Functionalization and fragmentation during ambient organic aerosol aging: Application of the 2-D volatility basis set to field studies

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 12, Issue 22, 2012, Pages 10797-10816

  Murphy, B N ^a   Donahue, N M ^a   Fountoukis, C ^b   Dall'Osto, M ^c,d   O'Dowd, C ^d   Kiendler Scharr, A ^e   Pandis, S N ^a,f  

^a CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCES   (Greece)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^d NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND   (Ireland)

^e FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

^f UNIVERSITY OF PATRAS   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; AIR QUALITY; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; HYDROXYL RADICAL; ORGANIC COMPOUND; OXIDATION; OXYGEN; TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODELING;

EID: 84869194060     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-10797-2012     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Aiken, A. C., Decarlo, P. F., Kroll, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., Huffman, J. A., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Mohr, C., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Ziemann, P. J., Canagaratna, M. R., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Prevot, A. S. H., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Metzger, A., Baltensperger, U., and Jimenez, J. L.: O/C and OM/OC ratios of primary, secondary, and ambient organic aerosols with high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4478-4485, doi:10.1021/Es703009q, 2008. (Pubitemid 351842394)
2. Atkinson, R. and Arey, J.: Atmospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds, Chem. Rev., 103, 4605-4638, doi:10.1021/Cr0206420, 2003.
3. Aumont, B., Szopa, S., and Madronich, S.: Modelling the evolution of organic carbon during its gas-phase tropospheric oxidation: development of an explicit model based on a self generating approach, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2497-2517, doi:10.5194/acp-5-2497-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 41479783)
4. Bergström, R., Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Prévôt, A. S. H., Yttri, K. E., and Simpson, D.: Modelling of organic aerosols over Europe (2002-2007) using a volatility basis set (VBS) framework: application of different assumptions regarding the formation of secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8499-8527, doi:10.5194/acp-12-8499-2012, 2012.
5. Carlton, A. G., Turpin, B. J., Altieri, K. E., Seitzinger, S. P., Mathur, R., Roselle, S. J., and Weber, R. J.: CMAQ model performance enhanced when in-cloud secondary organic aerosol is included: comparisons of organic carbon predictions with measurements, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 8798-8802, doi:10.1021/Es801192n, 2008.
6. Chacon-Madrid, H. J., Presto, A. A., and Donahue, N. M.: Function-alization vs. fragmentation: n-aldehyde oxidation mechanisms and secondary organic aerosol formation, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 12, 13975-13982, doi:10.1039/C0cp00200c, 2010.
7. Chen, Q., Liu, Y. J., Donahue, N. M., Shilling, J. E., and Martin, S. T.: Particle-phase chemistry of secondary organic material: modeled compared to measured O:C and H:C elemental ratios provide constraints, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 4763-4770, doi:10.1021/Es104398s, 2011.
8. Chhabra, P. S., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Elemental analysis of chamber organic aerosol using an aerodyne high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4111-4131, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4111-2010, 2010.
9. Dall'Osto, M., Ceburnis, D., Martucci, G., Bialek, J., Dupuy, R., Jennings, S. G., Berresheim, H., Wenger, J., Healy, R., Facchini, M. C., Rinaldi, M., Giulianelli, L., Finessi, E., Worsnop, D., Ehn, M., Mikkila, J., Kulmala, M., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Aerosol properties associated with air masses arriving into the North East Atlantic during the 2008 Mace Head EUCAARI intensive observing period: an overview, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8413-8435, doi:10.5194/acp-10-8413-2010, 2010.
10. Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Visschedijk, A., and Zandveld, P.: EUCAARI Report No. 036833-2: Pan-European carbonaceous aerosol inventory, TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2009.
11. Donahue, N. M., Robinson, A. L., Stanier, C. O., and Pandis, S. N.: Coupled partitioning, dilution, and chemical aging of semivolatile organics, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 2635-2643, doi:10.1021/Es052297c, 2006.
12. Donahue, N. M., Epstein, S. A., Pandis, S. N., and Robinson, A. L.: A two-dimensional volatility basis set: 1. Organic-aerosol mixing thermodynamics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3303-3318, doi:10.5194/acp-11-3303-2011, 2011.
