Heterogeneous Oxidation of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol: Kinetics of Changes to the Amount and Oxidation State of Particle-Phase Organic Carbon

Journal of Physical Chemistry A

Volumn 119, Issue 44, 2015, Pages 10767-10783

  Kroll, Jesse H ^a   Lim, Christopher Y ^a   Kessler, Sean H ^a   Wilson, Kevin R ^b  

^a Massachusetts Institute of Technology   (United States)

^b LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION; GASES; OXIDATION; REACTION RATES;

ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS; ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION; CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS; EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS; FRAGMENTATION REACTIONS; HETEROGENEOUS OXIDATION; MOLECULAR COMPOSITIONS; PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON;

ORGANIC CARBON;

AEROSOL; CARBON; ORGANIC COMPOUND;

AEROSOL; CHEMISTRY; KINETICS; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; PARTICLE SIZE; PHASE TRANSITION;

AEROSOLS; CARBON; KINETICS; ORGANIC CHEMICALS; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; PARTICLE SIZE; PHASE TRANSITION;

EID: 84946595329     PISSN: 10895639     EISSN: 15205215     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06946     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Kanakidou, M.; Seinfeld, J. H.; Pandis, S. N.; Barnes, I.; Dentener, F.; Facchini, C.; van Dingenen, R.; Ervens, B.; Nenes, A.; Nielsen, C. J. et al. Organic Aerosol and Global Climate Modelling: a Review Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2005, 5, 1053-1123 10.5194/acp-5-1053-2005
2. Zhang, Q.; Jimenez, J. L.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Allan, J. D.; Coe, H.; Ulbrich, I.; Alfarra, M. R.; Takami, A.; Middlebrook, A. M.; Sun, Y. L. et al. Ubiquity and Dominance of Oxygenated Species in Organic Aerosols in Anthropogenically-Influenced Northern Hemisphere Midlatitudes Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34, L13801 10.1029/2007GL029979
3. Aumont, B.; Szopa, S.; Madronich, S. Modelling the Evolution of Organic Carbon During Its Gas-Phase Tropospheric Oxidation: Development of an Explicit Model Based on a Self Generating Approach Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2005, 5, 2497-2517 10.5194/acp-5-2497-2005
4. Kroll, J. H.; Donahue, N. M.; Jimenez, J. L.; Kessler, S. H.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Wilson, K. R.; Altieri, K. E.; Mazzoleni, L. R.; Wozniak, A. S.; Bluhm, H. et al. Carbon Oxidation State as a Metric for Describing the Chemistry of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol Nat. Chem. 2011, 3, 133-139 10.1038/nchem.948
5. Yatavelli, R.; Lopez-Hilfiker, F.; Wargo, J. D.; Kimmel, J. R.; Cubison, M. J.; Bertram, T. H.; Jimenez, J. L.; Gonin, M.; Worsnop, D. R.; Thornton, J. A. A Chemical Ionization High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer Coupled to a Micro Orifice Volatilization Impactor (MOVI-HRToF-CIMS) for Analysis of Gas and Particle-Phase Organic Species Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 1313-1327 10.1080/02786826.2012.712236
6. Jokinen, T.; Sipila, M.; Junninen, H.; Ehn, M.; Lönn, G.; Hakala, J.; Petäjä, T.; Mauldin, R. L., III; Kulmala, M.; Worsnop, D. R. Atmospheric Sulphuric Acid and Neutral Cluster Measurements Using CI-APi-TOF Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 4117-4125 10.5194/acp-12-4117-2012
