Modeling environmental contamination in hospital single- and four-bed rooms

Indoor Air

Volumn 25, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 694-707

  King, M F ^a   Noakes, C J ^a   Sleigh, P A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bioaerosol; CFD; Hand contamination; HCAI; Indirect transmission; Markov chain

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; ANTENNAS; COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; CONTAMINATION; HOSPITALS; MARKOV PROCESSES;

BIOAEROSOLS; CONTAMINATED SURFACES; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION; HAND CONTAMINATION; HCAI; HEALTHCARE WORKERS; HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION; INDIRECT TRANSMISSION; POTENTIAL TRANSMISSIONS; TRANSMISSION ROUTE;

PATHOGENS;

AIR CONDITIONING; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CROSS INFECTION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; HAND DISINFECTION; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HUMAN; HYDRODYNAMICS; PATIENT CARE; TRANSMISSION;

CROSS INFECTION; HAND DISINFECTION; HUMANS; HYDRODYNAMICS; INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, PROFESSIONAL-TO-PATIENT; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PATIENT CARE; PATIENTS' ROOMS; VENTILATION;

EID: 84946488711     PISSN: 09056947     EISSN: 16000668     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/ina.12186     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Allen, L.J.S. (2008) An Introduction to Stochastic Processes with Applications to Biology, 2nd edn, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Chapman and Hall/CRC.
2. ANSYS. (2010) ANSYS FLUENT Theory Guide, Canonsburg, PA, ANSYS Inc.
3. Beamer, P., Canales, R.A. and Leckie, J.O. (2009) Developing probability distributions for transfer efficiencies for dermal exposure, J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 19, 274-283.
4. Bhalla, A., Pultz, N.J., Gries, D.M., Ray, A.J., Eckstein, E.C., Aron, D.C. and Donskey, C.J. (2004a) Acquisition of nosocomial pathogens on hands after contact with environmental surfaces near hospitalized patients, Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol., The University of Chicago Press, 25, 164-167.
5. Bhalla, A., Pultz, N.J., Gries, D.M., Ray, A.J., Eckstein, E.C., Aron, D.C., Donskey, C.J., Lepelletier, D., Perron, S., Huguenin, H., Picard, M. and Caillon, J. (2004b) Concise communications which strategies follow from the surveillance of multidrug-resistant bacteria to strengthen the control of their spread? A French experience, Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol., 25, 162-177.
6. Bogusz, A., Stewart, M., Hunter, J., Yip, B., Reid, D., Robertson, C. and Dancer, S.J. (2013) How quickly do hospital surfaces become contaminated after detergent cleaning ?, Healthc. Infect., 18, 3-9.
7. Boks, N.P., Norde, W., van der Mei, H.C. and Busscher, H.J. (2008) Forces involved in bacterial adhesion to hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces, Microbiology, 154, 3122-3133.
8. Brouwer, D.H., Kroese, R. and Van Hemmen, J.J. (1999) Transfer of contaminants from surface to hands: experimental assessment of linearity of the exposure process, adherence to the skin, and area exposed during fixed pressure and repeated contact with surfaces contaminated with a powder, Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 14, 231-239.
9. Chaudhury, H. (2005) Advantages and disadvantages of single-versus multiple-occupancy rooms in acute care environments: a review and analysis of the literature, Environ. Behav., 37, 760-786.
10. Dancer, S.J. (2008) Importance of the environment in meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus acquisition: the case for hospital cleaning, Lancet Infect. Dis., 8, 101-113.
11. Dancer, S.J., Mulvey, D., Redding, P., Robertson, C. and Woodall, C. (2010) P11.06 Finding a benchmark for monitoring hospital cleanliness, J. Hosp. Infect., Elsevier Ltd, 76, S34.