13. Donahue, N. M., Kroll, J. H., Pandis, S. N., and Robinson, A. L.: A two-dimensional volatility basis set-Part 2: Diagnostics of organic-aerosol evolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 615-634, doi:10.5194/acp-12-615-2012, 2012a.
14. Donahue, N. M., Henry, K. M., Mentel, T. F., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Spindler, C., Bohn, B., Brauers, T., Dorn, H. P., Fuchs, H., Till-mann, R., Wahner, A., Saathoff, H., Naumann, K.-H., Möhler, O., Leisner, T., Müller, L., Reinnig, M.-C., Hoffmann, T., Salo, K., Hallquist, M., Frosch, M., Bilde, M., Tritscher, T., Barmet, P., Praplan, A. P., DeCarlo, P. F., Dommen, J., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Baltensperger, U.: Aging of biogenic secondary organic aerosol via gas-phase OH radical reactions, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 109, 13503-13508, doi:10.1073/pnas.1115186109, 2012b.
15. Draxler, R., Stunder, B., Rolph, G., Stein, A., and Taylor, A.: HYS-PLIT4 User's Guide, NOAA Silver Spring, MD, 231, 2009.
16. Ervens, B., Turpin, B. J., and Weber, R. J.: Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA): a review of laboratory, field and model studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11069-11102, doi:10.5194/acp-11-11069-2011, 2011.
17. Farina, S. C., Adams, P. J., and Pandis, S. N.: Modeling global secondary organic aerosol formation and processing with the volatility basis set: Implications for anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 115, D09202, doi:10.1029/2009jd013046, 2010.
18. Fountoukis, C., Racherla, P. N., Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Polymeneas, P., Charalampidis, P. E., Pilinis, C., Wiedensohler, A., Dall'Osto, M., O'Dowd, C., and Pandis, S. N.: Evaluation of a three-dimensional chemical transport model (PMCAMx) in the European domain during the EUCAARI May 2008 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10331-10347, doi:10.5194/acp-11-10331-2011, 2011.
19. Fuzzi, S., Andreae, M. O., Huebert, B. J., Kulmala, M., Bond, T. C., Boy, M., Doherty, S. J., Guenther, A., Kanakidou, M., Kawamura, K., Kerminen, V.-M., Lohmann, U., Russel, L. M., and Poschl, U.: Critical assessment of the current state of scientific knowledge, terminology, and research needs concerning the role of organic aerosols in the atmosphere, climate, and global change, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2017-2038, doi:10.5194/acp-6-2017-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44198631)
20. Geever, M., O'Dowd, C. D., Ekeren, S., Flanagan, R., Nilsson, E. D., Leeuw, G., and Rannik, U.: Submicron sea spray fluxes, Geo-phys. Res. Lett., 32, L15810, doi:10.1029/2005GL023081, 2005. (Pubitemid 41398764)
21. Gelencser, A., May, B., Simpson, D., Sanchez-Ochoa, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Puxbaum, H., Caseiro, A., Pio, C., and Legrand, M.: Source apportionment of PM2.5 organic aerosol over Europe: Primary/secondary, natural/anthropogenic, and fos-sil/biogenic origin, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 112, D23S04, doi:10.1029/2006jd008094, 2007.
22. Gilardoni, S., Vignati, E., Cavalli, F., Putaud, J. P., Larsen, B. R., Karl, M., Stenström, K., Genberg, J., Henne, S., and Den-tener, F.: Better constraints on sources of carbonaceous aerosols using a combined 14C-macro tracer analysis in a European rural background site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5685-5700, doi:10.5194/acp-11-5685-2011, 2011.
23. Goldstein, A. H. and Galbally, I. E.: Known and unexplored organic constituents in the Earth's atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1514-1521, doi:10.1021/es072476p, 2007. (Pubitemid 46362448)
24. Grieshop, A. P., Logue, J. M., Donahue, N. M., and Robinson, A. L.: Laboratory investigation of photochemical oxidation of organic aerosol from wood fires 1: measurement and simulation of organic aerosol evolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1263-1277, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1263-2009, 2009.
