Neuropsychiatric adverse effects of amphetamine and methamphetamine

International Review of Neurobiology

Volumn 120, Issue , 2015, Pages 179-204

  Harro, Jaanus ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TARTU   (Estonia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPHETAMINE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; METHAMPHETAMINE; VESICULAR MONOAMINE TRANSPORTER 2;

ADVERSE OUTCOME; ANXIETY; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; AUDITORY HALLUCINATION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMORBIDITY; DELIRIUM; DELUSION; DEPRESSION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOPAMINE RELEASE; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG SELF ADMINISTRATION; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPSE; HUMAN; HYPERSOMNIA; IMPULSIVENESS; INCREASED APPETITE; INSOMNIA; IRRITABILITY; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PARANOIA; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SUICIDAL IDEATION; AGGRESSION; BRAIN; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; COMPLICATION; DRUG EFFECTS;

AGGRESSION; AMPHETAMINE; AMPHETAMINE-RELATED DISORDERS; BRAIN; COGNITION DISORDERS; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; METHAMPHETAMINE; PSYCHOSES, SUBSTANCE-INDUCED;

EID: 84943364300     PISSN: 00747742     EISSN: 21625514     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.004     Document Type: Chapter

References (119)

1. Akiyama, K. (2006). Longitudinal clinical course following pharmacological treatment of methamphetamine psychosis which persists after long-term abstinence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 801, 136-147.
2. Anglin, M. D., Burke, C., Perrochet, B., Stamper, E., & Dawud-Noursi, S. (2000). History of the methamphetamine problem. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 32, 137-141.
3. Aoki, Y., Orikabe, L., Tajayanagi, Y., Yahata, N., Mozue, Y., Sudo, Y., et al. (2013). Volume reductions in frontopolar and left perisylvian cortices in methamphetamine induced psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 147, 355-361.
4. Artenie, A. A., Bruneau, J., Zang, G., Lesperance, F., Renaud, J., Tremblay, J., et al. (2015). Associations of substance use patterns with attempted suicide among persons who inject drugs: Can distinct use patterns play a role? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 147, 208-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1014/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.011.
5. Asnis, S. F., & Smith, R. C. (1978). Amphetamine abuse and violence. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs, 10, 371-377.
6. Ballard, M. E., Gallo, D. A., & de Wit, H. (2014). Amphetamine increases errors during episodic memory retrieval. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 34, 85-92.
7. Berman, S., O'Neill, J., Fears, S., Bartzokis, G., & London, E. D. (2008). Abuse of amphetamines and structural abnormalities in the brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1141, 195-220.
8. Berman, S. M., Voytek, B., Mandelkern, M. A., Hassid, B. D., Isaacson, A., Monterosso, J., et al. (2008). Changes in cerebral glucose metabolism during early abstinence from chronic methamphetamine abuse. Molecular Psychiatry, 13, 897-908.
9. Boileau, I., Dagher, A., Leyton, M., Gunn, R. N., Baker, G. B., Diksic, M., et al. (2006). Modeling sensitization to stimulants in humans. An [11C]-raclopride/positron emission tomography study in healthy men. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1386-1395.
10. Bousman, C. A., Glatt, S. J., Everall, I. P., & Tsuang, M. T. (2009). Genetic association studies of methamphetamine use disorders: A systematic review and synthesis. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 150B, 1025-1049.
11. Cadet, J. L., Bisagno, V., & Milroy, C. M. (2014). Neuropathology of substance use disorders. Acta Neuropathologica, 127, 91-107.
12. Callaghan, R. C., Cunningham, J. K., Sykes, J., & Kish, S. J. (2012). Increased risk of Parkinson's disease in individuals hospitalized with conditions related to the use of methamphetamine or other amphetamine-type drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 120, 35-40.
13. Chanasong, R., Thanoi, S., Watiktinkorn, P., Reynolds, G. P., & Nudmamud-Thanoi, S. (2013). Genetic variation of GRIN1 confers vulnerability to methamphetaminedependent psychosis in a Thai population. Neuroscience Letters, 551, 58-61.