7. Crounse, J. D.; Paulot, F.; Kjaergaard, H. G.; Wennberg, P. O. Peroxy Radical Isomerization in the Oxidation of Isoprene Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 13607 10.1039/c1cp21330j
8. Pankow, J. F.; Barsanti, K. C. The Carbon Number-Polarity Grid: a Means to Manage the Complexity of the Mix of Organic Compounds When Modeling Atmospheric Organic Particulate Matter Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43, 2829-2835 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.12.050
9. Heald, C. L.; Kroll, J. H.; Jimenez, J. L.; Docherty, K. S.; Decarlo, P. F.; Aiken, A. C.; Chen, Q.; Martin, S. T.; Farmer, D. K.; Artaxo, P. A Simplified Description of the Evolution of Organic Aerosol Composition in the Atmosphere Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37, L08803 10.1029/2010GL042737
10. Donahue, N. M.; Kroll, J. H.; Pandis, S. N.; Robinson, A. L. A Two-Dimensional Volatility Basis Set-Part 2: Diagnostics of Organic-Aerosol Evolution Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 615-634 10.5194/acp-12-615-2012
11. Cappa, C. D.; Wilson, K. R. Multi-Generation Gas-Phase Oxidation, Equilibrium Partitioning, and the Formation and Evolution of Secondary Organic Aerosol Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 9505-9528 10.5194/acp-12-9505-2012
12. Wei, Y.; Cao, T.; Thompson, J. E. The Chemical Evolution & Physical Properties of Organic Aerosol: a Molecular Structure Based Approach Atmos. Environ. 2012, 62, 199-207 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.08.029
13. Daumit, K. E.; Kessler, S. H.; Kroll, J. H. Average Chemical Properties and Potential Formation Pathways of Highly Oxidized Organic Aerosol Faraday Discuss. 2013, 165, 181-202 10.1039/c3fd00045a
14. Shiraiwa, M.; Berkemeier, T.; Schilling-Fahnestock, K. A.; Seinfeld, J. H.; Pöschl, U. Molecular Corridors and Kinetic Regimes in the Multiphase Chemical Evolution of Secondary Organic Aerosol Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2014, 14, 8323-8341 10.5194/acp-14-8323-2014
15. Kroll, J. H.; Seinfeld, J. H. Chemistry of Secondary Organic Aerosol: Formation and Evolution of Low-Volatility Organics in the Atmosphere Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42, 3593-3624 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.003
16. Hallquist, M.; Wenger, J. C.; Baltensperger, U.; Rudich, Y.; Simpson, D.; Claeys, M.; Dommen, J.; Donahue, N. M.; George, C.; Goldstein, A. H. et al. The Formation, Properties and Impact of Secondary Organic Aerosol: Current and Emerging Issues Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9, 5155-5236 10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009
17. Jimenez, J. L.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Donahue, N. M.; Prevot, A. S. H.; Zhang, Q.; Kroll, J. H.; Decarlo, P. F.; Allan, J. D.; Coe, H.; Ng, N. L. et al. Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere Science 2009, 326, 1525-1529 10.1126/science.1180353
18. Rudich, Y.; Donahue, N. M.; Mentel, T. F. Aging of Organic Aerosol: Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Field Studies Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 2007, 58, 321-352 10.1146/annurev.physchem.58.032806.104432
19. Decarlo, P. F.; Ulbrich, I. M.; Crounse, J.; de Foy, B.; Dunlea, E. J.; Aiken, A. C.; Knapp, D.; Weinheimer, A. J.; Campos, T.; Wennberg, P. O. et al. Investigation of the Sources and Processing of Organic Aerosol Over the Central Mexican Plateau From Aircraft Measurements During MILAGRO Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10, 5257-5280 10.5194/acp-10-5257-2010
