymeric actuators Soft Matter 3 2007 1116 1129
37. P. Brochu, and Q. Pei Advances in dielectric elastomers for actuators and artificial muscles Macromol Rapid Commun 31 2010 10 36
38. H. Kawai The piezoelectricity of poly(vinylidene fluoride) Jpn J Appl Phys 8 1969 975 976
39. K. Tashiro, K. Takano, M. Kobayashi, Y. Chatani, and H. Tadokoro Structural study on ferroelectric phase transition of vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymers (III) dependence of transitional behavior on VDF molar content Ferroelectrics 57 1984 297 326
40. B.Z. Mei, J.I. Scheinbeim, and B.A. Newman The ferroelectric behavior of odd-numbered nylons Ferroelectrics 144 1993 51 60
41. Y. Takase, J. Lee, J. Scheinbeim, and B. Newman High-temperature characteristics of nylon-11 and nylon-7 piezoelectrics Macromolecules 24 1991 6644 6652
42. Z. Cheng, and Q. Zhang Field-activated electroactive polymers MRS Bull 33 2008 183 187
43. Su J, Harrison JS, Clair TLS. Electrostrictive graft elastomers. US 651077 B1; 2003.
44. J. Su, J.S. Harrison, T.L.S. Clair, Y. Bar-Cohen, and S. Leary Electrostrictive graft elastomers and applications MRS Symp Proc 600 1999 131 136
45. M. Warner, and E.M. Terentjev Nematic elastomers - a new state of matter? Prog Polym Sci 21 1996 853 891
46. I. Kundler, and H. Finkelmann Strain-induced director reorientation in nematic liquid single crystal elastomers Macromol Rapid Commun 16 1995 679 686
47. H. Finkelmann, H.-J. Kock, and G. Rehage Investigations on liquid crystalline polysiloxanes. 3. Liquid crystalline elastomers - a new type of liquid crystalline material Macromol Rapid Commun 2 1981 317 322
48. D.L. Thomsen, P. Keller, J. Naciri, R. Pink, H. Jeon, D. Shenoy, and B.R. Ratna Liquid crystal elastomers with mechanical properties of a muscle Macromolecules 34 2001 5868 5875
49. Y. Sawa, K. Urayama, T. Takigawa, A. DeSimone, and L. Teresi Thermally driven giant bending of liquid crystal elastomer films with hybrid alignment Macromolecules 43 2010 4362 4369
50. C.M. Spillmann, B.R. Ratna, and J. Naciri Anisotropic actuation in electroclinic liquid crystal elastomers Appl Phys Lett 90 2007 021911/1-3
51. W. Lehmann, H. Skupin, C. Tolksdorf, E. Gebhard, R. Zentel, P. Kruger, M. Losche, and F. Kremer Giant lateral electrostriction in ferroelectric liquid-crystalline elastomers Nature 410 2001 447 450
52. S. Schuhladen, F. Preller, R. Rix, S. Petsch, R. Zentel, and H. Zappe Iris-like tunable aperture employing liquid-crystal elastomers Adv Mater 26 2014 7247 7251
53. E. Hornbogen Comparison of shape memory metals and polymers Adv Eng Mater 8 2006 101 106
54. S.A. Wilson, R.P.J. Jourdain, Q. Zhang, R.A. Dorey, C.R. Bowen, M. Willander, Q.U. Wahab, S.M. Al-hilli, O. Nur, E. Quandt, C. Johansson, E. Pagounis, M. Kohl, J. Matovic, B. Samel, W. van der Wijngaart, E.W.H. Jager, D. Carlsson, Z. Djinovic, M. Wegener, C. Moldovan, R. Iosub, E. Abad, M. Wendlandt, C. Rusu, and K. Persson New materials for micro-scale sensors and actuators: an engineering review Mater Sci Eng R 56 2007 1 129
55. J. Su, Q.M. Zhang, C.H. Kim, R.Y. Ting, and R. Capps Effects of transitional phenomena on the electric field induced strain-electrostrictive response of a segmented polyurethane elastomer J Appl Polym Sci 65 1997 1363 1370
56. B. Kim, Y.D. Park, K. Min, J.H. Lee, S.S. Hwang, S.M. Hong, B.H. Kim, S.O. Kim, and C.M. Koo Electric actuation of nanostructured thermoplastic elastomer gels with ultralarge electrostriction coefficients Adv Funct Mater 21 2011 3242 3249
57. G. Kofod, P. Sommer-Larsen, R. Kornbluh, and R. Pelrine Actuation response of polyacrylate dielectric elastomers J Intell Mater Syst Struct 14 2003 787 793
58. X. Zhao, and Z. Suo Electrostriction in elastic dielectrics undergoing large deformation J Appl Phys 104 2008 123530/1-7
59. R. Kornbluh, and R. Pelrine Electromechanical transduction effects in dielectric elastomers: actuation, sensing, stiffness modulation and electric energy generation F. Carpi, D. Rossi, R. Kornbluh, R. Pelrine, P. Sommer-Larsen, Dielectric elastomers as electromechanical transducers 2008 Elsevier Oxford, UK 3 12
60. R.E. Pelrine, R.D. Kornbluh, and J.P. Joseph Electrostriction of polymer dielectrics with compliant electrodes as a means of actuation Sens Actuators A 64 1998 77 85
61. G. Kofod Dielectric elastomer actuators [PhD Thesis] 2001 Risø National Laboratory. The Technical University of Denmark 130 pp.
