Antiphospholipid Antibodies and Recurrent Thrombotic Events: Persistence and Portfolio

Cerebrovascular Diseases

Volumn 40, Issue 5-6, 2015, Pages 293-300

  Amory, Colum F ^a   Levine, Steven R ^b   Brey, Robin L ^c   Gebregziabher, Mulugeta ^d   Tuhrim, Stanley ^h   Tilley, Barbara C ^e   Simpson, Ann Catherin C ^f   Sacco, Ralph L ^g   Mohr, Jay P ⁱ  

^a ALBANY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b SUNY DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^d MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^f MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^h MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

ⁱ New York Presbyterian Columbia University Medical Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Antiphospholipid antibodies; Coagulation; Epidemiology; Ischemic stroke; Outcomes; Recurrent stroke risk; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE; PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY; AUTOANTIGEN; BETA2 GLYCOPROTEIN 1;

ADULT; ARTERY OCCLUSION; ARTICLE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; LUNG EMBOLISM; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; THROMBOSIS; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; AGED; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; BLOOD; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COMPLICATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; IMMUNOLOGY; KAPLAN MEIER METHOD; MIDDLE AGED; MULTICENTER STUDY; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PULMONARY EMBOLISM; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RECURRENT DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; THROMBOPHILIA;

AGED; ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; AUTOANTIGENS; BETA 2-GLYCOPROTEIN I; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CONFOUNDING FACTORS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; KAPLAN-MEIER ESTIMATE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PHOSPHATIDYLSERINES; PULMONARY EMBOLISM; RECURRENCE; RISK FACTORS; THROMBOPHILIA; THROMBOSIS;