20. Capes, G.; Johnson, B.; McFiggans, G.; Williams, P. I.; Haywood, J.; Coe, H. Aging of Biomass Burning Aerosols Over West Africa: Aircraft Measurements of Chemical Composition, Microphysical Properties, and Emission Ratios J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113, D00C15 10.1029/2008JD009845
21. Decarlo, P. F.; Dunlea, E. J.; Kimmel, J. R.; Aiken, A. C.; Sueper, D.; Crounse, J.; Wennberg, P. O.; Emmons, L.; Shinozuka, Y.; Clarke, A. et al. Fast Airborne Aerosol Size and Chemistry Measurements with the High Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometer During the MILAGRO Campaign Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2008, 8, 4027-4048 10.5194/acp-8-4027-2008
22. Dunlea, E. J.; Decarlo, P. F.; Aiken, A. C.; Kimmel, J. R.; Peltier, R. E.; Weber, R. J.; Tomlinson, J.; Collins, D. R.; Shinozuka, Y.; McNaughton, C. S. Evolution of Asian Aerosols During Transpacific Transport in INTEX-B Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9, 7257-7287 10.5194/acp-9-7257-2009
23. 210Pb J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98, 20573-20586 10.1029/93JD02456
24. Robinson, A. L.; Donahue, N. M.; Shrivastava, M. K.; Weitkamp, E. A.; Sage, A. M.; Grieshop, A. P.; Lane, T. E.; Pierce, J. R.; Pandis, S. N. Rethinking Organic Aerosols: Semivolatile Emissions and Photochemical Aging Science 2007, 315, 1259-1262 10.1126/science.1133061
25. George, I. J.; Abbatt, J. P. D. Heterogeneous Oxidation of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles by Gas-Phase Radicals Nat. Chem. 2010, 2, 713-722 10.1038/nchem.806
26. Robinson, A. L.; Donahue, N. M.; Rogge, W. F. Photochemical Oxidation and Changes in Molecular Composition of Organic Aerosol in the Regional Context J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111, D03302 10.1029/2005JD006265
27. Ervens, B.; Turpin, B. J.; Weber, R. J. Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation in Cloud Droplets and Aqueous Particles (aqSOA): a Review of Laboratory, Field and Model Studies Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 11069-11102 10.5194/acp-11-11069-2011
28. Decesari, S.; Mircea, M.; Cavalli, F.; Fuzzi, S.; Moretti, F.; Tagliavini, E.; Facchini, M. C. Source Attribution of Water-Soluble Organic Aerosol by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 2479-2484 10.1021/es061711l
29. Mysak, E. R.; Smith, J. D.; Ashby, P. D.; Newberg, J. T.; Wilson, K. R.; Bluhm, H. Competitive Reaction Pathways for Functionalization and Volatilization in the Heterogeneous Oxidation of Coronene Thin Films by Hydroxyl Radicals and Ozone Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 7554 10.1039/c0cp02323j
30. Moffet, R. C.; Henn, T.; Laskin, A.; Gilles, M. K. Automated Chemical Analysis of Internally Mixed Aerosol Particles Using X-Ray Spectromicroscopy at the Carbon K-Edge Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 7906-7914 10.1021/ac1012909
31. Atkinson, R. Rate Constants for the Atmospheric Reactions of Alkoxy Radicals: an Updated Estimation Method Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41, 8468-8485 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.002
32. Calvert, J. G.; Atkinson, R.; Kerr, J. A.; Madronich, S.; Moortgat, G. K.; Wallington, T. J.; Yarwood, G. The Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of the Alkenes; Oxford University Press: New York, 2010.
