Disrupted seasonal biology impacts health, food security and ecosystems

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 282, Issue 1817, 2015, Pages

  Stevenson, T J ^a   Visser, M E ^b   Arnold, W ^c   Barrett, P ^d   Biello, S ^e   Dawson, A ^f   Denlinger, D L ^g   Dominoni, D ^h   Ebling, F J ⁱ   Elton, S ^j   Evans, N ^h   Ferguson, H M ^h   Foster, R G ^k   Hau, M ^l   Haydon, D T ^h   Hazlerigg, D G ^m   Heideman, P ⁿ   Hopcraft, J G C ^h   Jonsson, N N ^h   Kronfeld Schor, N ^o   Kumar, V ^p   Lincoln, G A ^q   Macleod, R ^h   Martin, S A M ^b   Martinez Bakker, M ^r   Nelson, R J ^g   Reed, T ^s   Robinson, J E ^h   Rock, D ^t   Schwartz, W J ^u   Steffan Dewenter, I ^v   Tauber, E ^w   Thackeray, S J ^h   Umstatter, C ^x   Yoshimura, T ^y   Helm, B ^h   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

^b WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^d ROWETT RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^f CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY   (United Kingdom)

^g OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^j DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^k UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^l MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR ORNITHOLOGY   (Germany)

^m UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

ⁿ Dept of Economics and Thomas Jefferson Program in Public Policy at the College of William and Mary   (United States)

^o TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^p UNIVERSITY OF DELHI   (India)

^q UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^r UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^s UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

^t UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^u UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^v UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

^w UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

^x AGROSCOPE   (Switzerland)

^y NAGOYA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

more..

Author keywords

Annual; Biological rhythm; Circannual; Desynchrony; Fitness; One health

Indexed keywords

ANNUAL CYCLE; BIODIVERSITY; BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM; CLIMATE CHANGE; DEMOGRAPHY; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; ENVIRONMENTAL CUE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FITNESS; FOOD SECURITY; HUMAN ACTIVITY; PERSISTENCE; PHYSIOLOGY; SEASONAL VARIATION;

ANIMALIA;

AGRICULTURE; ANIMAL; BIODIVERSITY; CATERING SERVICE; CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOSYSTEM; HUMAN; PERIODICITY; PLANT; SEASON;

AGRICULTURE; ANIMALS; BIODIVERSITY; CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOSYSTEM; FOOD SUPPLY; HUMANS; PERIODICITY; PLANTS; SEASONS;