25. Griffin, R. J., Cocker III, D. R., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Organic aerosol formation from the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3555-3567, 1999. (Pubitemid 29298432)
26. Griffin, R. J., Dabdub, D., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Secondary organic aerosol-1. Atmospheric chemical mechanism for production of molecular constituents, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 107, 4332, doi:10.1029/2001jd000541, 2002. (Pubitemid 43206137)
27. Grosjean, D. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Parameterization of the formation potential of secondary organic aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1733-1747, doi:10.1016/0004-6981(89)90058-9, 1989. (Pubitemid 19234350)
28. Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181-3210, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44197400)
29. Hallquist, M., Wenger, J. C., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D., Claeys, M., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., George, C., Goldstein, A. H., Hamilton, J. F., Herrmann, H., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Y., Jang, M., Jenkin, M. E., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Maenhaut, W., McFiggans, G., Mentel, Th. F., Monod, A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Surratt, J. D., Szmigielski, R., and Wildt, J.: The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5155-5236, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009, 2009.
30. Hildebrandt, L., Engelhart, G. J., Mohr, C., Kostenidou, E., Lanz, V. A., Bougiatioti, A., DeCarlo, P. F., Prevot, A. S. H., Bal-tensperger, U., Mihalopoulos, N., Donahue, N. M., and Pandis, S. N.: Aged organic aerosol in the Eastern Mediterranean: the Fi-nokalia Aerosol Measurement Experiment-2008, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4167-4186, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4167-2010, 2010a.
31. Hildebrandt, L., Kostenidou, E., Mihalopoulos, N., Worsnop, D. R., Donahue, N. M., and Pandis, S. N.: Formation of highly oxygenated organic aerosol in the atmosphere: Insights from the Fi-nokalia Aerosol Measurement Experiments, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L23801, doi:10.1029/2010gl045193, 2010b.
32. Hodzic, A., Jimenez, J. L., Madronich, S., Canagaratna, M. R., De-Carlo, P. F., Kleinman, L., and Fast, J.: Modeling organic aerosols in a megacity: potential contribution of semi-volatile and intermediate volatility primary organic compounds to secondary organic aerosol formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5491-5514, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5491-2010, 2010.
33. Huffman, J. A., Docherty, K. S., Mohr, C., Cubison, M. J., Ul-brich, I. M., Ziemann, P. J., Onasch, T. B., and Jimenez, J. L.: Chemically-resolved volatility measurements of organic aerosol from different sources, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 5351-5357, doi:10.5194/acp-9-7161-2009, 2009.
34. IPCC: Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Press C. U. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996, 2007.
35. Isaksen, I. S. A., Granier, C., Myhre, G., Berntsen, T. K., Dalsøren, S. B., Gauss, M., Klimont, Z., Benestad, R., Bousquet, P., Collins, W., Cox, T., Eyring, V., Fowler, D., Fuzzi, S., Jöckel, P., Laj, P., Lohmann, U., Maione, M., Monks, P., Prevot, A. S. H., Raes, F., Richter, A., Rognerud, B., Schulz, M., Shindell, D., Stevenson, D. S., Storelvmo, T., Wang, W. C., van Weele, M., Wild, M., and Wuebbles, D.: Atmospheric composition change: climate-chemistry interactions, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5138-5192, 2009.
36. Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prevot, A. S. H., Zhang, Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K., Ulbrich, I., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y. L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara, P., Ehn, M., Kul-mala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J., Dun-lea, E., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R. J., Takami, A., Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina, K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E., Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525-1529, 2009.
37. Johnson, D., Utembe, S. R., Jenkin, M. E., Derwent, R. G., Hay-man, G. D., Alfarra, M. R., Coe, H., and McFiggans, G.: Simulating regional scale secondary organic aerosol formation during the TORCH 2003 campaign in the southern UK, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 403-418, doi:10.5194/acp-6-403-2006, 2006.
38. Kanakidou, M., Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F. J., Facchini, M. C., Van Dingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., Nielsen, C. J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J. P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G. K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C. E. L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E. G., and Wilson, J.: Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053-1123, doi:10.5194/acp-5-1053-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 40560480)
39. Kostenidou, E., Lee, B. H., Engelhart, G. J., Pierce, J. R., and Pan-dis, S. N.: Mass spectra deconvolution of low, medium, and high volatility biogenic secondary organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Tech-nol., 43, 4884-4889, doi:10.1021/Es803676g, 2009.
