Baleen boom and bust: A synthesis of mysticete phylogeny, diversity and disparity

Royal Society Open Science

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 2015, Pages

  Marx, Felix G ^a,b   Fordyce, R Ewan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Baleen whales; Disparity; Diversity; Evolutionary rates; Mysticeti; Phylogenetics

Indexed keywords

EID: 84943342949     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20545703     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rsos.140434     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Croll DA, Kudela R, Tershy BR. 2006 Ecosystem impact of the decline of large whales in the North Pacific. InWhales, whaling and ocean ecosystems (eds JA Estes, DP DeMaster, DF Doak, TMWilliams, RL Brownell), pp. 202-214. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
2. Nicol S, Bowie A, Jarman S, Lannuzel D, Meiners KM, Van Der Merwe P. 2010 Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill. Fish Fish. 11, 203-209. (doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979. 2010.00356.x).
3. Roman J, McCarthy JJ. 2010 The whale pump: marine mammals enhance primary productivity in a coastal basin. PLoS ONE 5, e13255. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013255).
4. Berger WH. 2007 Cenozoic cooling, Antarctic nutrient pump, and the evolution of whales. Deep-Sea Res. II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 54, 2399-2421. (doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007. 07.024).
5. Steeman ME et al. 2009 Radiation of extant cetaceans driven by restructuring of the oceans. Syst. Biol. 58, 573-585. (doi:10.1093/sysbio/ syp060).
6. Fordyce RE. 1980Whale evolution and Oligocene Southern Ocean environments. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 31, 319-336. (doi:10.1016/0031-0182(80)90024-3).
7. Fordyce RE, Marx FG. 2013 The pygmy right whale Capereamarginata: the last of the cetotheres. Proc. R. Soc. B 280, 20122645. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2645).
8. El Adli JJ, Deméré TA, Boessenecker RW. 2014 Herpetocetus morrowi (Cetacea: Mysticeti), a new species of diminutive baleen whale from the Upper Pliocene (Piacenzian) of California, USA, with observations on the evolution and relationships of the Cetotheriidae. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 170, 400-466. (doi:10.1111/zoj.12108).
9. Geisler J, McGowen M, Yang G, Gatesy J. 2011 A supermatrix analysis of genomic, morphological, and paleontological data from crown Cetacea. BMC Evol. Biol. 11, 1-33. (doi:10.1186/1471-2148- 11-112).
10. Marx F. 2011 The more themerrier? A large cladistic analysis of mysticetes, and comments on the transition from teeth to baleen. J. Mamm. Evol. 18, 77-100. (doi:10.1007/s10914-010-9148-4).
11. Deméré TA, McGowen MR, Berta A, Gatesy J. 2008 Morphological and molecular evidence for a stepwise evolutionary transition from teeth to baleen in mysticete whales. Syst. Biol. 57, 15-37. (doi:10.1080/10635150701884632).
12. Heath TA, Hedtke SE, Hillis DM. 2008 Taxon sampling and the accuracy of phylogenetic analyses. J. Syst. Evol. 46, 239-257.
13. Heath TA, Zwickl DJ, Kim J, Hillis DM. 2008 Taxon sampling affects inferences of macroevolutionary processes from phylogenetic trees. Syst. Biol. 57, 160-166. (doi:10.1080/10635150701884640).
14. Jenner RA. 2004 The scientific status of metazoan cladistics: why current research practice must change. Zool. Scr. 33, 293-310. (doi:10.1111/j.0300-3256.2004.00153.x).
15. O'Leary MA, Kaufman SG. 2012 MorphoBank 3.0: web application for morphological phylogenetics and taxonomy. See http://www.morphobank.org.
16. Ronquist F, Klopfstein S, Vilhelmsen L, Schulmeister S, Murray DL, Rasnitsyn AP. 2012 A total-evidence approach to dating with fossils, applied to the early radiation of the Hymenoptera. Syst. Biol. 61, 973-999. (doi:10.1093/sysbio/ sys058).
17. Parham JF et al. 2012 Best practices for justifying fossil calibrations. Syst. Biol. 61, 346-359. (doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr107).
18. Beck RMD, Lee MSY. 2014 Ancient dates or accelerated rates? Morphological clocks and the antiquity of placental mammals. Proc. R. Soc. B 281, 20141278. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1278).
19. Uhen MD. 2015 Cetacea: Paleobiology Database Data Archive 9. https://paleobiodb.org/cgibin/ bridge.pl?user=Guest &action=displayPage&page=OSA_9_Cetacea.