EID: 84945232476     PISSN: 09628452     EISSN: 14712954     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1453     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Scheer FAJL, Hilton MF, Mantzoros CS, Shea SA. 2009 Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 4453–4458. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0808180106)
2. Fonken LK, Workman JL, Walton JC, Weil ZM, Morris JS, Haim A, Nelson RJ. 2010 Light at night increases body mass by shifting the time of food intake. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 18 664–18 669. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1008734107)
3. Dopico XC et al. 2015 Widespread seasonal gene expression reveals annual differences in human immunity and physiology. Nat. Commun. 6, 7000. (doi:10.1038/ncomms8000)
4. Lincoln GA, Clarke IJ, Hut RA, Hazlerigg DG. 2006 Characterizing a mammalian circannual pacemaker. Science 314, 1941–1944. (doi:10.1126/science.1132009)
5. Bradshaw WE, Holzapfel CM. 2007 Evolution of animal photoperiodism. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 38, 1–25. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110115)
6. Andersen DM, Keafer BA. 1987 An endogenous annual clock in the toxic marine dinoflagellate (Gonyaulax tamarensis). Nature 325, 616–617. (doi:10.1038/325616a0)
7. Paul MJ, Zucker I, Schwartz WJ. 2008 Tracking the seasons: the internal calendars of vertebrates. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 363, 341–361. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2143)
8. Gwinner E. 1996 Circannual clocks in avian reproduction and migration. Ibis 138, 47–63. (doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1996.tb04312.x)
9. Gwinner E. 1986 Circannual rhythms. Heidelberg, Berlin, Germany: Springer.
10. Gwinner E, Dittami J. 1990 Endogenous reproductive rhythms in a tropical bird. Science 249, 906–908. (doi:10.1126/science.249.4971.906)
11. Kondo N, Sekijima T, Kondo J, Takamatsu N, Tohya K, Ohtsu T. 2006 Circannual control of hibernation by HP complex in the brain. Cell 125, 161–172. (doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.017)
12. Visser ME, Caro SP, van Oers K, Schaper SV, Helm B. 2010 Phenology, seasonal timing and circannual rhythms: towards a unified framework. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 365, 3113–3127. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0111)
13. Helm B, Ben-Shlomo R, Sheriff MJ, Hut RA, Foster R, Barnes BM, Dominoni D. 2013 Annual rhythms that underlie phenology: biological time-keeping meets environmental change. Proc. R. Soc. B 280, 20130016. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.0016)
14. Stevenson TJ, Ball GF. 2011 Information theory and the neuropeptidergic regulation of seasonal reproduction in mammals and birds. Proc. R. Soc. B 278, 2477–2485. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2181)
15. Wehr TA. 2001 Photoperiodism in humans and other primates: evidence and implications. J. Biol. Rhythms 16, 348–364. (doi:10.1177/074873001129002060)
16. Wulff K, Gatti S, Wettstein JG, Foster RG. 2010 Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 589–599. (doi:10.1038/nrn2868)
17. Foster RG, Roenneberg T. 2008 Human responses to the geophysical daily, annual and lunar cycles. Curr. Biol. 18, R784–R794. (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.003)
18. IPCC. In Climate change 2014, Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental panel on climate change.
19. Visser ME. 2008 Keeping up with a warming world: assessing the rate of adaptation to climate change. Proc. R. Soc. B 275, 649–659. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0997)
20. Vedder O, Bouwhuis S, Sheldon BC. 2013 Quantitative assessment of the importance of phenotypic plasticity in adaptation to climate change in wild bird populations. PLoS Biol. 11, 1–10.(doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001605)
21. Gienapp P, Teplitsky C, Alho JS, Mills JA, Merila J. 2008 Climate change and evolution: disentangling environmental and genetic responses. Mol. Ecol. 17, 167–178. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03413.x)
22. Visser ME, can Noordwijk AJ, Tinbergen JM. 1998 Warmer spring lead to mistimed reproduction in great tits (Parus major). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265, 1867–1870. (doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0514)
23. Zinsstag J, Schelling E, Waltner-Toews D, Tanner M. 2011 From ‘one medicine’ to ‘one health’ and systemic approaches to health and well-being. Prev. Vet. Med. 101, 148–156. (doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.07.003)
