Cenozoic cooling, Antarctic nutrient pump, and the evolution of whales

Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

Volumn 54, Issue 21-22, 2007, Pages 2399-2421

  Berger, W H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Antarctic Sea; Cenozoic cooling; Drake Passage; Silica cycle; Whale evolution

Indexed keywords

CLIMATOLOGY; COOLING; FISH; MARINE BIOLOGY; NUTRIENTS; SILICATES;

ANTARCTIC SEA; CENOZOIC COOLING; DRAKE PASSAGE; FOOD CHAIN; MARINE MAMMALS; SILICA CYCLE; WHALE EVOLUTION;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

BIOLOGICAL INVASION; CENOZOIC; CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT; DIATOM; EVOLUTION; FOOD AVAILABILITY; GROWTH RATE; WHALE;

ATLANTIC OCEAN;

BACILLARIOPHYTA; CETACEA; DECAPODA (CRUSTACEA); EUPHAUSIACEA; MAMMALIA; PISCES;

EID: 36249013710     PISSN: 09670645     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.07.024     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. An Z., Kutzbach J.E., Prell W.L., and Porter S.C. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau since late Miocene times. Nature 41 (2001) 62-66
2. Arnason U., Gullberg A., and Janke A. Mitogenomic analyses provide new insights into cetacean origin and evolution. Gene 333 (2004) 27-34
3. Askin R.A. Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary Antarctic outcrop evidence for past vegetation and climates. Antarctic Research Series 56 (1992) 61-73
4. Baldauf, J.G., Barron, J.A., 1990. Evolution of biosiliceous sedimentation patterns Eocene through Quaternary: paleoceanographic response to polar cooling. In: Bleil, U. Thiede, J. (Eds.), The Geological History of Cenozoic Polar Oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic, pp. 575-607.
5. Barker, P.F., Camerlenghi, A., 2002. Glacial history of the Antarctic Peninsula from Pacific margin sediments. In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Project Scientific Results, vol. 178, 40pp., Online.
6. Bathmann U.V., Scharek R., Klaas C., Dubischar C.D., and Smetacek V. Spring development of phytoplankton biomass and composition in major water masses of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research II 44 (1997) 51-67
7. Berger W.H. Cenozoic sedimentation in the eastern tropical Pacific. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 84 (1973) 1941-1954
8. Berger W.H. Carbon dioxide increase and climate prediction: clues from deep-sea carbonates. Episodes 8 (1985) 163-168
9. Berger W.H. Produktivität des Ozeans aus geologischer Sicht: Denkmodelle und Beispiele. Zt. Deutsch. Geol. Gesellschaft. 142 (1991) 149-178
10. Berger W.H., and Lange C.B. Silica depletion in the thermocline of the glacial North Pacific: corollaries and implications. Deep-Sea Research II 45 (1998) 1885-1904
11. Berger W.H., and Wefer G. Productivity of the glacial ocean: discussion of the iron hypothesis. Limnology and Oceanography 36 (1991) 1899-1918
12. Berger W.H., and Wefer G. Expeditions into the past: Paleoceanographic studies in the South Atlantic. In: Wefer G., Berger W.H., Siedler G., and Webb D.J. (Eds). The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation (1996), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 363-410
13. Berger W.H., Smetacek V.S., and Wefer G. (1989), Wiley, Chichester 471pp
14. Berger, W.H., Leckie, R.M., Janecek, T.R., Stax, R., Takayama, T. 1993. Neogene carbonate sedimentation on Ontong Java Plateau: highlights and open questions. In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, vol. 130, pp. 711-744.
15. Berger, W.H., Wefer, G., Richter, Scientific Shipboard Party, 1998. The Angola-Benguela Upwelling System: Paleoceanographic synthesis of shipboard results from Leg 175. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Init. Rpts., vol. 175, pp. 505-531.