40. Kroll, J. H. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Chemistry of secondary organic aerosol: Formation and evolution of low-volatility or-ganics in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 42, 3593-3624, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.003, 2008.
41. Kroll, J. H., Smith, J. D., Che, D. L., Kessler, S. H., Worsnop, D. R., and Wilson, K. R.: Measurement of fragmentation and func-tionalization pathways in the heterogeneous oxidation of oxidized organic aerosol, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 8005-8014, doi:10.1039/B905289e, 2009.
42. Kroll, J. H., Donahue, N. M., Jimenez, J. L., Kessler, S. H., Cana-garatna, M. R., Wilson, K. R., Altieri, K. E., Mazzoleni, L. R., Wozniak, A. S., Bluhm, H., Mysak, E. R., Smith, J. D., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R.: Carbon oxidation state as a metric for describing the chemistry of atmospheric organic aerosol, Nat. Chem., 3, 133-139, doi:10.1038/Nchem.948, 2011.
43. Kulmala, M., Asmil, A., Lappalainen, H. K., Carslaw, K. S., Poschl, U., Baltensperger, U., Hoy, O., Brenquier, J.-L., Pandis, S. N., Facchini, M. C., Hansson, H. C., Wiedensohler, A., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Introduction: European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions (EUCAARI)-integrating aerosol research from nano to global scales, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2825-2841, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2825-2009, 2009.
44. Kulmala, M., Asmi, A., Lappalainen, H. K., Baltensperger, U., Brenguier, J.-L., Facchini, M. C., Hansson, H.-C., Hov, Ø., O'Dowd, C. D., Pöschl, U., Wiedensohler, A., Boers, R., Boucher, O., de Leeuw, G., Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Fe-ichter, J., Krejci, R., Laj, P., Lihavainen, H., Lohmann, U., Mc-Figgans, G., Mentel, T., Pilinis, C., Riipinen, I., Schulz, M., Stohl, A., Swietlicki, E., Vignati, E., Alves, C., Amann, M., Ammann, M., Arabas, S., Artaxo, P., Baars, H., Beddows, D. C. S., Bergström, R., Beukes, J. P., Bilde, M., Burkhart, J. F., Canonaco, F., Clegg, S. L., Coe, H., Crumeyrolle, S., D'Anna, B., Decesari, S., Gilardoni, S., Fischer, M., Fjaeraa, A. M., Foun-toukis, C., George, C., Gomes, L., Halloran, P., Hamburger, T., Harrison, R. M., Herrmann, H., Hoffmann, T., Hoose, C., Hu, M., Hyvärinen, A., Hõrrak, U., Iinuma, Y., Iversen, T., Josipovic, M., Kanakidou, M., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Kirkeva?g, A., Kiss, G., Klimont, Z., Kolmonen, P., Komppula, M., Kristjánsson, J.-E., Laakso, L., Laaksonen, A., Labonnote, L., Lanz, V. A., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Rizzo, L. V., Makkonen, R., Manninen, H. E., McMeek-ing, G., Merikanto, J., Minikin, A., Mirme, S., Morgan, W. T., Nemitz, E., O'Donnell, D., Panwar, T. S., Pawlowska, H., Pet-zold, A., Pienaar, J. J., Pio, C., Plass-Duelmer, C., Prévôt, A. S. H., Pryor, S., Reddington, C. L., Roberts, G., Rosenfeld, D., Schwarz, J., Seland, Ø., Sellegri, K., Shen, X. J., Shiraiwa, M., Siebert, H., Sierau, B., Simpson, D., Sun, J. Y., Topping, D., Tunved, P., Vaattovaara, P., Vakkari, V., Veefkind, J. P., Viss-chedijk, A., Vuollekoski, H., Vuolo, R., Wehner, B., Wildt, J., Woodward, S., Worsnop, D. R., van Zadelhoff, G.-J., Zardini, A. A., Zhang, K., van Zyl, P. G., Kerminen, V.-M., S Carslaw, K., and Pandis, S. N.: General overview: European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions (EUCAARI)-integrating aerosol research from nano to global scales, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 13061-13143, doi:10.5194/acp-11-13061-2011, 2011.