62. M. Wissler, and E. Mazza Modeling of a pre-strained circular actuator made of dielectric elastomers Sens Actuators A 120 2005 184 192
63. Z. Suo Theory of dielectric elastomers Acta Mech Solid Sin 23 2010 549 578
64. J. Maas, and C. Graf Dielectric elastomers for hydro power harvesting Smart Mater Struct 21 2012 064006/1-12
65. R.D. Kornbluh, R. Pelrine, H. Prahlad, A. Wong-Foy, B. McCoy, S. Kim, J. Eckerle, and T. Low Dielectric elastomers: stretching the capabilities of energy harvesting MRS Bull 37 2012 246 253
66. S.J.A. Koh, C. Keplinger, T. Li, S. Bauer, and Z. Suo Dielectric elastomer generators: how much energy can be converted? IEEE ASME Trans Mechatron 16 2011 33 41
67. T.G. McKay, B.M. O'Brien, and I.A. Anderson A technology for soft and wearable generators G. Berselli, R. Vertechy, G. Vassura, Smart actuation and sensing systems - recent advances and future challenges 2012 InTech Rijeka 171 184
68. J. Huang, S. Shian, Z. Suo, and D.R. Clarke Maximizing the energy density of dielectric elastomer generators using equi-biaxial loading Adv Funct Mater 23 2013 5056 5061
69. R. Kaltseis, C. Keplinger, R. Baumgartner, M. Kaltenbrunner, T. Li, P. Machler, R. Schwodiauer, Z. Suo, and S. Bauer Method for measuring energy generation and efficiency of dielectric elastomer generators Appl Phys Lett 99 2011 162904/1-3
70. T.G. McKay, B.M. O'Brien, E.P. Calius, and I.A. Anderson Soft generators using dielectric elastomers App Phys Lett 97 2010 062911/1-3
71. R. Pelrine, R. Kornbluh, and J. Eckerle Dielectric elastomers: generator mode fundamentals and applications Proc SPIE 4329 2001 148 156
72. R. Pelrine, R. Kornbluh, J. Joseph, R. Heydt, Q. Pei, and S. Chiba High-field deformation of elastomeric dielectrics for actuators Mater Sci Eng C 11 2000 89 100
73. H. Wang, C. Wang, and T. Yuan On the energy conversion and efficiency of a dielectric electroactive polymer generator Appl Phys Lett 101 2012 033904/1-5
74. C. Graf, J. Hitzbleck, T. Feller, K. Clauberg, J. Wagner, J. Krause, and J. Maas Optimized energy harvesting materials and generator design Proc SPIE 8687 2013 86870N/1-12
75. C. Jean-Mistral, S. Basrour, and J.J. Chaillout Comparison of electroactive polymers for energy scavenging applications Smart Mater Struct 19 2010 085012/1-14
76. S. Shian, J. Huang, S. Zhu, and D.R. Clarke Optimizing the electrical energy conversion cycle of dielectric elastomer generators Adv Mater 26 2014 6617 6621
77. J. Biggs, K. Danielmeier, J. Hitzbleck, J. Krause, T. Kridl, S. Nowak, E. Orselli, X. Quan, D. Schapeler, W. Sutherland, and J. Wagner Electroactive polymers: developments of and perspectives for dielectric elastomers Angew Chem Int Ed 52 2013 9409 9421
78. F. Carpi, and D. De Rossi Improvement of electromechanical actuating performances of a silicone dielectric elastomer by dispersion of titaniun dioxide powder IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 12 2005 835 843
79. F. Carpi, G. Gallone, F. Galantini, and D. De Rossi Silicone-poly(hexylthiophene) blends as elastomers with enhanced electromechanical transduction properties Adv Funct Mater 18 2008 235 241
80. S. Risse, B. Kussmaul, H. Kruger, and G. Kofod A versatile method for enhancement of electromechanical sensitivity of silicone elastomers RSC Adv 2 2012 9029 9035
81. 12-polydimethylsiloxane composites J Mater Chem 22 2012 24705 24712
82. Q.M. Zhang, J. Su, C.H. Kim, R. Ting, and R. Capps An experimental investigation of electromechanical responses in a polyurethane elastomer J Appl Phys 81 1997 2770 2776
83. F. Galantini, S. Bianchi, V. Castervetro, and G. Gallone Functionalized carbon nanotubes as a filler for dielectric elastomer composites with improved actuation performance Smart Mater Struct 22 2013 055025/1-10
84. F. Carpi, A. Mazzoldi, and D. De Rossi High-strain dielectric elastomer for actuation Proc SPIE 5051 2003 419 422