20. Steeman ME. 2010 The extinct baleen whale fauna from the Miocene-Pliocene of Belgium and the diagnostic cetacean ear bones. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 8, 63-80. (doi:10.1080/14772011003594961).
21. McGowen MR, Spaulding M, Gatesy J. 2009 Divergence date estimation and a comprehensive molecular tree of extant cetaceans. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 53, 891-906. (doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.018).
22. Lanfear R, Calcott B, Ho SYW, Guindon S. 2012 PartitionFinder: combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses. Mol. Biol. Evol. 29, 1695-1701. (doi:10.1093/molbev/mss020).
23. Dornburg A, Brandley MC, McGowen MR, Near TJ. 2012 Relaxed clocks and inferences of heterogeneous patterns of nucleotide substitution and divergence time estimates across whales and dolphins (Mammalia: Cetacea). Mol. Biol. Evol. 29, 721-736. (doi:10.1093/molbev/msr228).
24. Yang X-G. 2009 Bayesian inference of cetacean phylogeny based on mitochondrial genomes. Biologia 64, 811-818. (doi:10.2478/s11756-009-0121-8).
25. Kass RE, Raftery AE. 1995 Bayes factors. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 90, 773-795. (doi:10.1080/01621459.1995.10476572).
26. XieW, Lewis PO, Fan Y, Kuo L, Chen M-H. 2011 Improving marginal likelihood estimation for Bayesian phylogenetic model selection. Syst. Biol. 60, 150-160. (doi:10.1093/sysbio/syq085).
27. Ronquist F. 2012 MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst. Biol. 61, 539-542. (doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys029).
28. Miller MA, PfeifferW, Schwartz T. 2010 Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In Proc. Gateway Computing EnvironmentsWorkshop (GCE), New Orleans, LA, 14 November 2010, pp. 1-8. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
29. Nylander JAA,Wilgenbusch JC,Warren DL, Swofford DL. 2008 AWTY (are we there yet?): a system for graphical exploration of MCMC convergence in Bayesian phylogenetics. Bioinformatics 24, 581-583. (doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btm388).
30. Wood HM, Matzke NJ, Gillespie RG, Griswold CE. 2013 Treating fossils as terminal taxa in divergence time estimation reveals ancient vicariance patterns in the palpimanoid spiders. Syst. Biol. 62, 264-284. (doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys092).
31. Uhen MD. 2008 New protocetid whales from Alabama and Mississippi, and a new cetacean clade, Pelagiceti. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 28, 589-593. (doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[589:NPWFAA]2.0. CO;2).
32. Bajpai S, Gingerich PD. 1998 A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from India and the time of origin of whales. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 15 464-15 468. (doi:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15464).
33. Steeman EM. 2007 Cladistic analysis and a revised classification of fossil and recent mysticetes. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 150, 875-894. (doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00313.x).
34. Fitzgerald EMG. 2010 The morphology and systematics of Mammalodon colliveri (Cetacea: Mysticeti), a toothed mysticete from the Oligocene of Australia. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 158, 367-476. (doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00572.x).
35. Fordyce RE. 2003 Early crown group Cetacea in the Southern Ocean: the toothed archaic mysticete Llanocetus. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 23, 50A.
36. Mitchell ED. 1989 A new cetacean from the Late Eocene La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46, 2219-2235. (doi:10.1139/f89-273).
37. Uhen MD. 1999 New species of protocetid archaeocete whale, Eocetus wardii (Mammalia: Cetacea) fromtheMiddle Eocene of North Carolina. J. Paleontol. 73, 512-528.
38. Uhen MD. 2001 New material of Eocetus wardii (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Middle Eocene of North Carolina. Southeast Geol. 40, 135-148.
39. Beatty BL, Geisler J. 2010 A stratigraphically precise record of Protosiren (Protosirenidae, Sirenia) from North America. Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläontol. Abh. 258, 185-194. (doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0095).
40. Weems RE, Edwards LE, Osborne JE, Alford AA. 2011 An occurrence of the protocetid whale 'Eocetus' wardii in the Middle Eocene Piney Point Formation of Virginia. J. Paleontol. 85, 271-278. (doi:10.1666/10-083.1).
41. Gol'Din P, Zvokon E. 2013 Basilotritus uheni, a new cetacean (Cetacea, Basilosauridae) from the late Middle Eocene of Eastern Europe. J. Paleontol. 87, 254-268. (doi:10.1666/12-080R.1).