45. Lane, T. E., Donahue, N. M., and Pandis, S. N.: Simulating secondary organic aerosol formation using the volatility basis-set approach in a chemical transport model, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7439-7451, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.06. 026, 2008.
46. Lee, B.-H., Pierce, J. R., Engelhart, G. J., and Pandis, S. N.: Volatility of secondary organic aerosol from the ozonolysis of monoter-penes, Atmos. Environ., 45, 2443-2452, 2011.
47. Mensah, A. A., Holzinger, R., Otjes, R., Trimborn, A., Mentel, Th. F., ten Brink, H., Henzing, B., and Kiendler-Scharr, A.: Aerosol chemical composition at Cabauw, The Netherlands as observed in two intensive periods in May 2008 and March 2009, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4723-4742, doi:10.5194/acp-12- 4723-2012, 2012.
48. Morgan, W. T., Allan, J. D., Bower, K. N., Esselborn, M., Harris, B., Henzing, J. S., Highwood, E. J., Kiendler-Scharr, A., McMeeking, G. R., Mensah, A. A., Northway, M. J., Osborne, S., Williams, P. I., Krejci, R., and Coe, H.: Enhancement of the aerosol direct radiative effect by semi-volatile aerosol components: airborne measurements in North-Western Europe, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8151-8171, doi:10.5194/acp-10-8151-2010, 2010a.
49. Morgan, W. T., Allan, J. D., Bower, K. N., Highwood, E. J., Liu, D., McMeeking, G. R., Northway, M. J., Williams, P. I., Krejci, R., and Coe, H.: Airborne measurements of the spatial distribution of aerosol chemical composition across Europe and evolution of the organic fraction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4065-4083, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4065-2010, 2010b.
50. Murphy, B. N. and Pandis, S. N.: Simulating the formation of semivolatile primary and secondary organic aerosol in a regional chemical transport model, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4722-4728, doi:10.1021/Es803168a, 2009.
51. Murphy, B. N. and Pandis, S. N.: Exploring summertime organic aerosol formation in the eastern United States using a regional-scale budget approach and ambient measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D24216, doi:10.1029/ 2010JD014418, 2010.
52. Murphy, B. N., Donahue, N. M., Fountoukis, C., and Pandis, S. N.: Simulating the oxygen content of ambient organic aerosol with the 2D volatility basis set, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7859-7873, doi:10.5194/acp-11-7859-2011, 2011.
53. Myriokefalitakis, S., Tsigaridis, K., Mihalopoulos, N., Sciare, J., Nenes, A., Kawamura, K., Segers, A., and Kanakidou, M.: In-cloud oxalate formation in the global troposphere: a 3-D modeling study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5761-5782, doi:10.5194/acp-11-5761-2011, 2011.
54. Ng, N. L., Kroll, J. H., Keywood, M. D., Bahreini, R., Varutbangkul, V., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Contribution of first-versus second-generation products to secondary organic aerosols formed in the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 2283-2297, 2006.
55. Ng, N. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Tian, J., Ulbrich, I., Kroll, J. H., Docherty, K., Chhabra, P. S., Bahreini, R., Murphy, S. M., Seinfeld, J. H., Hildebrandt, L., DeCarlo, P. F., Lanz, V. A., Prevot, A. S. H., Dinar, E., Rudlich, Y., and Worsnop, D. R.: Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4625-4641, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4625-2010, 2010.
56. O'Dowd, C. D., Langmann, B., Varghese, S., Scannell, C., Ce-burnis, D., and Facchini, M. C.: A combined organic-inorganic sea spray source function, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L01801, doi:10.1029/2007GL030331, 2008. (Pubitemid 351459841)
57. Odum, J. R., Jungkamp, T. P. W., Griffin, R. J., Forstner, H. J. L., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Aromatics, reformulated gasoline, and atmospheric organic aerosol formation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 1890-1897, 1997. (Pubitemid 27289718)
58. Pandis, S. N., Harley, R. A., Cass, G. R., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Secondary organic aerosol formation and transport, Atmos. Environ. A-Gen., 26, 2269-2282, 1992. (Pubitemid 23372415)
59. Pandis, S. N., Wexler, A. S., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Dynamics of tropo-spheric aerosols, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 99, 9646-9659, doi:10.1021/j100024a003, 1995.