14. Chang, L., Cloak, C., Patterson, K., Grob, C., Miller, E. N., & Ernst, T. (2005). Enlarged striatum in abstinent methamphetamine abusers: A possible compensatory response. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 967-974.
15. Chen, C. K., Lin, S. K., Sham, P. C., Ball, D., Loh, E., Hsiao, C. C., et al. (2003). Premorbid characteristics and co-morbidity of methamphetamine users with and without psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 33, 1407-1414.
16. Chen, C. K., Lin, S. K., Sham, P. C., Ball, D., Loh, E., & Murray, R. M. (2005). Morbid risk for psychiatric disorder among the relatives of methamphetamine users with and without psychosis. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 136, 87-91.
17. Chou, Y. H., Huang, W. S., Su, T. P., Lu, R. B., Wan, F. J., & Fu, Y. K. (2007). Dopamine transporters and cognitive function in methamphetamine abuser after a short abstinence: A SPECT study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 17, 46-52.
18. Conway, K. P., Compton, W., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2006). Lifetime comorbidity of DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders and specific drug use disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 247-257.
19. Cretzmeyer, M., Sarrazin, M. V., Huber, D. L., Block, R. I., & Hall, J. A. (2003). Treatment of methamphetamine abuse: Research findings and clinical directions. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 24, 267-277.
20. Crossland, J. (1970). Lewis's pharmacology (4th ed.). Edinburgh and London: E. & S. Livingstone (chapter 4).
21. Curtin, K., Fleckenstein, A. E., Robison, R. J., Crookston, M. J., Smith, K. R., & Hanson, G. R. (2015). Methamphetamine/amphetamine abuse and risk of Parkinson's disease in Utah: A population-based assessment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 146, 30-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.027.
22. Dean, A. C., Groman, S. M., Morales, A. M., & London, E. D. (2013). An evaluation of the evidence that methamphetamine abuse causes cognitive decline in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 256-274.
23. Dean, A. C., Hellemann, G., Sugar, C. A., & London, E. D. (2012). Educational attainment is not a good proxy for cognitive function in methamphetamine dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 123, 249-254.
24. Diaz, S. D., Smith, L. M., LaGasse, L. L., Derauf, C., Newman, E., Shah, R., et al. (2014). Effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure on behavioural and cognitive findings at 7.5 years of age. Journal of Pediatrics, 164, 1333-1338.
25. Domier, C. P., Simon, S. L., Rawson, R. A., Huber, A., & Ling, W. (2000). A comparison of injecting and noninjecting methamphetamine users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 32, 229-232.
26. Doorn, K. J., Lucassen, P. J., Boddeke, H. W., Berendse, H. W., & van Dam, A. M. (2012). Emerging roles of microglial activation and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Progress in Neurobiology, 98, 222-238.
27. Ernst, T., Chang, L., Leonido-Yee, M., & Speck, O. (2000). Evidence for long-term neurotoxicity associated with methamphetamine abuse: A 1H MRS study. Neurology, 54, 1344-1349.
28. Farrell, M., Boys, P., Bebbington, T., Brugha, J., Coid, R., Jenkins, G., et al. (2002). Psychosis and drug dependence: Results from a national survey of prisoners. American Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 393-398.
29. Freese, T. E., Miotto, K., & Reback, C. J. (2002). The effects and consequences of selected club drugs. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 23, 151-156.
30. Glasner-Edwards, S., Mooney, L. J., Marinelli-Casey, P., Hillhouse, M., Ang, A., & Rawson, R. (2008). Risk factors for suicide attempts in methamphetamine-dependent patients. The American Journal on Addictions, 17, 24-27.
31. Glasner-Edwards, S., Mooney, L. J., Marinelli-Casey, P., Hillhouse, M., Ang, A., Rawson, R., et al. (2010). Psychopathology in methamphetamine-dependent adults 3 years after treatment. Drug and Alcohol Review, 29, 12-20.
32. Granado, N., Ares-Santos, S., & Moratalla, R. (2013). Methamphetamine and Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's Disease, 2013, 308052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/308052 (ID308052).
33. Grant, K. M., LeVan, T. D., Wells, S. M., Li, M., Stoltenberg, S. F., Gendelman, H. E., et al. (2012). Methamphetamine-associated psychosis. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 7, 113-139.