16. Berggren W.A., Kent D.V., Flynn J.J., and van Couvering J.A. Cenozoic geochronology. Geological Society of American Bulletin 96 (1985) 1407-1418
17. Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., Swisher, C.C., Aubry, M.-P., 1995. A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy. In: Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., Aubry, M.-P., Hardenbol, J. (Eds.), Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlations: A Unified Temporal Framework for an Historical Geology. Society for Sedimentary Geology Special Publication 54, pp. 129-212.
18. Berta A., and Sumich J.L. Marine Mammals-Evolutionary Biology (1999), Academic Press, San Diego 494pp
19. Bolli, H.M., Saunders, J.B., Perch-Nielsen, K. (Eds.), 1985. Plankton Stratigraphy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1032pp.
20. Bonner, N., 1989. Whales of the World. Facts on File. New York and Oxford, 191pp.
21. 13C. In: Wefer G., Berger W.H., Siedler G., and Webb D.J. (Eds). The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation (1996), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 423-443
22. Broecker W.S., and Denton G.H. The role of ocean-atmosphere reorganizations in glacial cycles. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53 (1989) 2465-2501
23. Case J.A. Evidence from fossil vertebrates for a rich Eocene Antarctic marine environment. Antarctic Research Series 56 (1992) 119-130
24. 2 and tectonics. In: Ruddiman W.F. (Ed). Tectonic Uplift and Climate Change (1997), Plenum, New York 313-327
25. Charles C.D., and Fairbanks R.G. Evidence from Southern Ocean sediments for the effect of North Atlantic deep-water flux on climate. Nature 355 (1992) 416-419
26. Ciesielski, P.F., Weaver, F.M., 1983. Neogene Quaternary paleoenvironmental history of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 71 sediments, Southwest Atlantic Ocean. Init. Reports DSDP, vol. 71, 1, pp. 461-477.
27. Coale K.H., Johnson K.S., Chavez F.P., et al. Southern Ocean iron enrichment experiment: carbon cycling in high- and low-Si waters. Science 304 (2004) 408-414
28. Coxall H.K., Wilson P.A., Pälike H., Lear C.H., and Backman J. Rapid stepwise onset of Antarctic glaciation and deep calcite compensation in the Pacific Ocean. Nature 433 (2005) 53-57
29. Crowley T.J. North Atlantic Deep Water cools the southern hemisphere. Paleoceanography 7 (1992) 489-498
30. Davies J.L. The antitropical factor in cetacean speciation. Evolution 17 1 (1963) 107-116
31. 2. Nature 421 (2003) 245-249
32. Deméré T.A., Berta A., and Adam P.J. Pinnipedimorph evolutionary biogeography. Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History 13 279 (2003) 32-76
33. Dickens G.R., O'Neil J.R., Rea D.K., and Owen R.M. Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene. Paleoceanography 10 (1995) 965-971
34. Dickens G.R., and Owen R.M. The latest Miocene-early Pliocene biogenic bloom: a revised Indian Ocean perspective. Marine Geology 161 (1999) 75-91
35. Diester-Haass L. Late Quaternary sedimentation on the eastern Walvis Ridge, SE Atlantic (HPC 532 and four piston cores). Marine Geology 65 (1985) 145-189
36. Diester-Haass L., Billups K., and Emeis K.C. Late Miocene carbon isotope records and marine biological productivity: was there a (dusty) link?. Paleoceanography 21 (2006) PA4216 10.1029/2006PA001267
37. Dietz, R.S., 1962. The sea's deep scattering layer. Scientific American, August 1962, Reprint 866, 8pp.
38. Dugdale R.C., and Wilkerson F.P. Silicate regulation of new production in the equatorial Pacific upwelling. Nature 391 (1998) 270-273
39. Emiliani C. Pleistocene temperatures. Journal of Geology 63 (1955) 538-578
40. Exon, N., Kennett, J.P., Malone, M.J., (Eds.), 2004. The Cenozoic Southern Ocean: Tectonics, Sedimentation, and Climate Change Between Australia and Antarctica, Am. Geophys. Union Geophys. Monograph, 115, 367pp.