60. Pankow, J. F. and Asher, W. E.: SIMPOL.1: a simple group contribution method for predicting vapor pressures and enthalpies of vaporization of multifunctional organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2773-2796, doi:10.5194/acp-8-2773-2008, 2008.
61. Pankow, J. F. and Barsanti, K. C.: The carbon number-polarity grid: A means to manage the complexity of the mix of organic compounds when modeling atmospheric organic particulate matter, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2829-2835, 2009.
62. Pikridas, M., Bougiatioti, A., Hildebrandt, L., Engelhart, G. J., Kostenidou, E., Mohr, C., Prevot, A. S. H., Kouvarakis, G., Zarmpas, P., Burkhart, J. F., Lee, B.-H., Psichoudaki, M., Mi-halopoulos, N., Pilinis, C., Stohl, A., Baltensperger, U., Kulmala, M., and Pandis, S. N.: The Finokalia Aerosol Measurement Experiment-2008 (FAME-08): an overview, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6793-6806, doi:10.5194/acp-10-6793-2010, 2010.
63. Pope, C. A., Ezzati, M., and Dockery, D. W.: Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the United States, New England Journal of Medicine, 360, 376-386, doi:10.1056/NEJMsa0805646, 2009.
64. Pun, B. K., Griffin, R. J., Seigneur, C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Secondary organic aerosol-2. Thermodynamic model for gas/particle partitioning of molecular constituents, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 107, 4333 doi:10.1029/ 2001jd000542, 2002. (Pubitemid 43206138)
65. Qi, L., Nakao, S., Malloy, Q., Warren, B., and Cocker, D. R.: Can secondary organic aerosol formed in an atmospheric simulation chamber continuously age?, Atmos. Environ., 44, 2990-2996, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010. 05.020, 2010.
66. Robinson, A. L., Donahue, N. M., Shrivastava, M. K., Weitkamp, E. A., Sage, A. M., Grieshop, A. P., Lane, T. E., Pierce, J. R., and Pandis, S. N.: Rethinking organic aerosols: Semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging, Science, 315, 1259-1262, doi:10.1126/science.1133061, 2007. (Pubitemid 46364260)
67. Rudich, Y., Donahue, N. M., and Mentel, T. F.: Aging of organic aerosol: bridging the gap between laboratory and field studies, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 58, 321-352, doi:10.1146/annurev.physchem.58.032806.104432, 2007. (Pubitemid 46877593)
68. Sareen, N., Schwier, A. N., Shapiro, E. L., Mitroo, D., and McNeill, V. F.: Secondary organic material formed by methylglyoxal in aqueous aerosol mimics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 997-1016, doi:10.5194/acp-10-997-2010, 2010.
69. Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2006.
70. Shilling, J. E., Chen, Q., King, S. M., Rosenoern, T., Kroll, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., DeCarlo, P. F., Aiken, A. C., Sueper, D., Jimenez, J. L., and Martin, S. T.: Loading-dependent elemental composition of α-pinene SOA particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 771-782, doi:10.5194/acp-9-771-2009, 2009.
71. Shrivastava, M. K., Lane, T. E., Donahue, N. M., Pandis, S. N., and Robinson, A. L.: Effects of gas particle partitioning and aging of primary emissions on urban and regional organic aerosol concentrations, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113, D18301, doi:10.1029/2007jd009735, 2008.
72. Simpson, D., Yttri, K. E., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., Caseiro, A., Gelencsér, A., Pio, C., Puxbaum, H., and Legrand, M.: Modeling carbonaceous aerosol over Europe: Analysis of the CARBOSOL and EMEP EC/OC campaigns, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S14, doi:10.1029/2006jd008158, 2007.
73. Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Duda, M. G., Huang, X., Wang, W., and Powers, J. G.: A description of the advanced research WRF version 3, National Center for Atmspheric Research (NCAR) Boulder, CONCAR/TN-475+STR, 2008.
74. Sofiev, M., Lanne, M., Vankevich, R., Prank, M., Karppinen, A., and Kukkonen, J.: Impact of wild-land fires on European air quality in 2006-2008, Modeling, Monitoring and Management of Forest Fires, WIT Trans. on Ecology and the Environment, 119, 353-361, 2008a.
