Metabolic responses to exercise and training

Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 771-792

  Pösö, A Reeta ^a   Hyyppä, Seppo ^b   Geor, Raymond J ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b Equine Research   (Finland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84942877593     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-2671-3.50038-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (217)

1. Evans DL, Rose RJ Determination and repeatability of maximum oxygen uptake and other cardiorespiratory measurements in the exercising horse. Equine Vet J 1988, 20:94-98.
2. Rose RJ, Hodgson DR, Kelso TB, et al. Maximum O 2 uptake, O 2, debt and deficit, and muscle metabolism in Thoroughbred horses. J Appl Physiol 1988, 64:781-788.
3. Langsetmo I, Weigle GE, Fedde MR, et al. VO 2 kinetics in the horse during moderate and heavy exercise. J Appl Physiol 1997, 83:1235-1241.
4. Persson SGB On blood volume and working capacity in horses. Acta Vet Scand 1967, 19:1-189. (Suppl).
5. Simon TL Induced erythrocythemia and athletic performance. Semin Hematol 1994, 31:128-133.
6. Fenger CK, McKeever KH, Hinchcliff KW, et al. Determinants of oxygen delivery and hemoglobin saturation during incremental exercise in horses. Am J Vet Res 2000, 61:1325-1332.
7. Jones WE Equine sports medicine 1989, 121-136. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
8. Derman KD, Noakes TD Comparative aspects of exercise physiology. The athletic horse 1994, 13-25. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. D.R. Hodgson, R.J. Rose (Eds.).
9. McCutcheon LJ, Kelso TB, Bertocci LA, et al. Buffering and aerobic capacity in equine muscles: variation and effect of training. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 348-358. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
10. Snow DH, Harris RC, Gash SP Metabolic response of equine muscle to intermittent maximal exercise. J Appl Physiol 1985, 58:1689-1697.
11. Schuback K, Essén-Gustavsson B Muscle anaerobic response to a maximal treadmill exercise test in Standardbred trotters. Equine Vet J 1998, 30:504-510.
12. Valberg S, Macleay JM, Billstrom JA, et al. Skeletal muscle metabolic response to exercise in horses with 'tying-up' due to polysaccharide storage myopathy. Equine Vet J 1999, 31:43-47.
13. Pösö AR, Lampinen KJ, Räsänen LA Distribution of lactate between red blood cells and plasma after exercise. Equine Vet J 1995, 18:231-234. (Suppl).
14. Räsänen LA, Lampinen KJ, Pösö AR Responses of blood and plasma lactate and plasma purine concentrations to maximal exercise and their relation to performance in Standardbred trotters. Am J Vet Res 1995, 56:1651-1656.
15. Väihkönen LK, Pösö AR Interindividual variation in total and carrier mediated lactate influx into red blood cells. Am J Physiol Reg Integr Comp Physiol 1998, 274:R1121-R1128.
16. Väihkönen LK, Heinonen OJ, Hyyppä S, et al. Lactate transport activity in red blood cells of trained and untrained individuals from four racing species. Am J Physiol Reg Integr Comp Physiol 2001, 281:R19-R24.
17. Armstrong RB, Essén-Gustavsson B, Hoppeler H, et al. O 2 delivery at VO 2max and oxidative capacity in muscles of standardbred horses. J Appl Physiol 1992, 73:2274-2282.
18. Manohar M Furosemide and systemic circulation during severe exercise. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 132-147. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
19. Lovell DK, Reid TA, Rose RJ Effects of maximal exercise on equine muscle: changes in metabolites, pH and temperature. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 312-320. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
20. Hodgson DR, Kelso TB, Bayly WM, et al. Responses to repeated high intensity exercise: influence on muscle metabolism. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 302-311. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
21. Valberg S, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A, et al. Blood chemistry and skeletal muscle metabolic responses during and after different speeds and durations of trotting. Equine Vet J 1989, 21:91-95.
22. Sewell DA, Harris RC Adenine nucleotide degradation in the thoroughbred horses with increasing exercise duration. Eur J Appl Physiol 1992, 65:271-277.
23. Newsholme EA, Leech AR Biochemistry for the medical sciences 1986, 357-381. John Wiley, Chichester, UK.
24. Pösö AR Monocarboxylate transporters and lactate metabolism in equine athletes. Acta Vet Scand 2002, 43:63-74.
25. Snow DH, Harris RC, MacDonald IA, et al. Effect of high-intensity exercise on plasma catecholamines in the Thoroughbred horse. Equine Vet J 1992, 24:462-467.