EID: 84945567681     PISSN: 10159770     EISSN: 14219786     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000441362     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Galli M, Luciani D, Bertolini G, Barbui T: Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. Blood 2003; 101: 1827-1832.
2. Ruiz-Irastorza G, Crowther M, Branch W, Khamashta MA: Antiphospholipid syndrome. Lancet 2010; 376: 1498-1509.
3. Forastiero R, Martinuzzo M, Pombo G, Puente D, Rossi A, Celebrin L, et al: A prospective study of antibodies to beta2-glycoprotein I and prothrombin, and risk of thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3: 1231-1238.
4. Garcia D, Akl EA, Carr R, Kearon C: Antiphospholipid antibodies and the risk of recurrence after a first episode of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review. Blood 2013; 122: 817-824.
5. Turiel M, Sarzi-Puttini P, Peretti R, Rossi E, Atzeni F, Parsons W, et al: Thrombotic risk factors in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a 5-year prospective study. Stroke 2005; 36: 1490-1494.
6. Brey RL, Stallworth CL, McGlasson DL, Wozniak MA, Wityk RJ, Stern BJ, et al: Antiphospholipid antibodies and stroke in young women. Stroke 2002; 33: 2396-2400.
7. Janardhan V, Wolf PA, Kase CS, Massaro JM, D'Agostino RB, et al: Anticardiolipin antibodies and risk of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack: the Framingham cohort and offspring study. Stroke 2004; 35: 736-741.
8. Tanne D, D'Olhaberriague L, Schultz LR, Salowich-Palm L, Sawaya KL, Levine SR: Anticardiolipin antibodies and their associations with cerebrovascular risk factors. Neurology 1999; 52: 1368-1373.
9. Tuhrim S, Rand JH, Wu XX, Weinberger J, Horowitz DR, Goldman ME, et al: Elevated anticardiolipin antibody titer is a stroke risk factor in a multiethnic population independent of isotype or degree of positivity. Stroke 1999; 30: 1561-1565.
10. Levine SR, Brey RL, Tilley BC, Thompson JL, Sacco RL, Sciacca RR, et al: Antiphospholipid antibodies and subsequent thrombo-occlusive events in patients with ischemic stroke. JAMA 2004; 291: 576-584.
11. Pezzini A, Grassi M, Lodigiani C, Patella R, Gandolfo C, et al; Italian Project on Stroke in Young Adults (IPSYS): Predictors of long-term recurrent vascular events after ischemic stroke at young age: the Italian Project on Stroke in Young Adults. Circulation 2014; 129: 1668-1676.
12. Pengo V, Ruffatti A, Legnani C, Testa S, Fierro T, Marongiu F, et al: Incidence of a first thromboembolic event in asymptomatic carriers of high-risk antiphospholipid antibody profile: a multicenter prospective study. Blood 2011; 118: 4714-4718.
13. Willis R, Pierangeli S: Anti-2-glycoprotein I antibodies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1285: 44-58.
14. Audrain MA, El-Kouri D, Hamidou MA, Mioche L, Ibara A, Langlois ML, et al: Value of autoantibodies to beta(2)-glycoprotein 1 in the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002; 41: 550-553.
15. Brey RL, Abbott RD, Curb JD, Sharp DS, Ross GW, Stallworth CL, et al: Beta(2)-glycoprotein 1-dependent anticardiolipin antibodies and risk of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction: the Honolulu heart program. Stroke 2001; 32: 1701-1706.
16. Cabral AR, Amigo MC, Cabiedes J, Alarcon-Segovia D: The antiphospholipid/cofactor syndromes: a primary variant with antibodies to beta 2-glycoprotein-I but no antibodies detectable in standard antiphospholipid assays. Am J Med 1996; 101: 472-481.
17. Detkov, Gil-Aguado A, Lavilla P, Cuesta MV, Fontan G, Pascual-Salcedo D: Do antibodies to beta2-glycoprotein 1 contribute to the better characterization of the antiphospholipid syndrome Lupus 1999; 8: 430-438.
18. Galli M, Luciani D, Bertolini G, Barbui T: Anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I, antiprothrombin antibodies, and the risk of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 2003; 102: 2717-2723.
19. Kahles T, Humpich M, Steinmetz H, Sitzer M, Lindhoff-Last E: Phosphatidylserine IgG and beta-2-glycoprotein I IgA antibodies may be a risk factor for ischaemic stroke. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44: 1161-1165.
20. Levine JS, Branch DW, Rauch J: The antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 752-763.
21. Lopez LR, Dier KJ, Lopez D, Merrill JT, Fink CA: Anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I and antiphosphatidylserine antibodies are predictors of arterial thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 2004; 121: 142-149.
22. Nash MJ, Camilleri RS, Kunka S, Mackie IJ, Machin SJ, Cohen H: The anticardiolipin assay is required for sensitive screening for antiphospholipid antibodies. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2: 1077-1081.
23. Obermoser G, Bitterlich W, Kunz F, Sepp NT: Clinical significance of anticardiolipin and anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004; 135: 148-153.
24. Akhter E, Shums Z, Norman GL, Binder W, Fang H, Petri M: Utility of antiphosphatidylserine/prothrombin and IgA antiphospholipid assays in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2013; 40: 282-286.
25. Tuhrim S, Rand JH, Wu X, Horowitz DR, Weinberger J, Goldman ME, et al: Antiphosphatidyl serine antibodies are independently associated with ischemic stroke. Neurology 1999; 53: 1523-1527.