33. Epstein, S. A.; Tapavicza, E.; Furche, F.; Nizkorodov, S. A. Direct Photolysis of Carbonyl Compounds Dissolved in Cloud and Fog Droplets Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 9461-9477 10.5194/acp-13-9461-2013
34. 2 J. Phys. Chem. A 2012, 116, 5756-5762 10.1021/jp211560u
35. Kjaergaard, H. G.; Knap, H. C.; Ørnsø, K. B.; Jørgensen, S.; Crounse, J. D.; Paulot, F.; Wennberg, P. O. Atmospheric Fate of Methacrolein. 2. Formation of Lactone and Implications for Organic Aerosol Production J. Phys. Chem. A 2012, 116, 5763-5768 10.1021/jp210853h
36. Bertram, A. K.; Ivanov, A. V.; Hunter, M.; Molina, L. T.; Molina, M. J. The Reaction Probability of OH on Organic Surfaces of Tropospheric Interest J. Phys. Chem. A 2001, 105, 9415-9421 10.1021/jp0114034
37. Moise, T.; Rudich, Y. Uptake of Cl and Br by Organic Surfaces-a Perspective on Organic Aerosols Processing by Tropospheric Oxidants Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28, 4083 10.1029/2001GL013583
38. 3 Lead to Volatilization? Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33, L17816 10.1029/2006GL026884
39. 2: A Model for Radical-Initiated Oxidation of Organic Aerosols Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2007, 9, 4803 10.1039/b707523e
40. McNeill, V. F.; Wolfe, G. M.; Thornton, J. A. The Oxidation of Oleate in Submicron Aqueous Salt Aerosols: Evidence of a Surface Process J. Phys. Chem. A 2007, 111, 1073-1083 10.1021/jp066233f
41. McNeill, V. F.; Yatavelli, R.; Thornton, J. A.; Stipe, C. B.; Landgrebe, O. Heterogeneous OH Oxidation of Palmitic Acid in Single Component and Internally Mixed Aerosol Particles: Vaporization and the Role of Particle Phase Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2008, 8, 5465-5476 10.5194/acp-8-5465-2008
42. Renbaum, L. H.; Smith, G. D. The Importance of Phase in the Radical-Initiated Oxidation of Model Organic Aerosols: Reactions of Solid and Liquid Brassidic Acid Particles Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009, 11, 2441 10.1039/b816799k
43. Slade, J. H.; Knopf, D. A. Heterogeneous OH Oxidation of Biomass Burning Organic Aerosol Surrogate Compounds: Assessment of Volatilisation Products and the Role of OH Concentration on the Reactive Uptake Kinetics Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 5898 10.1039/c3cp44695f
44. Slade, J. H.; Knopf, D. A. Multiphase OH Oxidation Kinetics of Organic Aerosol: the Role of Particle Phase State and Relative Humidity Geophys. Res. Lett. 2014, 41, 5297-5306 10.1002/2014GL060582
45. 3 Radicals by Unsaturated Fatty Acid Particles Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 17809 10.1039/c1cp21790a
46. Renbaum, L. H.; Smith, G. D. Artifacts in Measuring Aerosol Uptake Kinetics: the Roles of Time, Concentration and Adsorption Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 6881-6893 10.5194/acp-11-6881-2011
47. 3 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 21050 10.1039/c1cp22478f
48. Lambe, A. T.; Zhang, J.; Sage, A. M.; Donahue, N. M. Controlled OH Radical Production via Ozone-Alkene Reactions for Use in Aerosol Aging Studies Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 2357-2363 10.1021/es061878e
49. Isaacman, G.; Chan, A. W. H.; Nah, T.; Worton, D. R.; Ruehl, C. R.; Wilson, K. R.; Goldstein, A. H. Heterogeneous OH Oxidation of Motor Oil Particles Causes Selective Depletion of Branched and Less Cyclic Hydrocarbons Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 10632-10640 10.1021/es302768a