85. D. Yang, L. Zhang, N. Ning, D. Li, Z. Wang, T. Nishi, K. Ito, and M. Tian Large increase in actuated strain of HNBR dielectric elastomer by controlling molecular interaction and dielectric filler network RSC Adv 3 2013 21896 21904
86. H.C. Nguyen, V.T. Doan, J. Park, J.C. Koo, Y. Lee, J.-d. Nam, and H.R. Choi The effects of additives on the actuating performances of a dielectric elastomer actuator Smart Mater Struct 18 2009 015006/1-9
87. R.D. Kornbluh, R. Pelrine, Q. Pei, R. Heydt, S. Stanford, S. Oh, and J. Eckerle Electroelastomers: applications of dielectric elastomer transducers for actuation, generation, and smart structures Proc SPIE 4698 2002 254 270
88. R. Shankar, T.K. Ghosh, and R.J. Spontak Electromechanical response of nanostructured polymer systems with no mechanical pre-strain Macromol Rapid Commun 28 2007 1142 1147
89. R. Shankar, T.K. Ghosh, and R.J. Spontak Electroactive nanostructured polymers as tunable actuators Adv Mater 19 2007 2218 2223
90. D.N. McCarthy, H. Stoyanov, D. Rychkov, H. Ragusch, M. Melzer, and G. Kofod Increased permittivity nanocomposite dielectrics by controlled interfacial interactions Compos Sci Technol 72 2012 731 736
91. H. Stoyanov, M. Kollosche, D.N. McCarthy, and G. Kofod Molecular composites with enhanced energy density for electroactive polymers J Mater Chem 20 2010 7558 7564
92. S.M. Ha, W. Yuan, Q. Pei, R. Pelrine, and S. Stanford Interpenetrating polymer networks for high-performance electroelastomer artificial muscles Adv Mater 18 2006 887 891
93. S.M. Ha, W. Yuan, Q. Pei, R. Pelrine, and S. Stanford Interpenetrating networks of elastomers exhibiting 300% electrically-induced area strain Smart Mater Struct 16 2007 S280 S287
94. S.M. Ha, I.S. Park, M. Wissler, R. Pelrine, S. Stanford, K.J. Kim, G. Kovacs, and Q. Pei High electromechanical performance of electroelastomers based on interpenetrating polymer networks Proc SPIE 6927 2008 69272C/1-9
95. Z. Yu, W. Yuan, P. Brochu, B. Chen, Z. Liu, and Q. Pei Large-strain, rigid-to-rigid deformation of bistable electroactive polymers Appl Phys Lett 95 2009 192904/1-3
96. J.-S. Plante, and S. Dubowsky Large-scale failure modes of dielectric elastomer actuators Int J Solids Struct 43 2006 7727 7751
97. C. Jordi, A. Schmidt, G. Kovacs, S. Michel, and P. Ermanni Performance evaluation of cutting-edge dielectric elastomers for large-scale actuator applications Smart Mater Struct 20 2011 075003/1-10
98. M. Wissler, and E. Mazza Electromechanical coupling in dielectric elastomer actuators Sens Actuators A 138 2007 384 393
99. J. Qiang, H. Chen, and B. Li Experimental study on the dielectric properties of polyacrylate dielectric elastomer Smart Mater Struct 21 2012 025006/1-9
100. H.R. Choi, K. Jung, N.H. Chuc, M. Jung, I. Koo, J. Koo, J. Lee, J. Lee, J. Nam, M. Cho, and Y. Lee Effects of prestrain on behavior of dielectric elastomer actuator Proc SPIE 5759 2005 283 291
101. G. Kofod The static actuation of dielectric elastomer actuators: how does pre-stretch improve actuation? J Phys D 41 2008 215405/1-11
102. L. Liu, Y. Liu, X. Luo, B. Li, and J. Leng Electromechanical instability and snap-through instability of dielectric elastomers undergoing polarization saturation Mech Mater 55 2012 60 72
103. S. Akbari, S. Rosset, and H.R. Shea Improved electromechanical behavior in castable dielectric elastomer actuators Appl Phys Lett 102 2013 071906/1-5
104. J.-S. Plante, and S. Dubowsky On the nature of dielectric elastomer actuators and its implications for their design Proc SPIE 6168 2006 61681J/1-11
105. C. Löwe, X. Zhang, and G. Kovacs Dielectric elastomers in actuator technology Adv Eng Mater 7 2005 361 367
106. X. Niu, H. Stoyanov, W. Hu, R. Leo, P. Brochu, and Q. Pei Synthesizing a new dielectric elastomer exhibiting large actuation strain and suppressed electromechanical instability without prestretching J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 51 2013 197 206