34. Hall, C. D., Hando, J., Darke, S., & Ross, J. (1996). Psychological morbidity and route of administration among amphetamine users in Sydney, Australia. Addiction, 9, 81-87.
35. Harris, D., & Batki, S. L. (2000). Stimulant psychosis: Symptom profile and acute clinical course. The American Journal on Addictions, 9, 28-37.
36. Hart, A. B., Engelhardt, B. E., Wardle, M. C., Sokoloff, G., Stephens, M., de Wit, H., et al. (2012). Genome-wide association study of D-amphetamine response in healthy volunteers identifies putative associations, including cadherin 13 (CDH13). PLoS One, 7, e42646.
37. Henry, B. L., Minassian, A., & Perry, W. (2010). Effect of methamphetamine dependence on everyday functional abilities. Addictive Behaviors, 35, 593-598.
38. Ikeda, M., Okahisa, Y., Aleksic, B., Won, M., Kondo, N., Naruse, N., et al. (2013). Evidence for shared genetic risk between methamphetamine-induced psychosis and schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 1864-1870.
39. Iudicello, J. E., Morgan, E. E., Gongvatana, A., Letendre, S. L., Grant, I., Woods, S. P., et al. (2014). Detrimental impact of remote methamphetamine dependence on neurocognitive and everyday functioning in older but not younger HIV+ adults: Evidence for a legacy effect? Journal of Neurovirology, 20, 85-98.
40. Iudicello, J. E., Woods, S. P., Vigil, O., Scott, J. C., Cherner, M., Heaton, R. K., et al. (2010). Longer term improvement in neurocognitive functioning and affective distress among methamphetamine users who achieve stable abstinence. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 32, 704-718.
41. Iwanami, A., Sugiyama, A., Kuroki, N., Toda, S., Kato, N., Nakatani, Y., et al. (1994). Patients with methamphetamine psychosis admitted to a psychiatric hospital in Japan. A preliminary study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89, 428-432.
42. Jaffe, C., Bush, K. R., Straits-Tröster, K., Meredith, C., Romwall, L., Rosenbaum, G., et al. (2005). A comparison of methamphetamine-dependent inpatients childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptomatology. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 24, 133-152.
43. Jernigan, T. L., Gamst, A. C., Archibald, S. L., Fennema-Notestine, C., Mindt, M. R., Marcotte, T. D., et al. (2005). Effects of methamphetamine dependence and HIV infection on cerebral morphology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1461-1472.
44. Johanson, C. E., Frey, K. A., Lundahl, L. H., Keenan, P., Lockhart, N., Roll, J., et al. (2006). Cognitive function and nigrostriatal markers in abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Psychopharmacology, 185, 327-338.
45. Kalechstein, A. D., De La Garza, R., Newton, T. F., Green, M. F., Cook, I. A., & Leuchter, A. F. (2009). Quantitative EEG abnormalities are associated with memory impairment in recently abstinent methamphetamine-dependent individuals. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 21, 254-258.
46. Kalechstein, A. D., Newton, T. F., Longshore, D., Anglin, M. D., van Gorp, W. G., & Gawin, F. H. (2000). Psychiatric comorbidity of methamphetamine dependence in a forensic sample. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 12, 215-220.
47. Kask, A., & Harro, J. (2000). Inhibition of amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced behavioural effects by neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist BIBO3304. Neuropharmacology, 39, 1292-1302.
48. Kiive, E., & Harro, J. (2013). The effect of serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism on adolescent and adult ADHD symptoms and educational attainment: A longitudinal study. European Psychiatry, 28, 372-378.
49. Kim, Y.-T., Lee, S.-W., Kwon, D.-H., Seo, J.-H., Ahn, B.-C., & Lee, J. (2009). Dosedependent frontal hypometabolism on FDG-PET in methamphetamine abusers. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 1166-1170.
50. Kim, S. J., Lyoo, I. K., Hwang, J., Chung, A., Hoon, S. Y., Kim, J., et al. (2006). Prefrontal grey-matter changes in short-term and long-term abstinent methamphetamine abusers. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 9, 221-228.
