Healthcare costs associated with an adequate intake of sugars, salt and saturated fat in Germany: A health econometrical analysis

PLoS ONE

Volumn 10, Issue 9, 2015, Pages

  Meier, Toni ^a   Senftleben, Karolin ^a   Deumelandt, Peter ^a   Christen, Olaf ^a   Riedel, Katja ^b   Langer, Martin ^b  

^a MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE WITTENBERG   (Germany)

^b BRAIN AG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SATURATED FATTY ACID; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; FAT INTAKE; PROTEIN INTAKE; SALT INTAKE;

ARTICLE; COST CONTROL; FAT INTAKE; FOOD INTAKE; GERMANY; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; SALT INTAKE; SUGAR INTAKE; ADVERSE EFFECTS; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; COST OF ILLNESS; ECONOMICS; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; MALE; METABOLIC DISEASES; NEOPLASMS; PROTEIN INTAKE; PSYCHOLOGY; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; COST OF ILLNESS; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; DIETARY FATS; DIETARY PROTEINS; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; GERMANY; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HUMANS; MALE; METABOLIC DISEASES; NEOPLASMS; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; SODIUM CHLORIDE, DIETARY;

EID: 84944909909     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135990     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. WCRF. Food, nutrition, physical activity and the prevention of cancer: A global perspective: a project of World Cancer Research Fund International; American Institute for Cancer Research: Washington, D. C, 2007.
2. Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, Michaud C, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The lancet. 2013, 380 (9859): 2197-2223.
3. Steffen W, Richardson K, Rockström J, Cornell SE, Fetzer I, Bennett EM, et al. Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science. 2015, 347(6223): 1259855. doi: 10.1126/ science.1259855 PMID: 25592418
4. Kastner T, Rivas MJI, Koch W, Nonhebel S. Global changes in diets and the consequences for land requirements for food. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2012, 109(18): 6868-6872.
5. Meier T, Christen O, Semler E, Jahreis G, Voget-Kleschin L, Schrode A, et al. Balancing virtual land imports by a shift in the diet. Using a land balance approach to assess the sustainability of food consumption. Germany as an example. Appetite. 2014, 74:20-34. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.11.006 PMID: 24269506
6. Meier T. Sustainable nutrition between the poles of health and environment. Potentials of altered diets and avoidable food losses. Ernahrungs Umschau. 2015, 62(2): 22-33.
7. Bloom D, Cafiero ET, Jané-Llopis E, Abrahams-Gessel S, Bloom LR, Fathima S, et al. The Global Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Economic: Geneva, 2011.
8. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet. 2012, 380 (9859): 2095-2128.
9. Withrow D, Alter DA. The economic burden of obesity worldwide: a systematic review of the direct costs of obesity. Obesity Reviews. 2011, 12 (2): 131-141. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00712.x PMID: 20122135
10. American Diabetes Association. Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2007. Diabetes Care. 2007, 31 (3): 596-615.
11. UnitedHealth Group. The United States of Diabetes: Challenges and opportunities in the decade ahead: Working Paper 5, UnitedHealth Center for Health Reform & Modernization: Minnetonka, 2010.
12. Sullivan PW, Ghushchyan V, Wyatt HR, Hill JO. The Medical Cost of Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Clusters in the United States∗∗. Obesity. 2007, 15 (12): 3150-3158. doi: 10.1038/oby.2007.375 PMID: 18198326
13. Barnard ND, Nicholson A, Howard JL. The medical costs attributable to meat consumption. Prev Med. 1995, 24 (6): 646-655. PMID: 8610089
14. Joffres MR, Campbell NRC, Manns B, Tu K. Estimate of the benefits of a population-based reduction in dietary sodium additives on hypertension and its related health care costs in Canada. Can J Cardiol. 2007, 23 (6): 437-443. PMID: 17487286