50. Liu, C.-L.; Smith, J. D.; Che, D. L.; Ahmed, M.; Leone, S. R.; Wilson, K. R. The Direct Observation of Secondary Radical Chain Chemistry in the Heterogeneous Reaction of Chlorine Atoms with Submicron Squalane Droplets Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 8993 10.1039/c1cp20236g
51. George, I. J.; Vlasenko, A.; Slowik, J. G.; Broekhuizen, K.; Abbatt, J. Heterogeneous Oxidation of Saturated Organic Aerosols by Hydroxyl Radicals: Uptake Kinetics, Condensed-Phase Products, and Particle Size Change Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2007, 7, 4187-4201 10.5194/acp-7-4187-2007
52. 3 Radicals: Products, Mechanism, and Implications for Radical-Initiated Organic Aerosol Oxidation J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 3567-3577 10.1021/jp0582383
53. X Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009, 11, 8040 10.1039/b909239k
54. George, I. J.; Slowik, J.; Abbatt, J. P. D. Chemical Aging of Ambient Organic Aerosol From Heterogeneous Reaction with Hydroxyl Radicals Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35, L13811 10.1029/2008GL033884
55. George, I. J.; Abbatt, J. P. D. Chemical Evolution of Secondary Organic Aerosol From OH-Initiated Heterogeneous Oxidation Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10, 5551-5563 10.5194/acp-10-5551-2010
56. Nah, T.; Kessler, S. H.; Daumit, K. E.; Kroll, J. H.; Leone, S. R.; Wilson, K. R. Influence of Molecular Structure and Chemical Functionality on the Heterogeneous OH-Initiated Oxidation of Unsaturated Organic Particles J. Phys. Chem. A 2014, 118, 4106-4119 10.1021/jp502666g
57. Ruehl, C. R.; Nah, T.; Isaacman, G.; Worton, D. R.; Chan, A. W. H.; Kolesar, K. R.; Cappa, C. D.; Goldstein, A. H.; Wilson, K. R. The Influence of Molecular Structure and Aerosol Phase on the Heterogeneous Oxidation of Normal and Branched Alkanes by OH J. Phys. Chem. A 2013, 117, 3990-4000 10.1021/jp401888q
58. Zhang, H.; Ruehl, C. R.; Chan, A. W. H.; Nah, T.; Worton, D. R.; Isaacman, G.; Goldstein, A. H.; Wilson, K. R. OH-Initiated Heterogeneous Oxidation of Cholestane: a Model System for Understanding the Photochemical Aging of Cyclic Alkane Aerosols J. Phys. Chem. A 2013, 117, 12449-12458 10.1021/jp407994m
59. Zuberi, B.; Johnson, K. S.; Aleks, G. K.; Molina, L. T.; Molina, M. J. Hydrophilic Properties of Aged Soot Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32, L01807 10.1029/2004GL021496
60. Petters, M. D.; Prenni, A. J.; Kreidenweis, S. M.; DeMott, P. J.; Matsunaga, A.; Lim, Y. B.; Ziemann, P. J. Chemical Aging and the Hydrophobic-to-Hydrophilic Conversion of Carbonaceous Aerosol Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33, L24806 10.1029/2006GL027249
61. George, I. J.; Chang, R. Y. W.; Danov, V.; Vlasenko, A.; Abbatt, J. P. D. Modification of Cloud Condensation Nucleus Activity of Organic Aerosols by Hydroxyl Radical Heterogeneous Oxidation Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43, 5038-5045 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.06.043
62. Cappa, C. D.; Che, D. L.; Kessler, S. H.; Kroll, J. H.; Wilson, K. R. Variations in Organic Aerosol Optical and Hygroscopic Properties Upon Heterogeneous OH Oxidation J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116, D15204 10.1029/2011JD015918
63. Harmon, C. W.; Ruehl, C. R.; Cappa, C. D.; Wilson, K. R. A Statistical Description of the Evolution of Cloud Condensation Nuclei Activity During the Heterogeneous Oxidation of Squalane and Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Sebacate Aerosol by Hydroxyl Radicals Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 9679 10.1039/c3cp50347j