41. Falkowski P.G., Barber R.T., and Smetacek V. Biogeochemical controls and feedback on ocean primary production. Science 281 (1998) 200-206
42. Farrell J.W., Raffi I., Janacek T.R., Murray D.W., Levitan M., Dadey K.A., Emeis K.-C., Lyle M., Flores J.-A., and Hovan S. Late Neogene sedimentation patterns in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Proceedings of the Ocean Drill Program, Scientific Results 138 (1995) 717-756
43. Filippelli G.M. Intensification of the Asian monsoon and a chemical weathering event in the late Miocene-early Pliocene: implications for late Neogene climatic change. Geology 25 (1997) 27-30
44. Fordyce R.E. Whale evolution and Oligocene Southern Ocean environments. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 31 (1980) 319-336
45. Fordyce R.E. Cetacean evolution and Eocene/Oligocene environments. In: Prothero D., and Berggren W.A. (Eds). Eocene-Oligocene Climatic and Biotic Evolution (1992), Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 368-381
46. Fordyce R.E., and Barnes L.G. The evolutionary history of whales and dolphins. Annual Review of Earth Planet Science 22 (1994) 419-455
47. Garrison R.E., and Kastner M. Phosphatic sediments and rocks recovered from the Peru margin during ODP Leg 112. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program 112 (1990) 111-134
48. In: Garrison R.E., Douglas R.G., Pisiotto K.E., Isaacs D.M., and Ingle J.C. (Eds). The Monterey Formation and Related Siliceous Rocks of California (1981), SEPM, Pacific Section Special Publication, Los Angeles 159-179
49. Gersonde, R., Hodell, D.A., Blum, P., Shipboard Scientific Party, 1999. Leg 177 summary: Southern Ocean paleoceanography. Proceedings of Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, vol. 177, 67pp., online.
50. Gingerich P.D. Paleobiological perspectives on Mesonychia, Archaeceti, and the origin of whales. In: Thewissen J.G.M. (Ed). The Emergence of Whales (1998), Plenum Press, New York and London 423ff
51. Gordon A.L. Interocean exchange of thermocline water. Journal of Geophysical Research 91 (1986) 5037-5046
52. -8 Ma): linked to global cooling or to the initiation of the Indian monsoon?. Geology 32 (2004) 753-756
53. Haq B.U. Paleogene paleoceanography: early Cenozoic oceans revisited. Oceanologica Acta 4 Suppl. (1981) 71-82
54. Harlan R. Notice of fossil bones found in the tertiary formation of the State of Louisiana. Transactions American Philosophical Society 4 (1834) 397-403 pl. 20. fide Mike Everhart, Soc. Vertebrate Paleontology
55. Haug G.H., Sigman D.M., Tiedemann R., Pederson T., and Sarnthein M. A biogenic silica record of the onset of halocline stratification in the subpolar North Pacific 2.73 Ma. Nature 401 (1999) 779-782
56. Hay W.W., Soeding E., DeConto R.M., and Wold C.N. The late Cenozoic uplift-climate change paradox. International Journal of Earth Science 91 (2002) 746-774
57. In: Hempel G., and Hinrichsen F. (Eds). Der Ozean-Lebensraum und Klimasteuerung. Jahrbuch 2001/2002 der Wittheit zu Bremen (2002), Verlag Hausschild GmbH, Bremen 147pp
58. Hermoyian C.S., and Owen R.M. Late Miocene-early Pliocene biogenic bloom: evidence from low-productivity regions of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Paleoceanography 16 (2001) 95-100
59. Holbourn A., Kuhnt W., Schulz M., and Erlenkeuser H. Impacts of orbital forcing and atmospheric carbon dioxide on Miocene ice-sheet expansion. Nature 438 (2005) 483-487
60. Holbrook W.S., Lizarralde D., Pecher I.A., Gorman A.R., Hackwith K.L., Hornbach M., and Saffer D. Escape of methane gas through sediment waves in a large methane hydrate province. Geology 30 (2002) 467-470
61. Hsu{combining double acute accent} K.J., and Wright R. History of calcite dissolution of the South Atlantic Ocean. In: Hsu{combining double acute accent} K.J., and Weissert H.J. (Eds). South Atlantic Paleoceanography (1985), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 149-187
62. Jepsen G.L., Mayr E., and Simpson G.G. (1949), Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 474pp
63. Keeling, R.F., Stephens, B.B., 2001. Antarctic sea ice and the control of Pleistocene climate instability. Paleoceanography 16, 112-131, 330-334.