51. King, G. R., & Ellinwood, E. H., Jr. (1992). Amphetamines and other stimulants. In J. H. Lowinson, P. Ruiz, R. B. Millman, & J. G. Langrod (Eds.), Substance abuse: A comprehensive textbook (pp. 247-270). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
52. Kishimoto, M., Ujike, H., Motohashi, Y., Tanaka, Y., Okahisa, Y., Kotaka, T., et al. (2008). The dysbindin gene (DTNBP1) is associated with methamphetamine psychosis. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 191-196.
53. Kittirattanapaiboon, P., Mahatnirunkul, S., Booncharoen, H., Thummawomg, P., Dumrongchai, U., & Chutha, W. (2010). Long-term outcomes in methamphetamine psychosis after first hospitalization. Drug and Alcohol Review, 29, 456-461.
54. Kohno, M., Morales, A. M., Grahremani, D. G., Hellemann, G., & London, E. D. (2014). Risky decision-making, prefrontal cortex, and mesocorticolimbic functional connectivity in methamphetamine dependence. JAMA Psychiatry, 71, 812-820.
55. Kotaka, T., Ujike, H., Okahisa, Y., Takaki, M., Nakata, K., Kodama, M., et al. (2009). G72 gene is associated with susceptibility to methamphetamine psychosis. Progress in Neuro- Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 33, 1046-1049.
56. Krasnova, I. N., & Cadet, J. L. (2009). Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death. Brain Research Reviews, 60, 379-407.
57. Laruelle, M., Abi-Dargham, A., van Dyck, C. H., Gil, R., D'Souza, C. D., Erdos, J., et al. (1996). Single emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic patients. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 9235-9240.
58. LaVoie, M. J., Card, J. P., & Hastings, T. G. (2004). Microglial activation precedes dopamine terminal pathology in methamphetamine-induce neurotoxicity. Experimental Neurology, 187, 47-57.
59. Lee, K. W., Kim, H. C., Lee, S. Y., & Jang, C. G. (2011). Methamphetamine-sensitized mice are accompanied by memory impairment and reduction of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ligand binding in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Neuroscience, 178, 101-107.
60. Lee, B., London, E. D., Poldrack, R. A., Farahi, J., Nacca, A., Monterosso, J. R., et al. (2009). Striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability is reduced in methamphetamine dependence and is linked to impulsivity. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 14734-14740.
61. Li, H., Lu, Q., Xiao, E., Li, Q., He, Z., & Mei, X. (2014). Methamphetamine enhances the development of schizophrenia in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59, 107-113.
62. Linnoila, M., Virkkunen, M., Scheinin, M., Nuuttila, A., Rimon, R., & Goodwin, F. K. (1983). Low cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration differentiates impulsive from nonimpulsive violent behavior. Life Sciences, 33, 2609-2614.
63. London, E. D., Simon, S. L., Berman, S. M., Mandelkern, M. A., Lichtman, A. M., Bramen, J., et al. (2004). Mood disturbances and regional cerebral metabolic abnormalities in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 73-84.
64. Matsumoto, T., Kamijo, A., Yamaguchi, A., Iseki, E., & Hirayasu, Y. (2005). Childhood histories of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders in Japanese methamphetamine and inhalant abusers: Preliminary report. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 59, 102-105.
65. McCann, U. D., Wong, D. F., Yokoi, F., Villemagne, V., Dannals, R. F., & Ricaurte, G. A. (1998). Reduced striatal dopamine transporter density in abstinent methamphetamine and methcathinone users: Evidence from positron emission tomography studies with [11C]WIN35,428. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 8417-8422.
66. McGregor, C., Srisurapanont, M., Jittiwutikarn, J., Laobhripatr, S., Wongtan, T., & White, J. M. (2005). The nature, time course and severity of methamphetamine withdrawal. Addiction, 100, 1320-1329.
67. McKetin, R., McLaren, J., Lubman, D. I., & Hides, L. (2006). The prevalence of psychotic symptoms among methamphetamine users. Addiction, 101, 1473-1478.