64. Molina, M. J.; Ivanov, A. V.; Trakhtenberg, S.; Molina, L. T. Atmospheric Evolution of Organic Aerosol Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31, L22104 10.1029/2004GL020910
65. Eliason, T. L.; Gilman, J. B.; Vaida, V. Oxidation of Organic Films Relevant to Atmospheric Aerosols Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 1367-1378 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.025
66. Vlasenko, A.; George, I. J.; Abbatt, J. P. D. Formation of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Heterogeneous Oxidation of Condensed-Phase Organic Films by Gas-Phase OH J. Phys. Chem. A 2008, 112, 1552-1560 10.1021/jp0772979
67. Heald, C. L.; Coe, H.; Jimenez, J. L.; Weber, R. J.; Bahreini, R.; Middlebrook, A. M.; Russell, L. M.; Jolleys, M.; Fu, T. M.; Allan, J. D. et al. Exploring the Vertical Profile of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol: Comparing 17 Aircraft Field Campaigns with a Global Model Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 12673-12696 10.5194/acp-11-12673-2011
68. Murphy, B. N.; Donahue, N. M.; Fountoukis, C.; Dall'Osto, M.; O'Dowd, C.; Kiendler-Scharr, A.; Pandis, S. N. Functionalization and Fragmentation During Ambient Organic Aerosol Aging: Application of the 2-D Volatility Basis Set to Field Studies Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 10797-10816 10.5194/acp-12-10797-2012
69. Kroll, J. H.; Smith, J. D.; Worsnop, D. R.; Wilson, K. R. Characterisation of Lightly Oxidised Organic Aerosol Formed From the Photochemical Aging of Diesel Exhaust Particles Environ. Chem. 2012, 9, 211 10.1071/EN11162
70. Kessler, S. H.; Nah, T.; Daumit, K. E.; Smith, J. D.; Leone, S. R.; Kolb, C. E.; Worsnop, D. R.; Wilson, K. R.; Kroll, J. H. OH-Initiated Heterogeneous Aging of Highly Oxidized Organic Aerosol J. Phys. Chem. A 2012, 116, 6358-6365 10.1021/jp212131m
71. Browne, E. C.; Franklin, J. P.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Massoli, P.; Kirchstetter, T. W.; Worsnop, D. R.; Wilson, K. R.; Kroll, J. H. Changes to the Chemical Composition of Soot From Heterogeneous Oxidation Reactions J. Phys. Chem. A 2015, 119, 1154-1163 10.1021/jp511507d
72. Smith, J. D.; Kroll, J. H.; Cappa, C. D.; Che, D. L.; Liu, C. L.; Ahmed, M.; Leone, S. R.; Worsnop, D. R.; Wilson, K. R. The Heterogeneous Reaction of Hydroxyl Radicals with Sub-Micron Squalane Particles: a Model System for Understanding the Oxidative Aging of Ambient Aerosols Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2009, 9, 3945-3981 10.5194/acpd-9-3945-2009
73. Kroll, J. H.; Smith, J. D.; Che, D. L.; Kessler, S. H.; Worsnop, D. R.; Wilson, K. R. Measurement of Fragmentation and Functionalization Pathways in the Heterogeneous Oxidation of Oxidized Organic Aerosol Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009, 11, 8005 10.1039/b905289e
74. Kessler, S. H.; Smith, J. D.; Che, D. L.; Worsnop, D. R.; Wilson, K. R.; Kroll, J. H. Chemical Sinks of Organic Aerosol: Kinetics and Products of the Heterogeneous Oxidation of Erythritol and Levoglucosan Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 7005-7010 10.1021/es101465m
75. Nah, T.; Kessler, S. H.; Daumit, K. E.; Kroll, J. H.; Leone, S. R.; Wilson, K. R. OH-Initiated Oxidation of Sub-Micron Unsaturated Fatty Acid Particles Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 18649 10.1039/c3cp52655k
76. Chan, M. N.; Zhang, H.; Goldstein, A. H.; Wilson, K. R. Role of Water and Phase in the Heterogeneous Oxidation of Solid and Aqueous Succinic Acid Aerosol by Hydroxyl Radicals J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 28978-28992 10.1021/jp5012022