26. Male C, Foulon D, Hoogendoorn H, Vegh P, Silverman E, David M, et al: Predictive value of persistent versus transient antiphospholipid antibody subtypes for the risk of thrombotic events in pediatric patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Blood 2005; 106: 4152-4158.
27. Pengo V, Banzato A, Bison E, Bracco A, Denas G, Ruffatti A: What have we learned about antiphospholipid syndrome from patients and antiphospholipid carrier cohorts Semin Thromb Hemost 2012; 38: 322-327.
28. Mohr JP, Thompson JL, Lazar RM, Levin B, Sacco RL, Furie KL, et al: A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1444-1451.
29. Hedeker D, Gibbons RD: Application of random-effects pattern-mixture models for missing data in longitudinal studies. Psychol Methods 1997; 2: 64-78.
30. Schafer J: Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data. New York, Chapman & Hall/CRC, 1997.
31. Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, Branch DW, Brey RL, Cervera R, et al: International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 295-306.
32. Shi W, Krilis SA, Chong BH, Gordon S, Chesterman CN: Prevalence of lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in a healthy population. Aust N Z J Med 1990; 20: 231-236.
33. Vila P, Hernandez MC, Lopez-Fernandez MF, Batlle J: Prevalence, follow-up and clinical significance of the anticardiolipin antibodies in normal subjects. Thromb Haemost 1994; 72: 209-213.
34. Lanthier S, Kirkham FJ, Mitchell LG, Laxer RM, Atenafu E, Male C, et al: Increased anticardiolipin antibody IgG titers do not predict recurrent stroke or TIA in children. Neurology 2004; 62: 194-200.
35. Soh MC, Pasupathy D, Gray G, Nelson-Piercy C: Persistent antiphospholipid antibodies do not contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 52: 1642-1647.
36. Mustonen P, Lehtonen KV, Javela K, Puurunen M: Persistent antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) in asymptomatic carriers as a risk factor for future thrombotic events: a nationwide prospective study. Lupus 2014; 23: 1468-1476.
37. Lee EY, Lee CK, Lee TH, Chung SM, Kim SH, Cho YS, et al: Does the anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibody provide additional information in patients with thrombosis Thromb Res 2003; 111: 29-32.
38. Devreese KM: Antiphospholipid antibodies: evaluation of the thrombotic risk. Thromb Res 2012; 130(suppl 1):S37-S40.
39. Favaloro EJ: Variability and diagnostic utility of antiphospholipid antibodies including lupus anticoagulants. Int J Lab Hematol 2013; 35: 269-274.
40. Pengo V, Ruffatti A, Tonello M, Cuffaro S, Banzato A, Bison E, Denas G, Padayattil Jose S: Antiphospholipid syndrome: antibodies to domain 1 of 2-glycoprotein 1 correctly classify patients at risk. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13: 782-787.
41. Galli M: Interpretation and recommended testing for antiphospholipid antibodies. Semin Thromb Hemost 2012; 38: 348-352.
42. Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G, Alberts MJ, Benavente O, Furie K, et al; American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; American Academy of Neurology: Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association council on stroke: cosponsored by the council on cardiovascular radiology and intervention: the American academy of neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke 2006; 37: 577-617.
43. Ruiz-Irastorza G, Cuadrado MJ, Ruiz-Arruza I, Brey R, Crowther M, Derksen R, et al: Evidence-based recommendations for the prevention and long-term management of thrombosis in antiphospholipid antibodypositive patients: report of a Task Force at the 13th International Congress. Lupus 2011; 20: 206-218.
44. Lim W, Crowther MA, Eikelboom JW: Management of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a systematic review. JAMA 2006; 295: 1050-1057.
45. The Warfarin-Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study (WARSS), The Antiphospholipid Antibodies and Stroke Study (APASS), The Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study (PICSS), The Hemostatic System Activation Study (HAS), The Genes in Stroke Study (GENESIS): The feasibility of a collaborative double-blind study using an anticoagulant. Cerebrovasc Dis 1997; 7: 100-112.
46. Brey RL, Cote SA, McGlasson DL, Triplett DA, Barna LK: Effects of repeated freeze-thaw cycles on anticardiolipin antibody immunoreactivity. Am J Clin Pathol 1994; 102: 586-588.
47. Karttunen V, Alfthan G, Hiltunen L, Rasi V, Kervinen K, Kesaniemi YA, et al: Risk factors for cryptogenic ischaemic stroke. Eur J Neurol 2002; 9: 625-632.
48. Blohorn A, Guegan-Massardier E, Triquenot A, Onnient Y, Tron F, Borg JY, Mihout B: Antiphospholipid antibodies in the acute phase of cerebral ischaemia in young adults: a descriptive study of 139 patients. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002; 13: 156-162.
49. Baglin T: Unraveling the thrombophilia paradox: from hypercoagulability to the prothrombotic state. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8: 228-233.
50. Dahabreh IJ, Kent DM: Index event bias as an explanation for the paradoxes of recurrence risk research. JAMA 2011; 305: 822-823.