24. Coker R, Rushton J, Mounier-Jack S, Karimuribo E, Lutumba P, Kambarage D, Pfeiffer DU, Stark K, Rweyemamu M. 2011 Towards a conceptual framework to support One Health research for policy on emerging zoonoses. Lancet Infect. Dis. 11, 326–331. (doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70312-1)
25. Hughes L. 2000 Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent? Trends Ecol. Evol. 15, 56–61. (doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01764-4)
26. Thackeray SJ. et al. 2010 Trophic level asynchrony in rates of phenological change for marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments. Glob. Change Biol. 16, 3304–3313. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02165.x)
27. Miyazaki Y, Nisimura T, Numata H. 2006 Phase responses in the circannual rhythm of the varied carpet beetle, Anthrenus verbasci, under naturally changing day lengths. Zool. Sci. 23, 1031–1037. (doi:10.2108/zsj.23.1031)
28. Song YH, Smith RW, To BJ, Millar AJ, Imaizumi T. 2012 FKF1 conveys timing information for CONSTANS stabilization in photoperiodic flowering. Science 336, 1045–1049. (doi:10.1126/science.1219644)
29. Eriksson LO, Lundqvist H. 1982 Circannual rhythms and photoperiod regulation of growth and smolting in Baltic salmon (Salmo salar L). Aquaculture 28, 113–121. (doi:10.1016/0044-8486(82)90014-X)
30. Helm B, Schwabl I, Gwinner E. 2009 Circannual basis of geographically distinct bird schedules. J. Exp. Biol. 212, 1259–1269. (doi:10.1242/jeb.025411)
31. Yasuo S, Yoshimura T. 2009 Comparative analysis of the molecular basis of photoperiodic signal transduction in vertebrates. Integr. Comp. Biol. 49, 507–518. (doi:10.1093/icb/icp011)
32. Roenneberg T, Aschoff J. 1990 Annual rhythm of human reproduction. I. Biology, sociology or both? J. Biol. Rhythms 5, 195–216. (doi:10.1177/074873049000500303)
33. Martinez-Bakker M, Bakker KM, King AA, Rohani P. 2014 Human birth seasonality: latitudinal gradient and interplay with childhood disease dynamics. Proc. R. Soc. B 281, 20132438. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2438)
34. Roenneberg T, Aschoff J. 2014 Annual rhythm of human reproduction. II. Environmental correlations. J. Biol. Rhythms 5, 217–239. (doi:10.1177/074873049000500304)
35. Wood S, Loudon A. 2014 Clocks for all seasons: unwinding the roles and mechanisms of circadian and interval timers in the hypothalamus and pituitary. J. Endocrinol. 222, R39–R59. (doi:10.1530/JOE-14-0141)
36. Dardente H, Wyse CA, Birnie MJ, Dupre´ SM, Loudon ASI, Lincoln GA, Hazlerigg DG. 2010 A molecular switch for photoperiod responsiveness in mammals. Curr. Biol. 20, 2193–2198. (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.10.048)
37. Ono H, Hoshino Y, Yasuo S, Watanabe M, Nakane Y, Murai A, Ebihara S, Korf H-W, Yoshimura T. 2008 Involvement of thyrotropin in photoperiodic signal transduction in mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 18 238–18 242. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0808952105)
38. Nelson RJ. 2004 Seasonal immune function and sickness responses. Trends Immunol. 25, 187–192. (doi:10.1016/j.it.2004.02.001)
39. Nelson RJ, Demas GE, Klein SL, Kriegsfeld LJ. 1995 The influence of season, photoperiod, and pineal melatonin on immune function. J. Pineal Res. 19, 149–165. (doi:10.1111/j.1600-079X.1995.tb00184.x)
40. Stevenson TJ, Prendergast BJ. 2014 Photoperiodic time measurement and seasonal immunological plasticity. Front. Neuroendol. 37, 76–88. (doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.10.002)
41. Nakane Y et al. 2013 The saccus vasculosus of fish is a sensor of seasonal changes in day length. Nat. Commun. 4, 2108. (doi:10.1038/ncomms3108)
42. Nakao N et al. 2008 Thyrotrophin in the pars tuberalis triggers photoperiodic response. Nature 452, 317–322. (doi:10.1038/nature06738)
43. O’Brien CS, Bourdo R, Bradshaw WE, Holzapfel CM, Cresko WA. 2012 Conservation of the photoperiodic neuroendocrine axis among vertebrates: evidence from the teleost fish, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 178, 19–27. (doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.03.010)
44. Hazlerigg DG, Lincoln GA. 2011 Hypothesis: cyclical histogenesis is the basis of circannual timing. J. Biol. Rhythms 26, 471–485. (doi:10.1177/0748730411420812)
45. Stevenson TJ, Prendergast BJ. 2013 Reversible DNA methylation regulates seasonal photoperiodic time measurement. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 16 651–16 656. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1310643110)
46. Helm B, Stevenson T. 2015 Circannual rhythms: history, present challenges, future directions. In Annual, lunar and tidal clocks: patterns and mechanisms of nature’s enigmatic rhythms (eds H Numata, B Helm), pp. 203–225. Tokyo, Japan: Springer.