68. McKetin, R., McLaren, J., Lubman, D. I., &Hides, L. (2008). Hostility among methamphetamine users experiencing psychotic symptoms. The American Journal on Addictions, 17, 235-240.
69. Montoya, J. L., Umlauf, A., Abramson, I., Badiee, J., Woods, S. P., Atkinson, J. H., et al. (2013). Dynamic indices of methamphetamine dependence and HIV infection predict fluctuations in affective distress: A five-year longitudinal analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151, 728-737.
70. Morales, A. M., Lee, B., Hellemann, G., O'Neill, J., & London, E. D. (2012). Gray-matter volume in methamphetamine dependence: Cigarette smoking and changes with abstinence from methamphetamine. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 125, 230-238.
71. Morita, Y., Ujike, H., Tanaka, Y., Kishimoto, M., Okahisa, Y., Kotaka, T., et al. (2008). The glycine transporter 1 gene (GLYT1) is associated with methamphetamine-use disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 147B, 54-58.
72. Moszczynska, A., Fitzmaurice, P., Ang, L., Kalasinsky, K. S., Schmunk, G. A., Peretti, F. J., et al. (2004). Why is Parkinsonism not a feature of human methamphetamine users? Brain, 127, 363-370.
73. Murray, J. B. (1998). Psychophysiological aspects of amphetamine-methamphetamine abuse. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 132, 227-237.
74. Nakama, H., Chang, L., Fein, G., Shimotsu, R., Jiang, C. S., & Ernst, T. (2011). Methamphetamine users show greater than normal age-related cortical gray matter loss. Addiction, 106, 1474-1483.
75. Newton, T. F., Kalechstein, A. D., Duran, S., Vansluis, N., & Ling, W. (2004). Methamphetamine abstinence syndrome: Preliminary findings. The American Journal on Addictions, 13, 248-255.
76. Newton, T. F., Kalechstein, A. D., Hardy, D. J., Cook, I. A., Nestor, L., Ling, W., et al. (2004). Association between quantitative EEG and neurocognition in methamphetamine-dependent volunteers. Clinical Neurophysiology, 115, 194-198.
77. Obermeit, L. C., Cattie, J. E., Bolden, K. A., Marquine, M. J., Morgan, E. E., Franklin, D. E., Jr., et al. (2013). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among chronic methamphetamine users: Frequency, persistence, and adverse effects on everyday functioning. Addictive Behaviors, 38, 2874-2878.
78. Okahisa, Y., Ujike, H., Kotaka, T., Morita, Y., Kodama, M., Inada, T., et al. (2009). Association between neuropeptide Y gene and its receptor Y1 gene and methamphetamine dependence. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2009(63), 417-422.
79. Olsen, E. R. (1977). Intracranial hemorrhage and amphetamine usage. Review of the effects of amphetamines on the central nervous system. Angiology, 28, 464-471.
80. Orikabe, L., Yamasue, H., Inoue, H., Takayanagi, Y., Mozue, Y., Sudo, Y., et al. (2011). Reduced amygdala and hippocampal volumes in patients with methamphetamine psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 132, 183-189.
81. Parsey, R. V., Oquendo, M. A., Zea-Ponce, Y., Rodenhiser, J., Kegeles, L. S., Pratap, M., et al. (2001). Dopamine D2 receptor availability and amphetamine-induced dopamine release in unipolar depression. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 313-322.
82. Parsey, R. V., Oquendo, M. A., Simpson, N. R., Ogden, R. T., Van Heertum, R., Arango, V., & Mann, J. J. (2002). Effects of age, sex and aggressive traits in man on serotonin 5-HT1A binding potential measured by PET using [11C]WAY100-635. Brain Research, 954, 173-182.
83. Paulus, M. P., Tapert, S. F., & Schuckit, M. A. (2005). Neural activation patterns of methamphetamine-dependent subjects during decision making predict relapse. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 761-768.
84. Perez-Mana, C., Castells, X., Torrens, M., Capella, D., & Farre, M. (2013). Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for amphetamine abuse or dependence. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9, CD009695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009695.pub2.