12. Department of Health (2007) Heating and Ventilation Systems Health Technical Memorandum Specialised Ventilation for Healthcare Premises. Part A: Design and validation. The Stationery Office, London: Department of Health.
13. Department of Health Estates and Facilities Division (2008) In-patient Care Health Building Note 04-01: Adult In-patient Facilities. The Stationery Office, London: Department of Health Estates and Facilities Division.
14. Duckro, A.N., Blom, D.W., Lyle, E.A., Weinstein, R.A. and Hayden, M.K. (2005) Transfer of vancomycin-resistant enterococci via health care worker hands, Arch. Intern. Med., 165, 302-307.
15. Escombe, R.A., Oeser, C., Gilman, R.H., Navincopa, M., Ticona, E., Martínez, C., Caviedes, L., Sheen, P., Gonzalez, A., Noakes, C., Moore, D.A.J., Friedland, J.S. and Evans, C.A. (2007) The detection of airborne transmission of tuberculosis from HIV-infected patients, using an in vivo air sampling model, Clin. Infect. Dis., 44, 1349-1357.
16. Gilkeson, C.A., Camargo-Valero, M.A., Pickin, L.E. and Noakes, C.J. (2013) Measurement of ventilation and airborne infection risk in large naturally ventilated hospital wards, Build. Environ., Elsevier Ltd, 65, 35-48.
17. Girou, E., Loyeau, S., Legrand, P., Oppein, F. and Brun-buisson, C. (2002) Efficacy of handrubbing with alcohol based solution, Br. Med. J., 325, 1-5.
18. Han, Z.Y., Weng, W.G. and Huang, Q.Y. (2013) Characterizations of particle size distribution of the droplets exhaled by sneeze, J. R. Soc. Interface, 10, 1-11.
19. Harbarth, S., Sax, H. and Gastmeier, P. (2003) The preventable proportion of nosocomial infections: an overview of published reports, J. Hosp. Infect., 54, 258-266.
20. Hathway, E.A., Noakes, C.J., Fletcher, L.A., Sleigh, P.A., Clifton, I. and Elliott, M.W. (2013) The role of nursing activities on the bioaerosol production in hospital wards, Indoor Built Environ., 22, 410-421.
21. Hayden, M.K., Blom, D.W., Lyle, E.A., Moore, C.G. and Weinstein, R.A. (2008) Risk of hand or glove contamination after contact with patients colonized with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus or the colonized patients' environment, Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol., 29, 149-154.
22. King, M.-F., Noakes, C.J., Sleigh, P.A. and Camargo-Valero, M.A. (2013) Bioaerosol deposition in single and two-bed hospital rooms: a numerical and experimental study, Build. Environ., Elsevier Ltd, 59, 436-447.
23. Montville, R. and Schaffner, D.W. (2003) Inoculum size influences bacterial cross contamination between surfaces, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69, 7188-7193.
24. Montville, R. and Schaffner, D.W. (2011) A meta-analysis of the published literature on the effectiveness of antimicrobial soaps, J. Food Prot., 74, 1875-1882.
25. Mulvey, D., Redding, P., Robertson, C., Woodall, C., Kingsmore, P., Bedwell, D. and Dancer, S.J. (2011) Finding a benchmark for monitoring hospital cleanliness, J. Hosp. Infect., Elsevier Ltd, 77, 25-30.
26. Nossent, J., Elsen, P. and Bauwens, W. (2011) Sobol' sensitivity analysis of a complex environmental model, Environ. Model. Softw., 26, 1515-1525.
27. Otter, J.A., Yezli, S. and French, G.L. (2011) The role played by contaminated surfaces in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens, Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol., 32, 687-699.
28. Otter, J.A., Yezli, S., Salkeld, J.A.G. and French, G.L. (2013) Evidence that contaminated surfaces contribute to the transmission of hospital pathogens and an overview of strategies to address contaminated surfaces in hospital settings, Am. J. Infect. Control, Elsevier Inc, 41, S6-S11.
29. Pessoa-Silva, C.L., Dharan, S., Hugonnet, S., Touveneau, S., Barbe, K.P., Pfister, R. and Pittet, D. (2004) Dynamics of bacterial hand contamination, Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol., 25, 192-197.