42. Hazel JE, Bybell LM, Edwards LE, Jones GD, Ward LW. 1984 Age of the comfort member of the Castle Hayne Formation, North Carolina. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 95, 1040-1044. (doi:10.1130/0016- 7606(1984)95<1040:AOTCMO>2.0.CO;2).
43. Anthonissen DE, Ogg JG. 2012 Cenozoic and Cretaceous biochronology of planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils. In The geologic time scale 2012 (eds FM Gradstein, JG Ogg, M Schmitz, G Ogg), pp. 1083-1127. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
44. Pyron RA. 2011 Divergence time estimation using fossils as terminal taxa and the origins of Lissamphibia. Syst. Biol. 60, 466-481. (doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr047).
45. Zachos JC, Dickens GR, Zeebe RE. 2008 An Early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics. Nature 451, 279-283. (doi:10.1038/nature06588).
46. Zachos J, Pagani M, Sloan L, Thomas E, Billups K. 2001 Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science 292, 686-693. (doi:10.1126/science.1059412).
47. R Development Core Team. 2005 R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. See http://www.R-project.org.
48. Bapst DW. 2012 Paleotree: an R package for paleontological and phylogenetic analyses of evolution. Methods Ecol. Evol. 3, 803-807. (doi:10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00223.x).
49. Wills MA, Briggs DEG, Fortey RA. 1994 Disparity as an evolutionary index; a comparison of Cambrian and Recent arthropods. Paleobiology 20, 93-130.
50. Wills MA. 1998 Crustacean disparity through the Phanerozoic: comparing morphological and stratigraphic data. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 65, 455-500. (doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1998.tb01149.x).
51. Kelley NP, Motani R. 2015 Trophic convergence drives morphological convergence in marine tetrapods. Biol. Lett. 11, 20140709. (doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0709).
52. Hammer Ø, Harper DAT, Ryan PD. 2001 PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol. Electron. 4, 4.
53. Butler RJ, Brusatte SL, Andres B, Benson RBJ. 2012 How do geological sampling biases affect studies of morphological evolution in deep time? A case study of pterosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria) disparity. Evolution 66, 147-162. (doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01415.x).
54. Brusatte SL, Montanari S, Yi H-Y, Norell MA. 2011 Phylogenetic corrections for morphological disparity analysis: new methodology and case studies. Paleobiology 37, 1-22. (doi:10.1666/09057.1).
55. Maddison WP, Maddison DR. 2011 Mesquite: a modular systemfor evolutionary analysis, v. 2.75. See http://mesquiteproject.org.
56. Hassanin A et al. 2012 Pattern and timing of diversification of Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria), as revealed by a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial genomes. C. R. Biol. 335, 32-50. (doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2011.11.002).
57. Fordyce RE. 2002 Oligocene origins of skim-feeding right whales: a small archaic balaenid from New Zealand. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 22, 54A.
58. Sasaki T, Nikaido M,Wada S, Yamada TK, Cao Y, Hasegawa M, Okada N. 2006 Balaenoptera omurai is a newly discovered baleen whale that represents an ancient evolutionary lineage. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 41, 40-52. (doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.032).
59. Nikaido M et al. 2001 Retroposon analysis of major cetacean lineages: the monophyly of toothed whales and the paraphyly of river dolphins. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 7384-7389. (doi:10.1073/pnas.121139198).
60. LeeMSY, Cau A, Naish D, Dyke GJ. 2014 Sustained miniaturization and anatomical innovation in the dinosaurian ancestors of birds. Science 345, 562-566. (doi:10.1126/science.1252243).
61. Lee MSY, Soubrier J, Edgecombe GD. 2013 Rates of phenotypic and genomic evolution during the Cambrian explosion. Curr. Biol. 23, 1889-1895. (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.055).
62. Slater GJ, Price SA, Santini F, Alfaro ME. 2010 Diversity versus disparity and the radiation of modern cetaceans. Proc. R. Soc. B 277, 3097-3104. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0408).
63. Morlon H, Parsons TL, Plotkin JB. 2011 Reconciling molecular phylogenies with the fossil record. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 16 327-16 332. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1102543108).
64. Bisconti M. 2012 Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 166, 876-911. (doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00862.x).
65. Churchill M, Berta A, Deméré TA. 2012 The systematics of right whales (Mysticeti: Balaenidae). Mar. Mamm. Sci. 28, 497-521. (doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00504.x).
66. Ekdale EG, Berta A, Demere TA. 2011 The comparative osteology of the petrotympanic complex (ear region) of extant baleen whales (Cetacea: Mysticeti). PLoS ONE 6, e21311. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021311).