85. Power, B. D., Stefanis, N. C., Dragovic, M., Jablensky, A., Castle, D., & Morgan, V. (2014). Age at initiation of amphetamine use and the age at onset of psychosis: The Australian Survey of High Impact Psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 152, 300-302.
86. Rajkowska, G., & Miguel-Hidalgo, J. J. (2007). Gliogenesis and glial pathology in depression. CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets, 6, 219-233.
87. Rendell, P. G., Mazur, M., & Henry, J. D. (2009). Prospective memory impairment in former users of methamphetamine. Psychopharmacology, 203, 609-616.
88. Sadek, J. R., Vigil, O., Grant, I., & Heaton, R. K. (2007). The impact of neuropsychological functioning and depressed mood on functional complaints in HIV-1 infection and methamphetamine dependence. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29, 266-276.
89. Salo, R., & Fassbender, C. (2012). Structural, functional and spectroscopic MRI studies of methamphetamine addiction. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 11, 321-363.
90. Salo, R., Flower, K., Kielsten, A., Leamon, M. H., Nordahl, T. E., & Galloway, G. P. (2011). Psychiatric comorbidity in methamphetamine dependence. Psychiatry Research, 186, 356-361.
91. Salo, R., Nordahl, T. E., Galloway, G. P., Moore, C. D., Waters, C., & Leamon, M. H. (2009). Drug abstinence and cognitive control in methamphetamine-dependent individuals. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 37, 292-297.
92. Schwartz, D. L., Mitchell, A. D., Lahna, D. L., Luber, H. S., Huckans, M. S., Mitchell, S. H., et al. (2010). Global and local morphometric differences in recently abstinent methamphetamine-dependent individuals. NeuroImage, 50, 1392-1401.
93. Scott, J. C., Woods, S. P., Matt, G. E., Meyer, R. A., Heaton, R. K., Atkinson, J. H., et al. (2007). Neurocognitive effects of methamphetamine: A critical review and metaanalysis. Neuropsychology Review, 17, 275-297.
94. Sekine, Y., Ouchi, Y., Sugihara, G., Takei, N., Yoshikawa, E., Nakamura, K., et al. (2008). Methamphetamine causes microglial activation in the brains of human abusers. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 5756-5761.
95. Sekine, Y., Ouchi, Y., Takei, N., Yoshikawa, E., Nakamura, K., Futatsubashi, M., et al. (2006). Brain serotonin transporter density and aggression in abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 90-100.
96. Shoptaw, S., Peck, J., Reback, C. J., & Rotheram-Fuller, E. (2003). Psychiatric and substance dependence comorbidities, sexually transmitted diseases, and risk behaviors among methamphetamine-dependent gay and bisexual men seeking outpatient drug abuse treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 35, 161-168.
97. Simon, S. L., Richardson, K., Dacey, J., Glynn, S., Domier, C. P., Rawson, R. A., et al. (2002). A comparison of patterns of methamphetamine and cocaine use. The American Journal on Addictions, 9, 222-231.
98. Simons, J. S., Oliver, M. N., Gaher, R. M., Ebel, G., & Brummels, P. (2005). Methamphetamine and alcohol abuse and dependence symptoms: Associations with affect lability and impulsivity in a rural treatment population. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 1370-1381.
99. Smith, D. E., & Fischer, C. M. (1970). An analysis of 310 cases of acute high-dose methamphetamine toxicity in Haight-Ashbury. Clinical Toxicology, 3, 117-124.
100. Srisurapanont, M., Ali, R., Marsden, J., Sunga, A., Wada, K., & Monteiro, M. (2003). Psychotic symptoms in methamphetamine psychotic in-patients. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 6, 347-352.
101. Sung, Y. H., Cho, S. C., Hwang, J., Kim, S. J., Kim, H., Bae, S., et al. (2007). Relationship between N-acetyl-aspartate in gray and white matter of abstinent methamphetamine abusers and their history of drug abuse: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88, 28-35.
102. Taylor, M., Schweinsburg, B., Alhassoon, O., Gongvatana, A., Brown, G., Young-Casey, C., et al. (2007). Effects of human immunodeficiency virus and methamphetamine on cerebral metabolites measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Journal of Neurovirology, 13, 150-159.