75. Sofiev, M., Vankevich, R., Lanne, M., Koskinen, J., and Kukkonen, J.: On integration of a Fire Assimilation System and a chemical transport model for near-real-time monitoring of the impact of wild-land fires on atmospheric composition and air quality, Modeling, Monitoring and Management of Forest Fires, WIT Trans. on Ecology and the Environment, 119, 343-351, 2008b.
76. Stanier, C. O., Pathak, R. K., and Pandis, S. N.: Measurements of the volatility of aerosols from α-pinene ozonolysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 2756-2763, doi:10.1021/es0519280, 2007. (Pubitemid 46626398)
77. Szidat, S., Jenk, T. M., Synal, H.-A., Kalberer, M., Wacker, L., Haj-das, I., Kasper-Giebl, A., and Baltensperger, U.: Contributions of fossil fuel, biomass-burning, and biogenic emissions to carbonaceous aerosols in Zurich as traced by 14C, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D07206, doi:10.1029/2005jd006590, 2006.
78. Tritscher, T., Dommen, J., DeCarlo, P. F., Gysel, M., Barmet, P. B., Praplan, A. P., Weingartner, E., Prévôt, A. S. H., Riipinen, I., Donahue, N. M., and Baltensperger, U.: Volatility and hygro-scopicity of aging secondary organic aerosol in a smog chamber, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11477-11496, doi:10.5194/acp-11-11477-2011, 2011.
79. Tsimpidi, A. P., Karydis, V. A., Zavala, M., Lei, W., Molina, L., Ulbrich, I. M., Jimenez, J. L., and Pandis, S. N.: Evaluation of the volatility basis-set approach for the simulation of organic aerosol formation in the Mexico City metropolitan area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 525-546, doi:10.5194/acp-10- 525-2010, 2010.
80. Vaden, T. D., Imre, D., Beránek, J., Shrivastava, M., and Zelenyuk, A.: Evaporation kinetics and phase of laboratory and ambient secondary organic aerosol, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 108, 2190-2195, 2011.
81. Visschedijk, A. J., Zandveld, P., and Denier van der Gon, H. A. C.: TNO Report 2007 A-R0233/B: A high resolution gridded European emission database for the EU integrated project GEMS, Organization for Applied Scientific Research Netherlands, 2007.
82. Washenfelder, R. A., Young, C. J., Brown, S. S., Angevine, W. M., Atlas, E. L., Blake, D. R., Bon, D. M., Cubison, M. J., de Gouw, J. A., Dusanter, S., Flynn, J., Gilman, J. B., Graus, M., Griffith, S., Grossberg, N., Hayes, P. L., Jimenez, J. L., Kuster, W. C., Lefer, B. L., Pollack, I. B., Ryerson, T. B., Stark, H., Stevens, P. S., and Trainer, M. K.: The glyoxal budget and its contribution to organic aerosol for Los Angeles, California, during CalNex 2010, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D00V02, doi:10.1029/2011jd016314, 2011.
83. Weitkamp, E. A., Lambe, A. T., Donahue, N. M., and Robinson, A. L.: Laboratory measurements of the heterogeneous oxidation of condensed-phase organic molecular makers for motor vehicle exhaust, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7950-7956, doi:10.1021/es800745x, 2008.
84. Yttri, K. E., Simpson, D., Nøjgaard, J. K., Kristensen, K., Genberg, J., Stenström, K., Swietlicki, E., Hillamo, R., Aurela, M., Bauer, H., Offenberg, J. H., Jaoui, M., Dye, C., Eckhardt, S., Burkhart, J. F., Stohl, A., and Glasius, M.: Source apportionment of the summer time carbonaceous aerosol at Nordic rural background sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 13339-13357, doi:10.5194/acp-11-13339-2011, 2011.
85. Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ulbrich, I., Alfarra, M. R., Takami, A., Middlebrook, A. M., Sun, Y. L., Dzepina, K., Dunlea, E., Docherty, K., DeCarlo, P. F., Salcedo, D., Onasch, T., Jayne, J. T., Miyoshi, T., Shi-mono, A., Hatakeyama, S., Takegawa, N., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Williams, P., Bower, K., Bahreini, R., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R. J., Rautiainen, J., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., and Worsnop, D. R.: Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13801-13806, doi:10.1029/2007GL029979, 2007. (Pubitemid 47399659)