107. D.M. Opris, M. Molberg, C. Walder, Y.S. Ko, B. Fischer, and F.A. Nüesch New silicone composites for dielectric elastomer actuator applications in competition with acrylic foil Adv Funct Mater 21 2011 3531 3539
108. A.G. Bejenariu, L. Yu, and A.L. Skov Low moduli elastomers with low viscous dissipation Soft Matter 8 2012 3917
109. B. Kussmaul, S. Risse, G. Kofod, R. Waché, M. Wegener, D.N. McCarthy, H. Krüger, and R. Gerhard Enhancement of dielectric permittivity and electromechanical response in silicone elastomers: molecular grafting of organic dipoles to the macromolecular network Adv Funct Mater 21 2011 4589 4594
110. S. Risse, B. Kussmaul, H. Krüger, and G. Kofod Synergistic improvement of actuation properties with compatibilized high permittivity filler Adv Funct Mater 22 2012 3958 3962
111. C. Racles, M. Cazacu, B. Fischer, and D.M. Opris Synthesis and characterization of silicones containing cyanopropyl groups and their use in dielectric elastomer actuators Smart Mater Struct 22 2013 104004/1-10
112. F.B. Madsen, L. Yu, A.E. Daugaard, S. Hvilsted, and A.L. Skov Silicone elastomers with high dielectric permittivity and high dielectric breakdown strength based on dipolar copolymers Polymer 55 2014 6212 6219
113. S.J. Dünki, Y.S. Ko, F.A. Nüesch, and D.M. Opris Self-repairable, high permittivity dielectric elastomers with large actuation strains at low electric fields Adv Funct Mater 25 2015 2467 2475
114. D. Stauffer, and A. Aharony Introduction to percolation theory 2nd ed. 2003 Taylor and Francis London, UK 179
115. E.M.A. Jamal, P.A. Joy, P. Kurian, and M.R. Anantharaman On the magnetic and dielectric properties of nickel-neoprene nanocomposites Mater Chem Phys 121 2010 154 160
116. T.I. Yang, R.N.C. Brown, L.C. Kempel, and P. Kofinas Controlled synthesis of core-shell iron-silica nanoparticles and their magneto-dielectric properties in polymer composites Nanotechnology 22 2011 105601/1-8
117. G. Kofod, S. Risse, H. Stoyanov, D.N. McCarthy, S. Sokolov, and R. Kraehnert Broad-spectrum enhancement of polymer composite dielectric constant at ultralow volume fractions of silica-supported copper nanoparticles ACS Nano 5 2011 1623 1629
118. H. Stoyanov, D.M. Carthy, M. Kollosche, and G. Kofod Dielectric properties and electric breakdown strength of a subpercolative composite of carbon black in thermoplastic copolymer Appl Phys Lett 94 2009 232905/1-3
119. B.P. Sahoo, K. Naskar, R.N.P. Choudhary, S. Sabharwal, and D.K. Tripathy Dielectric relaxation behavior of conducting carbon black reinforced ethylene acrylic elastomer vulcanizates J Appl Polym Sci 124 2012 678 688
120. M.N. Ismail, and A.I. Khalaf Styrene-butadiene rubber/graphite powder composites: rheometrical, physicomechanical, and morphological properties J Appl Polym Sci 120 2011 298 304
121. T.J. Lewis Interfaces are the dominant feature of dielectrics at the nanometric level IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 11 2004 739 753
122. Z.-M. Dang, J.-K. Yuan, J.-W. Zha, T. Zhou, S.-T. Li, and G.-H. Hu Fundamentals, processes and applications of high-permittivity polymer-matrix composites Prog Mater Sci 57 2012 660 723
123. I.-S. Park, K.J. Kim, J.-D. Nam, J. Lee, and W. Yim Mechanical, dielectric, and magnetic properties of the silicone elastomer with multi-walled carbon nanotubes as a nanofiller Polym Eng Sci 47 2007 1396 1405
124. A. Das, K.W. Stöckelhuber, R. Jurk, M. Saphiannikova, J. Fritzsche, H. Lorenz, M. Klüppel, and G. Heinrich Modified and unmodified multiwalled carbon nanotubes in high performance solution-styrene-butadiene and butadiene rubber blends Polymer 49 2008 5276 5283
125. S.S. Mahapatra, S.K. Yadav, H.J. Yoo, and J.W. Cho Highly stretchable, transparent and scalable elastomers with tunable dielectric permittivity J Mater Chem 21 2011 7686 7691
126. H. Liu, Y. Shen, Y. Song, C.-W. Nan, Y. Lin, and X. Yang Carbon nanotube array/polymer core/shell structured composites with high dielectric permittivity, low dielectric loss, and large energy density Adv Mater 23 2011 5104 5108