26. Rose RJ, Evans DL Cardiovascular and respiratory function in the athletic horse. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 1-24. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
27. Hoppeler H. What makes horses superior athletes? In: Kallings P, ed. Proceedings of the International Conference on Equine Sports Medicine. Uppsala, Sweden: Almqvist and Wiksell; 1990; 7-13.
28. McKeever KH, Hinchcliff KW, Reed SM, et al. Role of decreased plasma volume in hematocrit alterations during incremental exercise in horses. Am J Physiol 1993, 265:R404-R408.
29. Manohar M Respiratory muscle perfusion during strenous exercise. Equine exercise physiology 3 1991, 1-8. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. S.G.B. Persson, A. Lindholm, L.B. Jeffcott (Eds.).
30. Parks CM, Manohar M Distribution of blood flow during moderate and strenous exercise in ponies ( Equus caballus). Am J Vet Res 1983, 44:1861-1866.
31. Manohar M, Goetz TE, Saupe B, et al. Thyroid, renal, and splanchnic circulation in horses at rest and during short-term exercise. Am J Vet Res 1995, 56:1356-1361.
32. Irvine CHG The role of hormones in exercise physiology. Equine exercise physiology 1983, 377-388. Granta Editions, Cambridge, UK. D.H. Snow, S.G.B. Persson, R.J. Rose (Eds.).
33. Harris PA, Marlin DJ, Scott CM, et al. Electrolyte and total protein changes in nonheat acclimated horses performing treadmill exercise in cool (20 degrees C/40%RH), hot, dry (30 degrees C/40% RH) or hot, humid (30 degrees C/80% RH) conditions. Equine Vet J 1995, 20:85-96. (Suppl).
34. Hyyppä S, Saastamoinen M, Pösö AR Restoration of water and electrolyte balance in horses after repeated exercise in hot and humid conditions. Equine Vet J 1996, 22:108-112. (Suppl).
35. Jansson A, Nyman S, Morgan K, et al. The effect of ambient temperature and saline loading on changes in plasma and urine electrolytes Na + and K + following exercise. Equine Vet J 1995, 20:147-152. (Suppl).
36. Baragli P, Tedeschi D, Gatta D, et al. Application of a constant blood withdrawal method in equine exercise physiology studies. Equine Vet J 2001, 33:543-546.
37. von Wessum R, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan M, Clayton HM Electromyography in the horse in veterinary medicine and in veterinary research - a review. Vet Quart 1999, 21:3-7.
38. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan M, Barneveld A, Schamhardt HC Effects of weight and riding on workload and locomotion during treadmill exercise. Equine Vet J 1995, 18:413-417. (Suppl).
39. Marlin DJ, Harris RC, Harris PA, et al. Objectives of the Animal Health Trust Acclimatisation Study, including the design of a treadmill based simulated Competition Exercise Test. On to Atlanta '96 1994, 23-24. University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada. A.F. Clarke, L.B. Jeffcott (Eds.).
40. Gottlieb M, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A, et al. Cardio-respiratory and muscle metabolic responses to draught work on a treadmill in Standardbred horses. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 384-392. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
41. King CM, Evans DL, Rose RJ Acclimation to treadmill exercise. Equine Vet J 1995, 18:453-456. (Suppl).
42. Dubreucq C, Chatard JC, Couroucé A, et al. Reproducibility of a standardised exercise test for Standardbred trotters under field conditions. Equine Vet J 1995, 18:8-112. (Suppl).
43. Kobyashi M, Kuribara K, Amada A Application of V200 values for evaluation of training effects in the young Thoroughbred under field conditions. Equine Vet J 1999, 30:159-162. (Suppl).
44. Couroucé A Field exercise testing for assessing fitness in French Standardbred trotters. Vet J 1999, 157:112-122.
45. Couroucé A, Geffroy O, Barrey E, et al. Comparison of exercise tests in French trotters under training track, racetrack and treadmill conditions. Equine Vet J 1999, 30:528-532. (Suppl).
46. Russell MA, Rodiek AV, Lawrence LM Effects of exercise, training and sampling location on selected plasma free amino acids in horses. Can J Anim Sci 1986, 66:827-831.