67. Marx F, Buono M, Fordyce RE, Boessenecker RW. 2013 Juvenile morphology: a clue to the origins of the most mysterious of mysticetes? Naturwissenschaften 100, 257-261. (doi:10.1007/s00114-013-1012-y).
68. Deméré TA, Berta A, McGowen MR. 2005 The taxonomic and evolutionary history of fossil and modern balaenopteroidmysticetes. J. Mamm. Evol. 12, 99-143. (doi:10.1007/s10914-005-6944-3).
69. Ekdale EG, Racicot RA. 2015 Anatomical evidence for low frequency sensitivity in an archaeocete whale: comparison of the inner ear of Zygorhiza kochii with that of crown Mysticeti. J. Anat. 226, 22-39. (doi:10.1111/joa.12253).
70. Grimm GW, Kapli P, Bomfleur B, McLoughlin S, Renner SS. In press. Using more than the oldest fossils: dating Osmundaceae with three Bayesian clock approaches. Syst. Biol. (doi:10.1093/sysbio/ syu108).
71. Barnes LG, Goedert JL, Furusawa H. 2001 The earliest known echolocating toothed whales (Mammalia; Odontoceti): preliminary observations of fossils fromWashington State. Mesa Southwest Mus. Bull. 8, 91-100.
72. Goedert JL, Barnes LG, Furusawa H. 2007 The diversity and stratigraphic distribution of cetaceans in Early Cenozoic strata ofWashington State, U.S.A. Geol. Soc. Aust. Abstr. 85, 44.
73. Katz ME et al. 2011 Impact of Antarctic Circumpolar Current development on Late Paleogene ocean structure. Science 332, 1076-1079. (doi:10.1126/science.1202122).
74. Marx FG, Uhen MD. 2010 Climate, critters, and cetaceans: Cenozoic drivers of the evolution of modern whales. Science 327, 993-996. (doi:10.1126/science.1185581).
75. Pfuhl HA, McCave IN. 2005 Evidence for Late Oligocene establishment of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 235, 715-728. (doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.025).
76. Hill DJ, Haywood AM, Valdes PJ, Francis JE, Lunt DJ, Wade BS, Bowman VC. 2013 Paleogeographic controls on the onset of the Antarctic circumpolar current. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 5199-5294. (doi:10.1002/grl.50941).
77. Sarmiento JL, Gruber N, Brzezinski MA, Dunne JP. 2004 High-latitude controls of thermocline nutrients and low latitude biological productivity. Nature 427, 56-60. (doi:10.1038/nature02127).
78. Villa G, Fioroni C, Persico D, Roberts AP, Florindo F. 2014 Middle Eocene to Late Oligocene Antarctic glaciation/deglaciation and Southern Ocean productivity. Paleoceanography 29, 223-227. (doi:10.1002/2013PA002518).
79. Rabosky DL. 2014 Automatic detection of key innovations, rate shifts, and diversity-dependence on phylogenetic trees. PLoS ONE 9, e89543. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089543).
80. Uhen MD, Pyenson ND. 2007 Diversity estimates, biases and historiographic effects: resolving cetacean diversity in the Tertiary. Palaeontol. Electron. 10, 10.12.10A.
81. Freckleton RP, Harvey PH. 2006 Detecting non-Brownian trait evolution in adaptive radiations. PLoS Biol. 4, e373. (doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040373).
82. Rabosky DL, Santini F, Eastman J, Smith SA, Sidlauskas B, Chang J, Alfaro ME. 2013 Rates of speciation and morphological evolution are correlated across the largest vertebrate radiation. Nat. Commun. 4, 1958. (doi:10.1038/ ncomms2958).
83. Fitzgerald EMG. 2006 A bizarre new toothed mysticete (Cetacea) from Australia and the early evolution of baleen whales. Proc. R. Soc. B 273, 2955-2963. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3664).
84. Geisler JH, Colbert MW, Carew JL. 2014 A new fossil species supports an early origin for toothed whale echolocation. Nature 508, 383-386. (doi:10.1038/nature13086).
85. Berta A. 1991 New Enaliarctos (Pinnipedimorpha) from the Oligocene and Miocene of Oregon and the role of 'enaliarctids' in pinniped phylogeny. Smithson Contrib. Paleobiol. 69, 1-33. (doi:10.5479/si.00810266.69.1).
86. Yonezawa T, Kohno N, Hasegawa M. 2008 Origin and phylogenetic evolution of Pinnipedia. Proc. Inst. Stat. Math. 56, 81-99.