15. Schmid A, Schneider H, Golay A, Keller U. Economic burden of obesity and its comorbidities in Switzerland. Soz.-Präventivmed. 2005, 50 (2): 87-94. PMID: 15900961
16. Welte R, König H, Leidl R. Tobacco: The costs of health damage and productivity losses attributable to cigarette smoking in Germany. The European Journal of Public Health. 2000, 10 (1): 31-38.
17. Destatis. Gesundheitswesen: Gesundheitsbezogene Rechensysteme: Gesundheitsausgaben; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen, VGR des Bundes, Statistisches Bundesamt. Available: https:// www-genesis.destatis.de. Accessed 2015 Mar 15.
18. Arab-Kohlmeier L, Kroke A, Pötzsch J. Ernährungsabhängige Krankheiten und ihre Kosten: des Bundesministeriums für Gesundheit (27); Nomos-Verlag-Ges: Baden-Baden, 1993.
19. Destatis. Gesundheitswesen: Gesundheitsbezogene Rechensysteme: Krankheitskostenrechnung, Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen, VGR des Bundes, Statistisches Bundesamt. Available: https://www-genesis.destatis.de. Accessed 2015 Mar 15.
20. Max Rubner-Institut. Nationale Verzehrsstudie II, Ergebnisbericht, Teil 2, Die bundesweite Befragung zur Ernährung von Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen, Max Rubner-Institut: Karlsruhe, 2008.
21. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung. 12. Ernährungsbericht 2012; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung e.V.: Bonn, 2012.
22. He FJ, Li J, MacGregor GA. Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2013, 346: f1325. doi: 10.1136/bmj. f1325 PMID: 23558162
23. Mozaffarian D, Fahimi S, Singh GM, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Engell RE, et al. Global Sodium Consumption and Death from Cardiovascular Causes. N Engl J Med. 2014, 371 (7): 624-634. doi: 10. 1056/NEJMoa1304127 PMID: 25119608
24. Tsugane S, Sasazuki S, Kobayashi M, Sasaki S. Salt and salted food intake and subsequent risk of gastric cancer among middle-aged Japanese men and women. Br J Cancer. 2004, 90 (1): 128-134. PMID: 14710219
25. Wang X. Review of salt consumption and stomach cancer risk: Epidemiological and biological evidence. WJG. 2009, 15 (18): 2204-2213. PMID: 19437559
26. Caudarella R, Vescini F, Rizzoli E, Francucci CM. Salt intake, hypertension, and osteoporosis. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 2009, 32 (4 Suppl): 15-20. PMID: 19724161
27. Woo J, Kwok T, Leung J, Tang N. Dietary intake, blood pressure and osteoporosis. J Hum Hypertens. 2008, 23 (7): 451-455. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2008.156 PMID: 19092844
28. Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung. BfR empfiehlt Maβnahmen zur Verringerung des Salzgehaltes in Lebensmitteln, Stellungsnahme Nr. 035/2009, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung: Berlin, 2008.
29. Melander O. Salt sensitivity: a consequence of the metabolic syndrome? Journal of Hypertension. 2006, 24 (8): 1475-1477. PMID: 16877947
30. Bönner G. Aktueller Stand der Hypertoniebehandlung bei Adipositas. Journal für Hypertonie-Austrian Journal of Hypertension. 2003, 7 (3): 16-19.
31. Rocchini AP. Obesity hypertension, salt sensitivity and insulin resistance. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases: NMCD. 2000, 10 (5): 287-294. PMID: 11213538
32. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Burden Disease Study 2010 (GBD)-Country profil Germany, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Available: http://vizhub.healthdata.org.
33. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung. Evidenzbasierte Leitlinie Fettkonsum und Prävention ausgewählter ernährungsmitbedingter Krankheiten Version 2006, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung e. V.: Bonn, 2006.
34. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung. Evidenzbasierte Leitlinie-Fettzufuhr und Prävention ausgewählter ernährungsmitbedingter Krankheiten: 2. Version, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung: Bonn, 2015.
35. Sieri S, Krogh V, Ferrari P, Berrino F, Pala V, Thiébaut AC, et al. Dietary fat and breast cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2008, 88 (5): 1304-1312. PMID: 18996867