47. Harris PA, Snow DH The effects of high intensity exercise on the plasma concentration of lactate, potassium and other electrolytes. Equine Vet J 1988, 20:109-113.
48. Väihkönen LK, Hyyppä S, Pösö AR Factors affecting accumulation of lactate in red blood cells. Equine Vet J 1999, 30:443-447. (Suppl).
49. Persson SGB, Essén-Gustavsson B, Funkquist P, et al. Plasma, red cell and whole blood lactate concentrations during prolonged treadmill exercise at V LA4. Equine Vet J 1995, 18:104-107. (Suppl).
50. Väihkönen LK, Ojala M, Pösö AR Age-related changes and inheritance of lactate transport activity in red blood cells. Equine Vet J 2002, 34:568-572. (Suppl).
51. Schulze E, Fuhrmann H, Neitzel ES, et al. Glucose entry rate in dairy cattle as determined by stable isotope 13C-labelled glucose at different stages of reproduction. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1991, 100:167-171.
52. Bonnaire Y, Dehennin L, Plou P, et al. Testosterone administration to mares: criteria for detection of testosterone abuse by analysis of metabolites in plasma and urine. J Analyt Toxicol 1995, 19:175-181.
53. Klein H-J, Schulze E, Deegen E, et al. Metabolism of naturally occurring [ 13C]glucose given orally to horses. Am J Vet Res 1988, 49:1259-1262.
54. Geor RJ, Hinchcliff KW, Sams RA Glucose infusion attenuates hepatic glucose production and enhances glucose use in horses during low intensity exercise. J Appl Physiol 2000, 88:1765-1776.
55. Geor RJ, Hinchcliff KW, McCutcheon LJ, et al. Epinephrine inhibits exogenous glucose utilization in exercising horses. J Appl Physiol 2000, 88:1777-1790.
56. Geor RJ, Hinchcliff KW, Sams RA β-Adrenergic blockade augments glucose utilization in horses during graded exercise. J Appl Physiol 2000, 89:1086-1098.
57. Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ, Hinchcliff KW, et al. Training-induced alterations in glucose metabolism during moderate intensity exercise. Equine Vet J 2002, 34:22-28. (Suppl).
58. Jose-Cunilleras E, Hinchcliff KW, Sams RA, et al. Glycemic index of a meal fed before exercise alters substrate use and glucose flux in exercising horses. J Appl Physiol 2002, 92:117-128.
59. Pagan JD, Geor RJ, Harris PA, et al. Effects of fat adaptation on glucose kinetics and substrate oxidation during low intensity exercise. Equine Vet J 2002, 34:33-38. (Suppl).
60. Jeukendrup AE, Raben A, Gijsen A, et al. Glucose kinetics during prolonged exercise in highly trained human subjects: effect of glucose ingestion. J Physiol 1999, 515:579-589.
61. Lindholm A, Piehl K Fibre composition, enzyme activities and concentrations of metabolites and electrolytes in muscles of Standardbred horses. Acta Vet Scand 1974, 15:287-309.
62. Snow DH, Guy PS Percutaneous needle muscle biopsy in the horse. Equine Vet J 1976, 8:150-155.
63. Kline KH, Lawrence LM, Novakofski J, et al. Changes in muscle fiber type variation within the middle gluteal of young and mature horses as a function of sampling depth. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 271-277. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
64. Bruce VL, Turek RJ, Schurg WA Muscle fibre compartmentalisation in the gluteus medium of the horse. Equine Vet J 1993, 25:69-72.
65. Valette JP, Barrey E, Jouglin M, et al. Standardisation of muscular biopsy of gluteus medius in French trotters. Equine Vet J 1999, 30:342-344. (Suppl).
66. Lindholm A, Bjerneld H, Saltin B Glycogen depletion pattern in muscle fibres of trotting horses. Acta Physiol Scand 1974, 90:475-484.
67. Snow DH, Baxter P, Rose RJ Muscle fibre composition and glycogen depletion in horses completing in an endurance ride. Vet Rec 1981, 108:374-378.
68. Valberg S Glycogen depletion patterns in the muscle of Standardbred tortters after exercise of varying intensities and duration. Equine Vet J 1986, 18:479-484.
69. Gottlieb M Muscle glycogen depletion patterns during draught work in Standardbred horses. Equine Vet J 1989, 21:110-115.