87. Fulton TL, Strobeck C. 2010 Multiple fossil calibrations, nuclear loci and mitochondrial genomes provide new insight into biogeography and divergence timing for true seals (Phocidae, Pinnipedia). J. Biogeogr. 37, 814-829. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02271.x).
88. Emlong D. 1966 A new archaic cetacean from the Oligocene of Northwest Oregon. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Oregon 3, 1-51.
89. Barnes LG, Kimura M, Furusawa H, Sawamura H. 1995 Classification and distribution of Oligocene Aetiocetidae (Mammalia; Cetacea; Mysticeti) from western North America and Japan. Isl. Arc 3, 392-431. (doi:10.1111/j.1440-1738.1994. tb00122.x).
90. Deméré TA, Berta A. 2008 Skull anatomy of the Oligocene toothed mysticete Aetioceus weltoni (Mammalia; Cetacea): Implications for mysticete evolution and functional anatomy. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 154, 308-352. (doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00414.x).
91. Deméré TA, Berta A, Adam PJ. 2003 Pinnipedimorph evolutionary biogeography. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 279, 32-76. (doi:10.1206/ 0003-0090(2003)279<0032:C>2.0.CO;2).
92. Vogt PR, Parrish M. 2012 Driftwood dropstones in Middle Miocene Climate Optimum shallow marine strata (Calvert Cliffs, Maryland Coastal Plain): Erratic pebbles no certain proxy for cold climate. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 323-325, 100-109. (doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012. 01.035).
93. Rivin MA. 2010 Early Miocene cetacean diversity in the Vaqueros Formation, Laguna Canyon, Orange County, California. MSc thesis, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA.
94. Lambert O, Bianucci G, Post K, de Muizon C, Salas-Gismondi R, Urbina M, Reumer J. 2010 The giant bite of a new raptorial sperm whale from the Miocene epoch of Peru. Nature 466, 105-108. (doi:10.1038/nature09067).
95. Kimura T. 2009 Review of the fossil balaenids from Japanwith a re-description of Eubalaena shinshuensis (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti). Quad. Mus. Stor.Nat. Livorno 22, 3-21.
96. Kellogg R. 1922 Description of the skull of Megapteramiocaena, a fossil humpback whale from the Miocene diatomaceous earth of Lompoc, California. Proc. US Nat. Mus. 61, 1-18. (doi:10.5479/si.00963801.61-2435.1).
97. De Schepper S, Gibbard PL, Salzmann U, Ehlers J. 2014 A global synthesis of the marine and terrestrial evidence for glaciation during the Pliocene Epoch. Earth-Sci. Rev. 135, 83-102. (doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.04.003).
98. Pyenson ND, Lindberg DR. 2011What happened to gray whales during the Pleistocene? The ecological impact of sea-level change on benthic feeding areas in the North Pacific Ocean. PLoS ONE 6, e21295. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021295).
99. Spolaor A, Vallelonga P, Cozzi G, Gabrieli J, Varin C, Kehrwald N, Zennaro P, Boutron C, Barbante C. 2013 Iron speciation in aerosol dust influences iron bioavailability over glacial-interglacial timescales. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 1618-1623. (doi:10.1002/grl.50296).
100. Martin JH, Gordon RM, Fitzwater SE. 1990 Iron in Antarctic waters. Nature 345, 156-158. (doi:10.1038/345156a0).
101. Martínez-García A, Sigman DM, Ren H, Anderson RF, StraubM, Hodell DA, Jaccard SL, Eglinton TI, Haug GH. 2014 Iron fertilization of the Subantarctic Ocean during the last ice age. Science 343, 1347-1350. (doi:10.1126/science.1246848).
102. Martínez-García A,Winckler G. 2014 Iron fertilization in the glacial ocean. PAGES Mag. 22, 82-83.
103. Maher BA, Prospero JM, Mackie D, Gaiero D, Hesse PP, Balkanski Y. 2010 Global connections between aeolian dust, climate and ocean biogeochemistry at the present day and at the last glacial maximum. Earth-Sci. Rev. 99, 61-97. (doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.12.001).
104. Stern SJ. 2009 Migration and movement patterns. In Encyclopedia of marine mammals (edsWF Perrin, BWürsig, JGM Thewissen), pp. 726-730. Burlington, VT: Academic Press.
105. Bianucci G, LandiniW, Buckeridge J. 2006Whale barnacles and Neogene cetaceanmigration routes. NZ J. Geol. Geophys. 49, 115-120. (doi:10.1080/00288306.2006.9515152).