127. J. Vilčáková, R. Moučka, P. Svoboda, M. Ilčíková, N. Kazantseva, M. Hřibová, M. Mičušík, and M. Omastová Effect of surfactants and manufacturing methods on the electrical and thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube/silicone composites Molecules 17 2012 13157 13174
128. L. J. Romasanta, M. Hernandez, M.A. Lopez-Manchado, and R. Verdejo Functionalised graphene sheets as effective high dielectric constant fillers Nanoscale Res Lett 6 2011 508/1-6
129. S.K. Kumar, M. Castro, A. Saiter, L. Delbreilh, J.F. Feller, S. Thomas, and Y. Grohens Development of poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene)/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for barrier, dielectric and sensing applications Mater Lett 96 2013 109 112
130. M. Tian, Q. Ma, X. Li, L. Zhang, T. Nishi, and N. Ning High performance dielectric composites by latex compounding of graphene oxide-encapsulated carbon nanosphere hybrids with XNBR J Mater Chem A 2 2014 11144 11154
131. M. Molberg, D. Crespy, P. Rupper, F. Nüesch, J.A.E. Manson, C. Löwe, and D.M. Opris High breakdown field dielectric elastomer actuators using encapsulated polyaniline as high dielectric constant filler Adv Funct Mater 20 2010 3280 3291
132. 3)/silicone rubber nanocomposites J Appl Polym Sci 127 2013 4440 4445
133. J.K. Nelson Background, principles and promise of nanodielectrics J.K. Nelson, Dielectric polymer nanocomposites 2010 Springer Berlin 1 30
134. C. Green, and A. Vaughan Nanodielectrics - how much do we really understand? IEEE Electr Insul Mag 24 2008 6 16
135. M. Razzaghi-Kashani, N. Gharavi, and S. Javadi The effect of organo-clay on the dielectric properties of silicone rubber Smart Mater Struct 17 2008 065035/1-9
136. M. Razzaghi-Kashani, S. Javadi, and N. Gharavi Dielectric properties of silicone rubber-titanium dioxide composites prepared by dielectrophoretic assembly of filler particles Smart Mater Struct 19 2010 035019/1-7
137. 2/SEBS composites J Phys D 42 2009 145406/1-7
138. P. Maiolino, F. Galantini, F. Mastrogiovanni, G. Gallone, G. Cannata, and F. Carpi Soft dielectrics for capacitive sensing in robot skins: performance of different elastomer types Sens Actuators A 226 2015 37 47
139. V. Tomer, C.A. Randall, G. Polizos, J. Kostelnick, and E. Manias High- and low-field dielectric characteristics of dielectrophoretically aligned ceramic/polymer nanocomposites J Appl Phys 103 2008 034115/1-7
140. 3microcomposites IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 18 2011 375 383
141. V. Tomer, and C.A. Randall High field dielectric properties of anisotropic polymer-ceramic composites J Appl Phys 104 2008 074106/1-7
142. 3on damping and dielectric properties of filled polyurethane/unsaturated polyester resin interpenetrating polymer networks J Mater Sci 40 2005 3339 3345
143. S. Kemaloglu, G. Ozkoc, and A. Aytac Properties of thermally conductive micro and nano size boron nitride reinforced silicon rubber composites Thermochim Acta 499 2010 40 47
144. G. Gallone, F. Carpi, D. De Rossi, G. Levita, and A. Marchetti Dielectric constant enhancement in a silicone elastomer filled with lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate Mater Sci Eng C 27 2007 110 116
145. H. Stoyanov, M. Kollosche, S. Risse, D.N. McCarthy, and G. Kofod Elastic block copolymer nanocomposites with controlled interfacial interactions for artificial muscles with direct voltage control Soft Matter 7 2011 194 202
146. J.P. Szabo, J.A. Hiltz, C.G. Cameron, R.S. Underhill, J. Massey, B. White, and J. Leidner Elastomeric composites with high dielectric constant for use in Maxwell stress actuators Proc SPIE 5051 2003 180 190
147. M. Molberg Elastomer composites for actuator applications [PhD Thesis] 2010 École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne 133 pp.