64. Keller G., and Barron J.A. Paleoceanographic implications of Miocene deep-sea hiatuses. Geological Society of America Bulletin 94 (1983) 590-613
65. Kelly D.C., Norris R.D., and Zachos J.C. Deciphering the paleoceanographic significance of early Oligocene Braarudosphaera chalks in the South Atlantic. Marine Micropaleontology 49 (2003) 49-63
66. Kennett J.P. Cenozoic evolution of Antarctic glaciation, the circum-Antarctic Ocean, and their impact on global paleoceanography. Journal of Geophysical Research 82 (1977) 3843-3860
67. Kennett J.P. Paleoceanographic and biogeographic evolution of the Southern Ocean during the Cenozoic, and Cenozoic microfossils datums. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 31 (1980) 123-152
68. Kennett J.P. Marine Geology (1982), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 813pp
69. Kennett, J.P. (Ed.), 1985. The Miocene Ocean: Paleoceanography and Biogeography. Geological Society of America Memoir 163, 1-337.
70. Kennett, J.P., Warnke, D.A. (Eds.), 1992. The Antarctic Paleoenvironment: a Perspective on Global Change. Part One. Antarctic Research Series, vol. 56. Am. Geophys. Union, Washington DC.
71. Kennett, J.P., Warnke, D.A. (Eds.), 1993. The Antarctic Paleoenvironment: a Perspective on Global Change. Part Two. Antarctic Research Series, vol. 60. Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, DC.
72. Kutzbach, J.E., Guetter, P.J., Ruddiman, W.F., Prell, W.L., 1989. Sensitivity of climate to late Cenozoic uplift in southern Asia and the American West: numerical experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research 94 (D15), 18, 393-18, 407.
73. Lange C.B., Berger W.H., Lin H.-L., and Wefer G. The early matuyama diatom maximum off SW Africa, Benguela Current System (ODP Leg 175). Marine Geology 161 (1999) 93-114
74. Lear, C.H., Rosenthal, Y., Coxall, H.K., Wilson, P.A., 2004. Late Eocene to early Miocene ice sheet dynamics and the global carbon cycle. Paleoceanography 19, 11pp (PA 4015, 10.129, online).