30. Pittet, D., Dharan, S., Touveneau, S., Sauvan, V. and Perneger, T.V. (1999) Bacterial contamination of the hands of hospital staff during routine patient care, Arch. Intern. Med., 159, 821-826.
31. Pittet, D., Allegranzi, B., Sax, H., Dharan, S., Pessoa-Silva, C.L., Donaldson, L. and Boyce, J.M. (2006) Evidence-based model for hand transmission during patient care and the role of improved practices, Lancet Infect. Dis., 6, 641-652.
32. Qian, H., Li, Y., Seto, W.H., Ching, P., Ching, W.H. and Sun, H.Q. (2010) Natural ventilation for reducing airborne infection in hospitals, Build. Environ., Elsevier Ltd, 45, 559-565.
33. Roache, P.J. (1997) Quantification of uncertainty in computational fluid dynamics, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 29, 123-160.
34. Roberts, K., Smith, C.F., Snelling, A.M., Kerr, K.G., Banfield, K.R., Sleigh, P.A. and Beggs, C.B. (2008) Aerial dissemination of Clostridium difficile spores, BMC Infect. Dis., 8, 7.
35. Rusin, P., Maxwell, S. and Gerba, C. (2002) Comparative surface-to-hand and fingertip-to-mouth transfer efficiency of gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and phage, J. Appl. Microbiol., 93, 585-592.
36. Sax, H., Allegranzi, B., Chraïti, M.-N., Boyce, J., Larson, E. and Pittet, D. (2009) The World Health Organization hand hygiene observation method, Am. J. Infect. Control, 37, 827-834.
37. Sherertz, R.J., Reagan, D.R., Hampton, K.D., Robertson, K.L., Streed, S.A., Hoen, H.M., Thomas, R. and Gwaltney, J.M. Jr (1996) A cloud adult: the Staphylococcus aureus-Virus interaction revisited, Ann. Intern. Med., 124, 539-547.
38. Shih, Y.-C., Chiu, C.-C. and Wang, O. (2007) Dynamic airflow simulation within an isolation room, Build. Environ., 42, 3194-3209.
39. Sickbert-Bennett, E.E., Weber, D.J., Gergen-Teague, M.F., Sobsey, M.D., Samsa, G.P. and Rutala, W.a. (2005) Comparative efficacy of hand hygiene agents in the reduction of bacteria and viruses., Am. J. Infect. Control, 33, 67-77.
40. Smith, S.J., Young, V., Robertson, C. and Dancer, S.J. (2012) Where do hands go? An audit of sequential hand-touch events on a hospital ward, J. Hosp. Infect., Elsevier Ltd, 80, 206-211.
41. Tian, Z.F., Tu, J.Y., Yeoh, G.H. and Yuen, R.K.K. (2006) On the numerical study of contaminant particle concentration in indoor airflow, Build. Environ., 41, 1504-1514.
42. Ulrich, R.S. and Zimring, C. (2008) Healthcare Leadership: A Review of the Research Literature on Evidence-Based Healthcare Design. Georgia Tech, College of Architecture, Atlanta, GA.
43. Wong, L.T., Chan, W.Y., Mui, K.W. and Lai, a.C.K. (2010) An experimental and numerical study on deposition of bioaerosols in a scaled chamber, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 44, 117-128.
44. Xie, X. (2008) Evaporation and Movement of Respiratory Droplets in Indoor Environments, Hong Kong SAR, The University of Hong Kong.
45. Xue, J., Zartarian, V.G., Ozkaynak, H., Dang, W., Glen, G., Smith, L. and Stallings, C. (2006) A probabilistic arsenic exposure assessment for children who contact chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated playsets and decks, Part 2: sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, Risk Anal., 26, 533-541.
46. Yang, W., Elankumaran, S. and Marr, L.C. (2011) Concentrations and size distributions of airborne influenza A viruses measured indoors at a health centre, a day-care centre and on aeroplanes, J. R. Soc. Interface, 8, 1176-1184.
47. Zartarian, V., Smith, L. and Xue, J. (2012) The Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Model for Multimedia, Multipathway Chemicals (SHEDS-Multimedia): Residential Module SHEDS-Residential version 4 Technical Manual. Washington DC, US Environmental Protection Agency.
48. Zhang, T.T., Lee, K. and Chen, Q.Y. (2009) A simplified approach to describe complex diffusers in displacement ventilation for CFD simulations, Indoor Air, 19, 255-267.