148. D. Yang, M. Tian, D. Li, W. Wang, F. Ge, and L. Zhang Enhanced dielectric properties and actuated strain of elastomer composites with dopamine-induced surface functionalization J Mater Chem A 1 2013 12276 12284
149. Q.M. Zhang, H. Li, M. Poh, F. Xia, Z.Y. Cheng, H. Xu, and C. Huang An all-organic composite actuator material with a high dielectric constant Nature 419 2002 284 287
150. C. Huang, Q.M. Zhang, G. deBotton, and K. Bhattacharya All-organic dielectric-percolative three-component composite materials with high electromechanical response Appl Phys Lett 84 2004 4391 4393
151. G. Gallone, F. Galantini, and F. Carpi Perspectives for new dielectric elastomers with improved electromechanical actuation performance: composites versus blends Polym Int 59 2010 400 406
152. M. Tian, B. Yan, Y. Yao, L. Zhang, T. Nishi, and N. Ning Largely improved actuation strain at low electric field of dielectric elastomer by combining disrupting hydrogen bonds with ionic conductivity J Mater Chem C 2 2014 8388 8397
153. H.-L. Kwak, K. Cho, S. Yu, K.-Y. Baek, J.-C. Lee, S.M. Hong, and C.M. Koo Tunable polymer actuators via a simple and versatile blending approach Sens Actuators B 174 2012 547 554
154. K.B. Subramani, E. Cakmak, R.J. Spontak, and T.K. Ghosh Enhanced electroactive response of unidirectional elastomeric composites with high-dielectric-constant fibers Adv Mater 26 2014 2949 2953
155. S. Rosset, and H.R. Shea Flexible and stretchable electrodes for dielectric elastomer actuators Appl Phys A 110 2013 281 307
156. R. Verplancke, F. Bossuyt, D. Cuypers, and J. Vanfleteren Thin-film stretchable electronics technology based on meandering interconnections: fabrication and mechanical performance J Micromech Microeng 22 2012 015002/1-9
157. A. Pimpin, Y. Suzuki, and N. Kasagi Microelectrostrictive actuator with large out-of-plane deformation for flow-control application J Microelectromech Syst 16 2007 753 764
158. N. Bowden, S. Brittain, A.G. Evans, J.W. Hutchinson, and G.M. Whitesides Spontaneous formation of ordered structures in thin films of metals supported on an elastomeric polymer Nature 393 1998 146 149
159. S.P. Lacour, J. Jones, Z. Suo, and S. Wagner Design and performance of thin metal film interconnects for skin-like electronic circuits IEEE Electron Device Lett 25 2004 179 181
160. M. Benslimane, P. Gravesen, and P. Sommer-Larsen Mechanical properties of dielectric elastomer actuators with smart metallic compliant electrodes Proc SPIE 4695 2002 150 157
161. M. Benslimane, H.-E. Kiil, and M.J. Tryson Electromechanical properties of novel large strain PolyPower film and laminate components for DEAP actuator and sensor applications Proc SPIE 7642 2010 764231/1-11
162. S. Michel, B.T.T. Chu, S. Grimm, F.A. Nüesch, A. Borgschulte, and D.M. Opris Self-healing electrodes for dielectric elastomer actuators J Mater Chem 22 2012 20736 20741
163. B. O'Brien, J. Thode, I. Anderson, E. Calius, E. Haemmerle, and S. Xie Integrated extension sensor based on resistance and voltage measurement for a dielectric elastomer Proc SPIE 6524 2007 652415/1-11
164. W. Yuan, L.B. Hu, Z.B. Yu, T. Lam, J. Biggs, S.M. Ha, D.J. Xi, B. Chen, M.K. Senesky, G. Grüner, and Q. Pei Fault-tolerant dielectric elastomer actuators using single-walled carbon nanotube electrodes Adv Mater 20 2008 621 625
165. S. Yun, X. Niu, Z. Yu, W. Hu, P. Brochu, and Q. Pei Compliant silver nanowire-polymer composite electrodes for bistable large strain actuation Adv Mater 24 2012 1321 1327