75. Lipps J.H., and Mitchell E.D. Trophic model for the adaptive radiations and extinctions of pelagic marine mammals. Paleobiology 2 2 (1976) 147-155
76. Livermore R., Eagles G., Morris P., and Maldonado A. Shackleton Fracture Zone: no barrier to early circumpolar ocean circulation. Geology 32 (2004) 797-800
77. Long D.J. Paleoecology of Eocene Antarctic sharks. Antarctic Research Series 56 (1992) 131-139
78. Luyten J.R., Pedlosky J., and Stommel H. The ventilated thermocline. Journal of Physical Oceanography 13 (1983) 292-309
79. -8 Ma) eastern Pacific carbonate crash: evidence for reorganization of deep water circulation by the closure of the Panama Gateway. Proceedings Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results 138 (1995) 821-837
80. Martin J.H., Gordon R.M., and Fitzwater S.E. Iron in Antarctic waters. Nature 345 (1990) 156
81. Maxwell A.E., and DSDP Leg 3 participants. Deep sea drilling in the South Atlantic. Science 168 (1970) 1047-1059
82. Meyers P.A., and Shipboard Scientific Party. Microbial gases in sediments from the southwest African margin. Proceedings Ocean Drilling Program Initial Results 175 (1998) 555-560
83. McGowran B. Biostratigraphy-Microfossils and Geological Time (2005), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 459pp
84. Miller K.G., Fairbanks R.G., and Mountain G.S. Tertiary oxygen isotope synthesis, sea-level history, and continental margin erosion. Paleoceanography 1 (1987) 1-19
85. Miller K.G., Wright J.D., and Fairbanks R.G. Unlocking the ice house: Oligocene-Miocene oxygen isotopes, eustasy, and margin erosion. Journal of Geophysical Research 96 B4 (1991) 6829-6848
86. Molnar P. Late Cenozoic increase in accumulation rates of terrestrial sediment: how much might climate change have affected erosion rates?. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 32 (2004) 67-89
87. Moore T.C., Backman J., Raffi I., Nigrini C., Sanfilippo A., Pälike H., and Lyle M. Paleogene tropical Pacific: clues to circulation, productivity, and plate motion. Paleoceanography 19 (2004) 16 (PA 3013, 10.1029, online)
88. Munk W.H. Abyssal recipes. Deep-Sea Research 13 (1966) 707-730
89. Munk W.H., and Wunsch C. Abyssal recipes II: energetics of tidal and wind mixing. Deep-Sea Research I 45 (1998) 1977-2010
90. Nikaido M., Matsuno F., Hamilton H., Brownell Jr. R.L., Cao Y., Ding W., Zuoyan Z., Shedlock A.M., Fordyce R.E., Hasegawa M., and Okada N. Retroposon analysis of major cetacean lineages: the monophyly of toothed whales and the paraphyly of river dolphins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 98 13 (2001) 7384-7389
91. Norris, R.D., 2000. Pelagic species diversity, biogeography, and evolution. In: Erwin, D.H., Wing, S.L. (Eds.), Deep Time: Paleobiology's Perspective. Paleobiology, Supplement to Vol. 26 (4), 236-258.
92. Pagani M., Arthur M.A., and Freeman K.H. Variations in Miocene phytoplankton growth rates in the southwest Atlantic: evidence for changes in ocean circulation. Paleoceanography 15 (2000) 486-496
93. Parker, M.E., Clark, M., Wise Jr., S.W., 1985. Calcareous nannofossils of Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 558 and 563, North Atlantic Ocean: biostratigraphy and the distribution of Oligocene braarudosphaerids, In: Bougault, H., Cande, S.C., et al., (Eds.), Init. Repts., DSDP 82. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC, pp. 559-589.