36. Schulz M, Kroke A, Liese AD, Hoffmann K, Bergmann MM, Boeing H. Food groups as predictors for short-term weight changes in men and women of the EPIC-Potsdam cohort. The Journal of nutrition. 2002, 132 (6): 1335-1340. PMID: 12042455
37. Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2003, 77 (5): 1146-1155. PMID: 12716665
38. Arnold M, Pandeya N, Byrnes G, Renehan AG, Stevens GA, Ezzati M, et al. Global burden of cancer attributable to high body-mass index in 2012: a population-based study. The Lancet Oncology. 2015, 16 (1): 36-46. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71123-4 PMID: 25467404
39. Behrens G, Matthews CE, Moore SC, Hollenbeck AR, Leitzmann MF. Body size and physical activity in relation to incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2014, 186 (12): E457. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.140025 PMID: 25002559
40. Norton S, Matthews FE, Barnes DE, Yaffe K, Brayne C. Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer's disease: an analysis of population-based data. The Lancet Neurology. 2014, 13 (8): 788-794. doi: 10. 1016/S1474-4422(14)70136-X PMID: 25030513
41. Dhingra R, Sullivan L, Jacques PF, Wang TJ, Fox CS, et al. Soft Drink Consumption and Risk of Developing Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and the Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged Adults in the Community. Circulation. 2007, 116 (5): 480-488. PMID: 17646581
42. Hauner H, Bechthold A, Boeing H, Brönstrup A, Buyken A, Leschik-Bonnet E, et al. Kohlenhydratzufuhr und Prävention ausgewählter ernährungsmitbedingter Krankheiten. Dtsch med Wochenschr. 2012, 137 (08): 389-393.
43. Gallus S, Turati F, Tavani A, Polesel J, Talamini R, Franceschi S, et al. Soft drinks, sweetened beverages and risk of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2011, 22 (1): 33-39. doi: 10.1007/s10552-010-9665-8 PMID: 20981481
44. Bostick RM, Potter JD, Kushi LH, Sellers TA, Steinmetz KA, McKenzie DR, et al. Sugar, meat, and fat intake, and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer incidence in Iowa women (United States). Cancer Causes & Control. 1994, 5 (1): 38-52.
45. Saldana TM, Basso O, Darden R, Sandler DP. Carbonated Beverages and Chronic Kidney Disease. Epidemiology. 2007, 18 (4): 501-506. PMID: 17525693
46. Basu S, Yoffe P, Hills N, Lustig RH, Wagner B. The Relationship of Sugar to Population-Level Diabetes Prevalence: An Econometric Analysis of Repeated Cross-Sectional Data. PLoS ONE. 2013, 8 (2): e57873. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057873 PMID: 23460912
47. Moynihan PJ, Kelly SA. Effect on Caries of Restricting Sugars Intake: Systematic Review to Inform WHO Guidelines. Journal of Dental Research. 2013, 93 (1): 8-18. doi: 10.1177/0022034513508954 PMID: 24323509
48. Marshall TA. Low Intake of Sugars May Reduce Risk of Dental Caries. Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice. 2014, 14 (2): 56-58. doi: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2014.04.018 PMID: 24913526
49. Warren JJ, Weber-Gasparoni K, Marshall TA, Drake DR, Dehkordi-Vakil F, Dawson DV, et al. A longitudinal study of dental caries risk among very young low SES children. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2009, 37 (2): 116-122. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2008.00447.x PMID: 19046332
50. SIGN. SIGN Guidelines. An introduction to SIGN methodology for the development of evidence-based clinical guidelines: SIGN publication 39, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network: Edinburgh, 1999.
51. Harbour R, Miller J. A new system for grading recommendations in evidence based guidelines. BMJ. 2001, 323 (7308): 334-336. PMID: 11498496
52. SIGN. A guideline developer's handbook, SIGN 50: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network: Edinburgh, 2014.
53. Spiegelman D, Hertzmark E, Wand HC. Point and interval estimates of partial population attributable risks in cohort studies: examples and software. Cancer Causes Control. 2007, 18 (5): 571-579. PMID: 17387622
54. Grant RL. Converting an odds ratio to a range of plausible relative risks for better communication of research findings. BMJ. 2014, 348 (jan24 1: ): f7450.
55. Destatis. Gesundheitswesen: Krankenhausstatistik, Diagnosen der Krankenhauspatienten, Hauptdiagnosen ICD-10-released patients, Statistisches Bundesamt. Available: https://www-genesis.destatis. de. Accessed 2015 Mar 15.