166. C. Keplinger, J.-Y. Sun, C.C. Foo, P. Rothemund, G.M. Whitesides, and Z. Suo Stretchable, transparent, ionic conductors Science 341 2013 984 987
167. Y. Bar-Cohen EAP applications, potential and challenges Y. Bar-Cohen, Electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators as artificial muscles: reality, potential, and challenges 2nd ed. 2004 SPIE Press Bellingham, WA 709 756
168. I.A. Anderson, T.A. Gisby, T.G. McKay, B.M. O'Brien, and E.P. Calius Multi-functional dielectric elastomer artificial muscles for soft and smart machines J Appl Phys 112 2012 041101/1-20
169. A. O'Halloran, F. O'Malley, and P. McHugh A review on dielectric elastomer actuators, technology, applications, and challenges J Appl Phys 104 2008 071101/1-10
170. H.F. Schlaak, M. Jungmann, M. Matysek, and P. Lotz Novel multilayer electrostatic solid state actuators with elastic dielectric Proc SPIE 5759 2005 121 133
171. G. Kovacs, L. Düring, S. Michel, and G. Terrasi Stacked dielectric elastomer actuator for tensile force transmission Sens Actuators A 155 2009 299 307
172. G.K. Lau, S.C.K. Goh, and L.L. Shiau Dielectric elastomer unimorph using flexible electrodes of electrolessly deposited (ELD) silver Sens Actuators A 169 2011 234 241
173. O.A. Araromi, A.T. Conn, C.S. Ling, J.M. Rossiter, R. Vaidyanathan, and S.C. Burgess Spray deposited multilayered dielectric elastomer actuators Sens Actuators A 167 2011 459 467
174. S.G. Chun-Kiat, and G.K. Lau Dielectric elastomeric bimorphs using electrolessly deposited silver electrodes Proc SPIE 7642 2010 764215/1-12
175. N. Goulbourne, M. Frecker, E. Mockensturm, and A. Snyder Modeling of a dielectric elastomer diaphragm for a prosthetic blood pump Proc SPIE 5051 2003 319 331
176. B. Li, H. Chen, J. Wu, Z. Zhu, D. Xia, and S. Jing Design and fabrication of a microfluidic chip driven by dielectric elastomers Proc SPIE 7493 2009 74935S/1-9
177. S. Rosset, P. Dubois, M. Niklaus, and H.R. Shea Large stroke miniaturized dielectric elastomer actuators with ion-implanted electrodes J Microelectromech Syst 18 2009 1300 1308
178. G. Kovacs, P. Lochmatter, and M. Wissler An arm wrestling robot driven by dielectric elastomer actuators Smart Mater Struct 16 2007 S306 S317
179. G. Kovacs, S.M. Ha, S. Michel, R. Pelrine, and Q. Pei Study on core free rolled actuator based on soft dielectric EAP Proc SPIE 6927 2008 69270X/1-15
180. R. Sarban, R.W. Jones, B.R. Mace, and E. Rustighi A tubular dielectric elastomer actuator: fabrication, characterization and active vibration isolation Mech Syst Signal Process 25 2011 2879 2891
181. F. Carpi, A. Migliore, G. Serra, and D. De Rossi Helical dielectric elastomer actuators Smart Mater Struct 14 2005 1210 1216
182. C. Jordi, S. Michel, and E. Fink Fish-like propulsion of an airship with planar membrane dielectric elastomer actuators Bioinspir Biomim 5 2010 026007/1-9
183. H.R. Choi, K. Jung, S. Ryew, J.-D. Nam, J. JaeWook, K. Ja Choon, and K. Tanie Biomimetic soft actuator: design, modeling, control, and applications IEEE ASME Trans Mechatron 10 2005 581 593
184. P. Qibing, R. Marcus, S. Scott, P. Harsha, and P. Ron Multiple-degrees-of-freedom electroelastomer roll actuators Smart Mater Struct 13 2004 N86 N92
185. H.Y. Kwon, K.J. An, J. Kang, V.H. Phuc, N.C. Toan, B.C. Kim, J.A. Chung, B.H. Hong, J. Choi, H. Moon, J. Koo, J.D. Nam, and H.R. Choi Transparent active skin Proc SPIE 7976 2011 79760T/1-8