94. Pedlosky J. Ocean Circulation Theory (1998), Springer, New York
95. Petit J.R., Jouzel J., Raynaud D., Barkov N.I., Barnola J.-M., Basile I., Bender M., Chappelllaz J., Davis M., Delaygue G., Delmotte M., Kotlyakov V.M., Legrand M., Lipenkov V.Y., Lorius C., Pépin L., Ritz C., Saltzman E., and Stievenard M. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 399 (1999) 429-436
96. Pondaven P., Raueneau O., Tréguer P., Hauvespre A., Dezileau L., and Reyss J.L. Resolving the 'opal paradox' in the Southern Ocean. Nature 405 (2000) 168-169
97. In: Prothero D.R., and Berggren W.A. (Eds). Eocene-Oligocene Climatic and Biotic Evolution (1992), Princeton University Press, Princeton 568pp
98. Pudsey C.J. Neogene record of Antarctic Peninsula glaciation in continental rise sediments: ODP Leg 178, Site 1095. Proceedings Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 178 (2002) 25 online
99. Quade J., and Cerling T.E. Expansion of C4 grasses in the late Miocene of Pakistan: evidence from stable isotopes in paleosols. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 115 (1995) 91-116
100. Quéguiner B., Tréguer P., Peeken I., and Scharek R. Biogeochemical dynamics and the silicon cycle in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during austral spring 1992. Deep-Sea Research II 44 (1997) 69-89
101. Ragueneau O., Treguer P., Leynaert A., Anderson R.F., Brzezinski M.A., DeMaster D.J., Dugdale R.C., Dymond J., Fischer G., François R., Heinze C., Maier-Reimer E., Martin-Jezequel V., Nelson D.M., and Queguiner B. A review of the Si cycle in the modern ocean: recent progress and missing gaps in the application of biogenic opal as a paleoproductivity proxy. Global and Planetary Change 26 (2000) 317-365
102. Raymo M.E., Ruddiman W.F., and Froelich P.N. Influence of late Cenozoic mountain building on ocean geochemical cycles. Geology 16 (1988) 649-653
103. Rea D.K., and Lyle M.W. Paleogene calcite compensation depth in the eastern subtropical Pacific: answers and questions. Paleoceanography 20 (2005) PA1012, 10.1029, online
104. Rietschel, P., Lotz, R., Modes, R., Merkel, F.W., Hanke, W. (Eds.), ca. 1955. Das Tierreich nach Brehm. Buch und Bild, Hamburg, 670pp.
105. Romero O., Mollenhauer G., Schneider R.R., and Wefer G. Oscillations of the siliceous imprint in the central Benguela Upwelling System from MIS 3 through to the early Holocene: the influence of the Southern Ocean. Journal of Quaternary Science 18 8 (2003) 733-743
106. Ryther J.H. Photosynthesis and fish production in the sea. Science 166 (1969) 72-76
107. In: Schulz H.D., and Zabel M. (Eds). Marine Geochemistry. second ed (2006), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 574pp
108. Seki M.P., and Polovina J.J. Ocean gyre ecosystems. In: Steele J.H., et al. (Ed). Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (2001), Academic Press, London and San Diego 1959-1965
109. Siesser W.G. Late Miocene origin of the Benguela upwelling system off northern Namibia. Science 208 (1980) 283-285
110. Sijp W.P., and England M.H. Effect of the Drake Passage throughflow on global climate. Journal of Physical Oceanography 34 (2004) 1254-1266
111. Smetacek V., Scharek R., and Nöthig E.-M. Seasonal and regional variation in the pelagial and its relationship to the life history cycle of krill. In: Kerry R., and Hempel G. (Eds). Antarctic Ecosystems: Ecological Change and Conservation (1990), Springer, Heidelberg 103-114
112. Smetacek V., de Baar H.J.W., Bathmann U.V., Lochte K., and Rutgers van der Loeff M.M. Ecology and biogeochemistry of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current during Austral Spring: Southern Ocean JGOFS Cruise Ant X/6 of R.V. Polarstern. Deep-Sea Research II 44 1-2 (1997) 1-519
113. Spindler M. A comparison of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice and the effects of different properties on sea ice biota. In: Bleil U., and Thiede J. (Eds). Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic Versus Antarctic (1990), Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht 173-186
114. Stommel H.M. The abyssal circulation. Deep-Sea Research 5 (1958) 80-82
115. In: Summerhayes C.P., and Shackleton N.J. (Eds). North Atlantic Palaeoceanography (1986), Geological Society (London) Special Publication No. 21, Blackwell, Oxford 473pp
116. Summerhayes, C.P., Prell, W.L., Emeis, K.C. (Eds.), 1992. Upwelling Systems: Evolution Since the Early Miocene. Geological Society (London) Special Publication No. 63, 519pp.