47. Martinez-Bakker M, Helm B. 2015 The influence of biological rhythms on host–parasite interactions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 30, 314–326. (doi:10.1016/j.tree.2015.03.012)
48. Stevenson TJ, Onishi KG, Bradley SP, Prendergast BJ. 2014 Cell-autonomous iodothyronine deiodinase expression mediates seasonal plasticity in immune function. Brain Behav. Immunol. 36, 61–70. (doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.008)
49. Borchert R, Renner SS, Calle Z, Navarrete D, Tye A, Gautier L, Spichiger R, von Hildebrand P. 2005 Photoperiodic induction of synchronous flowering near the equator. Nature 433, 627–629. (doi:10.1038/nature03259)
50. Brockman DK, van Schaik CP. 2012 Seasonality and reproductive function. In Seasonality in primates: studies of living and extinct human and non-human primates (eds DK Brockman, CP van Schaik), pp. 269–306. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
51. Ashmole NP. 1963 The biology of the Wideawake or sooty tern Sterna fuscata on Ascension Island. Ibis 103, 297–364. (doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1963.tb06757.x)
52. Poole JH, Moss CJ. 1981 Musth in the African elephant, Loxodonta africana. Nature 292, 830–831. (doi:10.1038/292830a0)
53. Bronson FH. 2004 Are humans seasonally photoperiodic? J. Biol. Rhythms 19, 180–192. (doi:10.1177/0748730404264658)
54. Huber S, Fieder M, Wallner B, Moser G, Arnold W. 2004 Brief communication: birth month influences reproductive performance in contemporary women. Hum. Reprod. 19, 1081–1082. (doi:10.1093/humrep/deh247)
55. Boland MR, Shahn Z, Madigan D, Hripcsak G, Tatonetti NP. 2015 Birth month affects lifetime disease risk: a phenome-wide method. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. 22, 1042–1053. (doi:10.1093/jamia/ocv046)
56. Seretakis D, Lagiou P, Lipworth L, Signorello LB, Rothman KJ, Tirchopoulos D. 1997 Changing seasonality of mortality from coronary heart disease. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 278, 1012–1014. (doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550120072036)
57. Haberman S, Capildeo R, Rose FC. 1981 The seasonal variation in mortality from cerebrovascular disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 52, 25–36. (doi:10.1016/0022-510X(81)90131-3)
58. Mackenbach JP, Kunst AE, Looman CW. 1992 Seasonal variation in mortality in the Netherlands. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 46, 261–265. (doi:10.1136/jech.46.3.261)
59. Schreiber G, Avissar S, Tzahor Z, Grisaru N. 1991 Rhythms of war. Nature 352, 574–575. (doi:10.1038/352574b0)
60. Myrianthefs P, Karatzas S, Venetsanou K, Grouzi E, Evagelopoulou P, Boutzouka E, Fildissis G, Spiliotopoulou I, Baltopoulos G. 2003 Seasonal variation in whole blood cytokine production after LPS stimulation in normal individuals. Cytokine 24, 286–292. (doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2003.08.005)
61. Klink M, Bednarska K, Blus E, Kielbik M, Sulowska Z. 2012 Seasonal changes in activities of human neutrophils in vitro. Inflamm. Res. 61, 11–16. (doi:10.1007/s00011-011-0382-x)
62. Moore SE, Collinson AC, Fulford AJC, Jalil F, Siegrist C-A, Goldblatt D, Hanson LA°, Prentice AM. 2006 Effect of month of vaccine administration on antibody responses in Gambia and Pakistan. Trop. Med. Int. Health 11, 1529–1541. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01700.x)
63. Haldar C, Ahmad R. 2010 Photoimmunomodulation and melatonin. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 98, 107–117. (doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.11.014)
64. Medlock JM, Leach SA. 2015 Effect of climate change on vector-borne disease risk in the UK. The Lancet Infect. Dis. 15, 721–730. (doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)70091-5)
65. Altizer S, Dobson A, Hosseini P, Hudson P, Pascual M, Rohani P. 2006 Seasonality and the dynamics of infectious diseases. Ecol. Lett. 9, 467–484. (doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00879.x)
66. Grassly NC, Fraser C. 2006 Seasonal infectious disease epidemiology. Proc. R. Soc. B 273, 2541–2550. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3604)
67. Shaman J, Pitzer VE, Viboud C, Grenfell BT, Lipsitch M. 2010 Absolute humidity and the seasonal onset of influenza in the continental United States. PLoS Biol. 8, e1000316. (doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000316)
68. Pascual M, Rodo X, Ellner SP, Colwell R, Bouma MJ. 2000 Cholera dynamics and El Nino-Southern oscillation. Science 289, 1766–1769. (doi:10.1126/science.289.5485.1766)
69. Clements A. 1999 The biology of mosquitoes: sensory reception and behaviour. London, UK: Chapman and Hall.
70. Russell TL, Lwetoijera DW, Knols BGJ, Takken W, Killeen GF, Ferguson HM. 2011 Linking individual phenotype to density-dependent population growth: the influence of body size on the population dynamics of malaria vectors. Proc. R. Soc. B 278, 3142–3151. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0153)