77. Che, D. L.; Smith, J. D.; Leone, S. R.; Ahmed, M.; Wilson, K. R. Quantifying the Reactive Uptake of OH by Organic Aerosols in a Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactor Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009, 11, 7885-7895 10.1039/b904418c
78. DeCarlo, P. F.; Kimmel, J. R.; Trimborn, A.; Northway, M. J.; Jayne, J. T.; Aiken, A. C.; Gonin, M.; Fuhrer, K.; Horvath, T.; Docherty, K. S. et al. Field-Deployable, High-Resolution, Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 8281-8289 10.1021/ac061249n
79. Aiken, A. C.; DeCarlo, P. F.; Jimenez, J. L. Elemental Analysis of Organic Species with Electron Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 8350-8358 10.1021/ac071150w
80. Aiken, A. C.; DeCarlo, P. F.; Kroll, J. H.; Worsnop, D. R.; Huffman, J. A.; Docherty, K. S.; Ulbrich, I. M.; Mohr, C.; Kimmel, J. R.; Sueper, D. et al. O/C and OM/OC Ratios of Primary, Secondary, and Ambient Organic Aerosols with High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometry Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 4478-4485 10.1021/es703009q
81. Canagaratna, M. R.; Jimenez, J. L.; Kroll, J. H.; Chen, Q.; Kessler, S. H.; Massoli, P.; Hildebrandt Ruiz, L.; Fortner, E.; Williams, L. R.; Wilson, K. R. et al. Elemental Ratio Measurements of Organic Compounds Using Aerosol Mass Spectrometry: Characterization, Improved Calibration, and Implications Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2015, 15, 253-272 10.5194/acp-15-253-2015
82. DeCarlo, P. F.; Slowik, J. G.; Worsnop, D. R.; Davidovits, P.; Jimenez, J. L. Particle Morphology and Density Characterization by Combined Mobility and Aerodynamic Diameter Measurements. Part 1: Theory Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 1185-1205 10.1080/027868290903907
83. Ng, N. L.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Jimenez, J. L.; Chhabra, P. S.; Seinfeld, J. H.; Worsnop, D. R. Changes in Organic Aerosol Composition with Aging Inferred From Aerosol Mass Spectra Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 6465-6474 10.5194/acp-11-6465-2011
84. Chen, Q.; Heald, C. L.; Jimenez, J. L.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Zhang, Q.; He, L.-Y.; Huang, X.-F.; Campuzano-Jost, P.; Palm, B. B.; Poulain, L. et al. Elemental Composition of Organic Aerosol: the Gap Between Ambient and Laboratory Measurements Geophys. Res. Lett. 2015, 42, 4182-4189 10.1002/2015GL063693
85. Claeys, M.; Graham, B.; Vas, G.; Wang, W.; Vermeylen, R.; Pashynska, V.; Cafmeyer, J.; Guyon, P.; Andreae, M. O.; Artaxo, P. et al. Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols Through Photooxidation of Isoprene Science 2004, 303, 1173-1176 10.1126/science.1092805
86. Wiegel, A. A.; Wilson, K. R.; Hinsberg, W. D.; Houle, F. A. Stochastic Methods for Aerosol Chemistry: a Compact Molecular Description of Functionalization and Fragmentation in the Heterogeneous Oxidation of Squalane Aerosol by OH Radicals Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 4398-4411 10.1039/C4CP04927F
87. Nah, T.; Zhang, H.; Worton, D. R.; Ruehl, C. R.; Kirk, B. B.; Goldstein, A. H.; Leone, S. R.; Wilson, K. R. Isomeric Product Detection in the Heterogeneous Reaction of Hydroxyl Radicals with Aerosol Composed of Branched and Linear Unsaturated Organic Molecules J. Phys. Chem. A 2014, 118, 11555-11571 10.1021/jp508378z
88. Houle, F. A.; Hinsberg, W. D.; Wilson, K. R. Oxidation of a Model Alkane Aerosol by OH Radical: the Emergent Nature of Reactive Uptake Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 4412-4423 10.1039/C4CP05093B