117. Summerhayes C.P., Emeis K.-C., Angel M.V., Smith R.L., and Zeitzschel B. (1995), Wiley, Baffins Lane 432pp
118. Sverdrup H.U., Johnson M.W., and Fleming R.H. The Oceans-Their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology (1942), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1087pp
119. Talley L.D. Antarctic Intermediate Water in the South Atlantic. In: Wefer G., Berger W.H., Siedler G., and Webb D. (Eds). The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation (1996), Springer, Heidelberg 219-238
120. Thomas E. Cenozoic deep-sea circulation: evidence from deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Antarctic Research Series 56 (1992) 141-165
121. Tréguer P., and Jacques G. Dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton, and fluxes of carbon, nitrogen and silicon in the Antarctic Ocean. Polar Biology 12 (1992) 149-162
122. Tréguer P., Nelson D.M., Van Bennekom A.J., DeMaster D.J., Leynaert A., and Queguiner B. The silica balance in the world ocean: a reestimate. Science 268 (1995) 375-379
123. Tréguer P., Pondaven P., Anderson R.F., Abbott M., and Boyd P. The Southern Ocean I: climatic changes in the cycle of carbon in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research II 49 (2002) 9-10
124. Tripati A., Backman J., Elderfield H., and Ferretti P. Eocene bipolar glaciation associated with global carbon cycle changes. Nature 436 (2005) 341-346
125. van Andel Tj.H., Heath G.R., and Moore Jr. T.C. Cenozoic history and paleoceanography of the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. Geological Society of America Memoir 143 (1975) 1-134
126. 12C ratio 6.2 million years ago. Marine Micropaleontology 5 (1980) 185-203
127. Vincent, E., Berger, W.H., 1985. Carbon dioxide and polar cooling in the Miocene: the Monterey hypothesis. Am. Geophys. Union. Geophys. Monogr. 32, 455-468.
128. Vincent E., Killingley J.S., and Berger W.H. Miocene oxygen and carbon isotope stratigraphy of the tropical Indian Ocean. Geological Society of America Memoir 163 (1985) 103-130
129. Von Bodungen, B., Fischer, G., Nöthig, E.-M., Wefer, G., 1987. Sedimentation of krill faeces during spring development of phytoplankton in Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. In: Degens, E.T., Izdar, E., Honjo, S. (Eds.), Mitteilungen d. Geol. Paläont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, Heft 62, pp. 243-257.
130. Wefer G. Particle flux in the ocean: effects of episodic production. In: Berger W.H., Smetacek V.S., and Wefer G. (Eds). Productivity of the Ocean: Present and Past (1989), Wiley, Chichester 139-154
131. Wefer G., Heinze P., and Suess E. Stratigraphy and sedimentation rates from oxygen isotope composition, organic carbon content, and grain-size distribution at the Peru upwelling region: Holes 680B and 686B. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results 112 (1990) 355-367
132. In: Wefer G., Berger W.H., Siedler G., and Webb D.J. (Eds). The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation (1996), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 644pp
133. White L.D., Garrison R.E., and Barron J.A. Miocene intensification of upwelling along the California margin as recorded in siliceous facies of the Monterey Formation and offshore DSDP sites. Geological Society (London) Special Publication 64 (1992) 429-442
134. Woodruff F. Changes in Miocene deep-sea benthic foraminiferal distribution in the Pacific Ocean: relationship to paleoceanography. Geological Society of America Memoir 163 (1985) 131-175
135. Woodruff F., and Savin S.M. Miocene deepwater oceanography. Paleoceanography 4 (1989) 87-140
136. Yool A., and Tyrrell T. Role of diatoms in regulating the ocean's silicon cycle. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17 (2003) 1103 10.1029/2002GB002018
137. Zachos J.C., and Kump L.R. Carbon cycle feedbacks and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation in the earliest Oligocene. Global and Planetary Change 47 (2005) 51-66
138. Zachos J.C., Stott L.D., and Lohmann K.C. Evolution of early Cenozoic marine temperatures. Paleoceanography 9 (1994) 353-387
139. Zachos J., Pagani M., Sloan L., Thomas E., and Billups K. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science 292 (2001) 686-693