71. Parham PE, Michael E. 2010 Modelling climate change and malaria transmission. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 673, 184–199. (doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6064-1_13)
72. Morin CW, Comrie AC, Ernst K. 2013 Climate and dengue transmission: evidence and implications. Environ. Health Perspect. 121, 264–1272. (doi:10.1289/ehp.1307303)
73. Canto T, Aranda MA, Ferres A. 2009 Climate change effects on physiology and population processes of hosts and vectors that influence the spread of hemipteran-borne plant viruses. Glob. Change Biol. 15, 1884–1894. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01820.x)
74. Kilpatrick AM, Randolph SE. 2012 Drivers, dynamics, and control of emerging vector-borne zoonotic diseases. Lancet 380, 1946–1955. (doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61151-9)
75. Searle KR, Blackwell A, Falconer D, Sullivan M, Butler A, Purse BV. 2013 Identifying environmental drivers of insect phenology across space and time: Culicoides in Scotland as a case study. Bull. Entomol. Res. 103, 155–170. (doi:10.1017/S0007485312000466)
76. Pe´rez de Leo´n AA, Teel PD, Auclair AN, Messenger MT, Guerrero FD, Schuster G, Miller RJ. 2012 Integrated strategy for sustainable cattle fever tick eradication in USA is required to mitigate the impact of global change. Front. Physiol. 3, 195. (doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00195)
77. Kilpatrick AM, Kramer LD, Jones MJ, Marra PP, Daszak P. 2006 West Nile virus epidemics in North America are driven by shifts in mosquito feeding behaviour. PLoS Biol. 4, 606–610.(doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040082)
78. Estrada-Pena A, Ayllon N, de la Fuente J. 2012 Impact of climate trends on tick-borne pathogen transmission. Front. Physiol. 3, 1–12. (doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00064)
79. Ogden NH, Radojevic M, Wu X, Duvvuri VR, Leighton PA, Wu J. 2014 Estimated effects of projected climate change on the basic reproductive number of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis. Environ. Health Perspect. 122, 631–638. (doi:10.1289/ehp.1307799)
80. Garamszegi LZ. 2011 Climate change increases the risk of malaria in birds. Glob. Change Biol. 17, 1751–1759. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02346.x)
81. Mills LS, Zimova M, Oyler J, Running S, Abatzoglou JT, Lukacs PM. 2013 Camouflage mismatch in seasonal coat color due to decreased snow duration. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 7360–7365. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1222724110)
82. Klein AM, Vaissiere BE, Cane JH, Steffan-Dewenter I, Cunningham SA, Kremen C, Tscharntke T. 2007 Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 303–313. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3721)
83. Polce C et al. 2014 Climate-driven spatial mismatches between British orchards and their pollinators: increased risks of pollination deficits. Glob. Change Biol. 20, 2815–2828. (doi:10.1111/gcb.12577)
84. Brittain C, Kremen C, Klein AM. 2013 Biodiversity buffers pollination from changes in environmental conditions. Glob. Change Biol. 19, 540–547. (doi:10.1111/gcb.12043)
85. Garibaldi LA et al. 2013 Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science 339, 1608–1611. (doi:10.1126/science.1230200)
86. Rader R, Reilly J, Bartomeus I, Winfree R. 2013 Native bees buffer the negative impact of climate warming on honey bee pollination of watermelon crops. Glob. Change Biol. 19, 3103–3110.(doi:10.1111/gcb.12264)
87. Durant JM, Anker-Nilssen T, Stenseth NC. 2003 Trophic interactions under climate fluctuations: the Atlantic puffin as an example. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270, 1461–1466. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2397)
88. Visser ME, Holleman LJM. 2001 Warmer springs disrupt the synchrony of oak and winter moth phenology. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 268, 289–294. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1363)
89. Post E, Forchhammer MC. 2008 Climate change reduces reproductive success of an Arctic herbivore through trophic mismatch. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 363, 2369–2375. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2207)
90. Plard F, Gaillard J-M, Coulson T, Hewison AJM, Delorme D, Warnant C, Bonenfant C. 2014 Mismatch between birth date and vegetation phenology slows the demography of roe deer. PLoS Biol. 12, e1001828. (doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001828)