186. F. Carpi, G. Fantoni, P. Guerrini, and D. De Rossi Buckling dielectric elastomer actuators and their use as motors for the eyeballs of an android face Proc SPIE 6168 2006 61681A/1-6
187. P. Chakraborti, H.A.K. Toprakci, P. Yang, N. Di Spigna, P. Franzon, and T. Ghosh A compact dielectric elastomer tubular actuator for refreshable Braille displays Sens Actuators A 179 2012 151 157
188. S. Vishniakou, B.W. Lewis, X. Niu, A. Kargar, K. Sun, M. Kalajian, N. Park, M. Yang, Y. Jing, P. Brochu, Z. Sun, C. Li, T. Nguyen, Q. Pei, and D. Wang Tactile feedback display with spatial and temporal resolutions Sci Rep 3 2013 2521/1-6
189. U. Kim, J. Kang, C. Lee, H.Y. Kwon, S. Hwang, H. Moon, J.C. Koo, J.D. Nam, B.H. Hong, J.B. Choi, and H.R. Choi A transparent and stretchable graphene-based actuator for tactile display Nanotechnology 24 2013 145501/1-7
190. D. Xu, T.A. Gisby, S. Xie, and I.A. Anderson Scalable sensing electronics towards a motion capture suit Proc SPIE 8687 2013 86872L/1-7
191. L. Maffli, S. Rosset, and H.R. Shea Mm-size bistable zipping dielectric elastomer actuators for integrated microfluidics Proc SPIE 8687 2013 86872M/1-10
192. D. McCoul, C. Murray, D. Di Carlo, and Q. Pei Dielectric elastomer actuators for active microfluidic control Proc SPIE 8687 2013 86872G/1-8
193. C. Murray, D. McCoul, E. Sollier, T. Ruggiero, X. Niu, Q. Pei, and D.D. Carlo Electro-adaptive microfluidics for active tuning of channel geometry using polymer actuators Microfluid Nanofluid 14 2013 345 358
194. J.J. Loverich, I. Kanno, and H. Kotera Concepts for a new class of all-polymer micropumps Lab Chip 6 2006 1147 1154
195. R. Heydt, R. Kornbluh, J. Eckerle, and R. Pelrine Sound radiation properties of dielectric elastomer electroactive polymer loudspeakers Proc SPIE 6168 2006 61681M/1-8
196. T. Hwang, H.Y. Kwon, J.S. Oh, J.P. Hong, S.C. Hong, Y. Lee, H. Ryeol Choi, K. Jin Kim, M. Hossain Bhuiya, and J.D. Nam Transparent actuator made with few layer graphene electrode and dielectric elastomer, for variable focus lens Appl Phys Lett 103 2013 023106/1-5
197. M. Heimann, H. Schröder, S. Marx, and K.D. Lang Dielectric elastomer actuators for adaptive photonic microsystems Proc SPIE 8622 2013 862209/1-11
198. H.W. Wang, I.L. Chang, and L.W. Chen Beam manipulating by graded photonic crystal slab made of dielectric elastomer actuators Opt Commun 285 2012 5524 5530
199. S.I. Son, D. Pugal, T. Hwang, H.R. Choi, J.C. Koo, Y. Lee, K. Kim, and J.D. Nam Electromechanically driven variable-focus lens based on transparent dielectric elastomer Appl Opt 51 2012 2987 2996
200. R. Karsten, K. Flittner, H. Haus, and H.F. Schlaak Development of an active isolation mat based on dielectric elastomer stack actuators for mechanical vibration cancellation Proc SPIE 8687 2013 86870Y/1-8
201. C. Graf, and J. Maas Electroactive polymer devices for active vibration damping Proc SPIE 7976 2011 79762I/1-11
202. R.D. Kornbluh, D.S. Flamm, H. Prahlad, K.M. Nashold, S. Chhokar, R. Pelrine, D.L. Huestis, J. Simons, T. Cooper, and D.G. Watters Shape control of large lightweight mirrors with dielectric elastomer actuation Proc SPIE 5051 2003 143 158
203. C. Jordi, S. Michel, G. Kovacs, and P. Ermanni Scaling of planar dielectric elastomer actuators in an agonist-antagonist configuration Sens Actuators A 161 2010 182 190
204. S. Chiba, M. Waki, T. Wada, Y. Hirakawa, K. Masuda, and T. Ikoma Consistent ocean wave energy harvesting using electroactive polymer (dielectric elastomer) artificial muscle generators Appl Energy 104 2013 497 502