89. Wilson, K. R.; Smith, J. D.; Kessler, S. H.; Kroll, J. H. The Statistical Evolution of Multiple Generations of Oxidation Products in the Photochemical Aging of Chemically Reduced Organic Aerosol Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2012, 14, 1468 10.1039/C1CP22716E
90. Koop, T.; Bookhold, J.; Shiraiwa, M.; Pöschl, U. Glass Transition and Phase State of Organic Compounds: Dependency on Molecular Properties and Implications for Secondary Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 19238 10.1039/c1cp22617g
91. Arangio, A. M.; Slade, J. H.; Berkemeier, T.; Pöschl, U.; Knopf, D. A.; Shiraiwa, M. Multiphase Chemical Kinetics of OH Radical Uptake by Molecular Organic Markers of Biomass Burning Aerosols: Humidity and Temperature Dependence, Surface Reaction, and Bulk Diffusion J. Phys. Chem. A 2015, 119, 4533-4544 10.1021/jp510489z
92. Crounse, J. D.; Nielsen, L. B.; Jørgensen, S.; Kjaergaard, H. G.; Wennberg, P. O. Autoxidation of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 3513-3520 10.1021/jz4019207
93. Mang, S. A.; Henricksen, D. K.; Bateman, A. P.; Andersen, M. P. S.; Blake, D. R.; Nizkorodov, S. A. Contribution of Carbonyl Photochemistry to Aging of Atmospheric Secondary Organic Aerosol J. Phys. Chem. A 2008, 112, 8337-8344 10.1021/jp804376c
94. Walser, M. L.; Park, J.; Gomez, A. L.; Russell, A. R.; Nizkorodov, S. A. Photochemical Aging of Secondary Organic Aerosol Particles Generated From the Oxidation of d-Limonene J. Phys. Chem. A 2007, 111, 1907-1913 10.1021/jp066293l
95. Epstein, S. A.; Blair, S. L.; Nizkorodov, S. A. Direct Photolysis of α-Pinene Ozonolysis Secondary Organic Aerosol: Effect on Particle Mass and Peroxide Content Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 11251-11258 10.1021/es502350u
96. Wong, J. P. S.; Zhou, S.; Abbatt, J. P. D. Changes in Secondary Organic Aerosol Composition and Mass Due to Photolysis: Relative Humidity Dependence J. Phys. Chem. A 2015, 119, 4309-4316 10.1021/jp506898c
97. Daumit, K. E.; Carrasquillo, A. J.; Hunter, J. F.; Kroll, J. H. Laboratory Studies of the Aqueous-Phase Oxidation of Polyols: Submicron Particles vs. Bulk Aqueous Solution Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2014, 14, 10773-10784 10.5194/acp-14-10773-2014
98. Kwan, A. J.; Crounse, J. D.; Clarke, A. D.; Shinozuka, Y.; Anderson, B. E.; Crawford, J. H.; Avery, M. A.; McNaughton, C. S.; Brune, W. H.; Singh, H. B.; Wennberg, P. O. et al. On the Flux of Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds From Organic Aerosol Oxidation Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33, L15815 10.1029/2006GL026144
99. Murphy, D. M.; Cziczo, D. J.; Hudson, P. K.; Thomson, D. S. Carbonaceous Material in Aerosol Particles in the Lower Stratosphere and Tropopause Region J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112, D04203 10.1029/2006JD007297
100. Heald, C. L.; Ridley, D. A.; Kreidenweis, S. M.; Drury, E. E. Satellite Observations Cap the Atmospheric Organic Aerosol Budget Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37, L24808 10.1029/2010GL045095
101. Spracklen, D. V.; Jimenez, J. L.; Carslaw, K. S.; Worsnop, D. R.; Evans, M. J.; Mann, G. W.; Zhang, Q.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Allan, J.; Coe, H. et al. Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Constraint on the Global Secondary Organic Aerosol Budget Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 12109-12136 10.5194/acp-11-12109-2011