103. Thompson, P. M., Hayashi, K. M., Simon, S. L., Geaga, J. A., Hong, M. S., Sui, Y., et al. (2004). Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use methamphetamine. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 6028-6036.
104. Tobias, M. C., O'Neill, J., Hudkins, M., Bartzokis, G., Dean, A. C., & London, E. D. (2010). White-matter abnormalities in brain during early abstinence from methamphetamine abuse. Psychopharmacology, 209, 13-24.
105. Toomey, R., Lyons, M. J., Eisen, S. A., Xian, H., Chantarujikapong, S., Seidman, L. J., et al. (2003). A twin study of the neuropsychological consequences of stimulant abuse. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 303-310.
106. Tziortzis, D., Mahoney, J. R., Kalechstein, A. D., Newton, T. F.,&Dela Garza, R. N. (2011). The relationship between impulsivity and craving in cocaine- and methamphetaminedependent volunteers. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 98, 196-202.
107. Ujike, H., Harano, M., Inada, T., Yamada, M., Komiyama, T., Sekine, Y., et al. (2003). Nine- or fewer repeat alleles in VNTR polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene is a strong risk factor for prolonged methamphetamine psychosis. Pharmacogenomics Journal, 3, 242-247.
108. Ujike, H., Katsu, T., Okahisa, Y., Takaki, M., Kodama, M., Inada, T., et al. (2009). Genetic variants of D2 but not D3 or D4 dopamine receptor gene are associated with rapid onset and poor prognosis of methamphetamine psychosis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 33, 625-629.
109. Ujike, H.,&Sato, M. (2004). Clinical features of sensitization to methamphetamine observed in patients with methamphetamine dependence and psychosis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1025, 279-287.
110. Volkow, N. D., Chang, L., Wang, G. J., Fowler, J. S., Ding, Y. S., Sedler, M., et al. (2001). Low level of brain dopamine D2 receptors in methamphetamine abusers: Association with metabolism in orbitofrontal cortex. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 2015-2021.
111. Volkow, N. D., Chang, L., Wang, G. J., Fowler, J. S., Franceschi, M., Sedler, M., et al. (2001a). Loss of dopamine transporters in methamphetamine abusers recovers with protracted abstinence. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 9414-9418.
112. Volkow, N. D., Chang, L., Wang, G. J., Fowler, J. S., Franceschi, M., Sedler, M., et al. (2001b). Higher cortical and lower subcortical metabolism in detoxified methamphetamine abusers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 383-389.
113. Volkow, N. D., Chang, L., Wang, G. J., Fowler, J. S., Leonido-Yee, M., Franceschi, M., et al. (2001). Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 377-382.
114. Wang, G. J., Volkow, N. D., Chang, L., Miller, E., Sedler, M., Hitzemann, R., et al. (2004). Partial recovery of brain metabolism in methamphetamine abusers after protracted abstinence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 242-248.
115. Watson, R., Hartmann, E., & Schildkraut, J. J. (1972). Amphetamine withdrawal: Affective state, sleep patterns, and MHPG excretion. American Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 263-269.
116. Wierzba-Bobrowicz, T., Lewandowska, E., Lechowicz, W., Stepien, T., & Pasennik, E. (2005). Quantitative analysis of activated microglia, ramified and damage of processes in the frontal and temporal lobes of chronic schizophrenics. Folia Neuropathologica, 43, 81-89.
117. Wilson, J. M., Kalasinsky, K. S., Levey, A. I., Bergeron, C., Reiber, G., Anthony, R. M., et al. (1996). Striatal dopamine nerve terminal markers in human, chronic methamphetamine users. Nature Medicine, 2, 699-703.
118. Yuan, J., Lv, R., Brasic, J. R., Han, M., Liu, X., Wang, Y., et al. (2014). Dopamine transporter dysfunction in Han Chinese people with chronic methamphetamine dependence after a short-term abstinence. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 221, 92-96.
119. Zweben, J. E., Cohen, J. B., Christian, D., Galloway, G. P., Salinardi, M., Parent, D., et al. (2004). Psychiatric symptoms in methamphetamine users. The American Journal on Addictions, 13, 181-190.