91. Reed TE, Grotan V, Jenouvrier S, Saether B-E, Visser ME. 2013 Population growth in a wild bird is buffered against phenological mismatch. Science 340, 488–491. (doi:10.1126/science.1232870)
92. Husby A, Visser ME, Kruuk LE. 2011 Speeding up microevolution: the effects of increasing temperature on selection and genetic variance in a wild bird population. PLoS Biol. 9, e1000585. (doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000585)
93. Thomas DW. 2001 Energetic and fitness costs of mismatching resource supply and demand in seasonally breeding birds. Science 291, 2598–2600. (doi:10.1126/science.1057487)
94. Reed TE, Jenouvrier S, Visser ME. 2013 Phenological mismatch strongly affects individual fitness but not population demography in a woodland passerine. J. Anim. Ecol. 82, 131–144. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.02020.x)
95. Visser ME, Holleman LJM, Gienapp P. 2006 Shifts in caterpillar biomass phenology due to climate change and its impact on the breeding biology of an insectivorous bird. Oecologia 147, 164–172. (doi:10.1007/s00442-005-0299-6)
96. van Noordwijk AJ, McCleery RH, Perrins CM. 1995 Selection of timing of great tit (Parus major) breeding in relation to caterpillar growth and temperature. J. Anim. Ecol. 64, 451–458. (doi:10.2307/5648)
97. Visser ME, Both C. 2005 Shifts in phenology due to global climate change: the need for a yardstick. Proc. R. Soc. B 272, 2561–2569. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3356)
98. Memmott J, Craze PG, Waser NM, Price MV. 2007 Global warming and the disruption of plant–pollinator interactions. Ecol. Lett. 10, 710–717. (doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01061.x)
99. Both C, van Asch M, Bijlsma RG, van den Burg AB, Visser ME. 2009 Climate change and unequal phenological changes across four trophic levels: constraints or adaptations? J. Anim. Ecol. 78, 73–83. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01458.x)
100. Bartomeus I, Ascher JS, Wagner DL, Danforth BN, Colla S, Kornbluth S, Winfree R. 2011 Climateassociated phenology advances in bee pollinators and bee-pollinated plants. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 20645–20649. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1115559108)
101. Bartomeus I, Ascher JS, Gibbs J, Danforth BN, Wagner DL, Hedtke SM, Winfree R. 2013 Historical changes in northeastern US bee pollinators related to shared ecological traits. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 4656–4660. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1218503110)
102. Burkle LA, Marlin JC, Knight TM. 2013 Plant–pollinator interactions over 120 years: loss of species, co-occurrence and function. Science 339, 1611–1615. (doi:10.1126/science.1232728)
103. Bronson FH. 2009 Climate change and seasonal reproduction in mammals. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 364, 3331–3340. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0140)
104. Gienapp P, Reed TE, Visser ME. 2014 Why climate change will invariably alter selection pressures on phenology. Proc. R. Soc. B 281, 1793. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1611)
105. Gallai N, Salles JM, Settele J, Vaissiere BE. 2009 Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline. Ecol. Econ. 68, 810–821. (doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014)
106. Bale JS, Hayward SAL. 2010 Insect overwintering in a changing climate. J. Exp. Biol. 213, 980–994. (doi:10.1242/jeb.037911)
107. Gregory PJ, Johnson SN, Newton AC, Ingram JSI. 2009 Integrating pests and pathogens into the climate change/food security debate. J. Exp. Bot. 60, 2827–2838. (doi:10.1093/jxb/erp080)
108. Berry WD. 2003 The physiology of induced molting. Poult. Sci. 82, 971–980. (doi:10.1093/ps/82.6.971)
109. Seldin MM, Byerly MS, Petersen PS, Swanson R. Balkema-Buschmann A, Groschup MH, Wong GW. 2014 Seasonal oscillation of liver-derived hibernation protein complex in the central nervous system of non-hibernating mammals. J. Exp. Biol. 217, 2667–2679. (doi:10.1242/jeb.095976)
110. Kessler J. 2004 Selen-Vitamin-E-Versorgung u¨berwachen. Forum Kleinwiederka¨uer 11, 6–9.
111. Beck MA, Levander OA, Handy J. 2003 Selenium deficiency and viral infection. J. Nutr. 133, 1463S–1467S.
112. Li XM et al. 2013 A circadian clock transcription model for the personalization of cancer chronotherapy. Cancer Res. 73, 7176–7188. (doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-1528)
113. Ebling FJ. 2014 On the value of seasonal mammals for identifying mechanisms underlying the control of food intake and body weight. Horm. Behav. 66, 56–65. (doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.03.009)
114. Sejnowski TJ, Churchland PS, Movshon JA. 2014 Putting big data to good use in neuroscience. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 1440–1441. (doi:10.1038/nn.3839)