56. Weinberger MH, Fineberg NS, Fineberg SE, Weinberger M. Salt Sensitivity, Pulse Pressure, and Death in Normal and Hypertensive Humans. Hypertension. 2001, 37 (2): 429-432. PMID: 11230313
57. Destatis. Verbraucherpreisindex: Deutschland, Jahre, Klassifikation der Verwendungszwecke des Individualkonsums (COICOP 2-4-Steller Hierarchie). Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Bundesamt. Available: https://www-genesis.destatis.de. Accessed 2015 Mar 15.
58. Ajslev TA, Andersen CS, Gamborg M, Sørensen TI, Jess T. Childhood overweight after establishment of the gut microbiota: the role of delivery mode, pre-pregnancy weight and early administration of antibiotics. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2011, 35 (4): 522-529.
59. Cho I, Yamanishi S, Cox L, Methé BA, Zavadil J, Li K, et al. Antibiotics in early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity. Nature. 2012, 488 (7413): 621-626. doi: 10.1038/nature11400 PMID: 22914093
60. Trasande L, Blustein J, Liu M, Corwin E, Cox LM, Blaser MJ. Infant antibiotic exposures and early-life body mass. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2012, 37 (1): 16-23.
61. Nestel PJ. Effects of Dairy Fats within Different Foods on Plasma Lipids. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2008, 27 (6): 735S. PMID: 19155433
62. Hjerpsted J, Leedo E, Tholstrup T. Cheese intake in large amounts lowers LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with butter intake of equal fat content. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2011, 94 (6): 1479-1484. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.022426 PMID: 22030228
63. Soerensen KV, Thorning TK, Astrup A, Kristensen M, Lorenzen JK. Effect of dairy calcium from cheese and milk on fecal fat excretion, blood lipids, and appetite in young men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2014, 99 (5): 984-991. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.077735 PMID: 24622806
64. Oliveira Otto MC de, Mozaffarian D, Kromhout D, Bertoni AG, Sibley CT, Jacobs DR, et al. Dietary intake of saturated fat by food source and incident cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012, 96 (2): 397-404. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112. 037770 PMID: 22760560
65. Chowdhury R, Warnakula S, Kunutsor S, Crowe F, Ward HA, Johnson L, et al. Association of Dietary, Circulating, and Supplement Fatty Acids With Coronary Risk. Ann Intern Med. 2014, 160 (6): 398-406. doi: 10.7326/M13-1788 PMID: 24723079
66. Lamarche B, Couture P. It is time to revisit current dietary recommendations for saturated fat. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2014, 39 (12): 1409-1411. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0141 PMID: 25293492
67. Malhotra A. Saturated fat is not the major issue. BMJ. 2013, 347: f6340. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f6340 PMID: 24149521
68. Scheidt-Nave C, Du Y, Knopf H, Schienkiewitz A, Ziese T, Nowossadeck E, et al. Prevalence of dyslipidemia among adults in Germany. Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2013, 56 (5-6): 661-667. doi: 10.1007/s00103-013-1670-0 PMID: 23703484
69. Palar- K, Sturm R. Potential Societal Savings From Reduced Sodium Consumption in the U.S. Adult Population. American Journal of Health Promotion. 2009, 24 (1): 49-57 doi: 10.4278/ajhp.080826-QUAN-164 PMID: 19750962
70. Mensink G, Schienkiewitz A, Haftenberger M, Lampert T, Ziese T, Scheidt-Nave C. Übergewicht und Adipositas in Deutschland. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 2013, 56 (5-6): 786-794.
71. United Nations General Assembly. Outcome document of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the comprehensive review and assessment of the progress achieved in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. United Nations General Assembly. Sixty-eigth session. 7 July 2014
72. World Health Organization. Draft comprehensive global monitoring framework and targets for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. World Health Organization. Sixty-sixth World Health Assembly A 66/8. 15 March 2013