70. Essén-Gustavsson B, Ronéus N, Pösö AR Metabolic response in skeletal muscle fibres of Standardbred trotters after racing. Comp Biochem Physiol 1997, 117B:431-436.
71. Harris DB, Harris RC, Wilson AM, et al. ATP loss with exercise in muscle fibres of the gluteus medius of the thoroughbred horse. Res Vet Sci 1997, 63:231-237.
72. Persson SGB Analysis of fitness and state of training. Equine exercise physiology 1983, 441-457. Granta Editions, Cambridge, UK. D.H. Snow, S.G.B. Persson, R.J. Rose (Eds.).
73. Harkins JD, Beadle RE, Kamerling SG The correlation of running ability and physiological variables in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 1993, 25:53-60.
74. Evans DL, Rose RJ Maximum oxygen uptake in racehorses: changes with training state and prediction from submaximal cardiorespiratory measurements. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 51-67. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
75. Rose RJ, Hodgson DR, Bayly WM, et al. Kinetics of VO 2 and VO 2 in the horse and comparison of five methods for determination of maximum oxygen uptake. Equine Vet J 1990, 9:39-42. (Suppl).
76. Eaton MD, Evans DL, Hodgson DR, et al. Effect of treadmill incline and speed on metabolic rate during exercise in Thoroughbred horses. J Appl Physiol 1995, 79:951-957.
77. Eaton MD, Evans DL, Hodgson DR, et al. Maximal accumulated oxygen deficit in thoroughbred horses. J Appl Physiol 1995, 78:1564-1568.
78. Snow DH, Harris RC, Harman JC, et al. Glycogen repletion following different diets. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 701-710. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
79. Essén-Gustavsson B, Karlström K, Lindholm A Fibre types, enzyme activities and substrate utilisation in skeletal muscles of horses competing in endurance rides. Equine Vet J 1984, 16:197-202.
80. Hyyppä S, Räsänen LA, Pösö AR Resynthesis of glycogen in skeletal muscle from Standardbred trotters after repeated bouts of exercise. Am J Vet Res 1997, 58:162-166.
81. Topliff DR, Potter GD, Dutson TR, et al. Diet manipulation and muscle glycogen in the equine. Lexington, KY: Proceedings of the Equine Nutrition and Physiology Symposium; 1983; 119-124.
82. Pagan JD, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A, et al. The effect of dietary energy source on exercise performance in Standardbred horses. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 686-700. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
83. Essén-Gustavsson B, Blomstrand E, Karlström K, et al. Influence of diet on substrate metabolism during exercise. Equine exercise physiology 3 1991, 288-298. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. S.G.B. Persson, A. Lindholm, L.B. Jeffcott (Eds.).
84. Hyyppä S, Saastamoinen M, Pösö AR Effect of post exercise fat-supplemented diet on muscle glycogen repletion. Equine Vet J 1999, 30:493-498. (Suppl).
85. Pethick DW, Rose RJ, Bryden WL, et al. Nutrient utilisation by the hindlimb of Thoroughbred horses at rest. Equine Vet J 1993, 25:41-44.
86. Ford EJH, Simmons HA Gluconeogenesis from caecal propionate in the horse. Br J Nutr 1985, 53:55-60.
87. Simmons HA, Ford EJH Gluconeogenesis from propionate produced in colon of the horse. Br Vet J 1991, 147:340-345.
88. Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A Muscle fibre characteristics in active and inactive Standardbred horses. Equine Vet J 1985, 17:434-438.
89. Pösö AR, Essén-Gustavsson B, Persson SGB Metabolic responses to standardised exercise test in Standardbred trotters with red cell hypervolaemia. Equine Vet J 1993, 25:527-531.
90. Ronéus M, Lindholm A, Åsheim Å Muscle characteristics of Thoroughbreds of different ages and sexes. Equine Vet J 1991, 23:207-210.
91. Ronéus N, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A, et al. Plasma lactate response to submaximal and maximal exercise tests with training, and its relationship to performance and muscle characteristics in standardbred trotters. Equine Vet J 1994, 26:117-121.
92. Eaton MD Energetics and performance. The athletic horse 1994, 49-61. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. D.R. Hodgson, R.J. Rose (Eds.).
93. Cutmore CMM, Snow DH, Newsholme EA Activities of key enzymes of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in middle gluteal muscle from trained and untrained horses. Equine Vet J 1993, 17:354-356.
94. Valberg S, Essén-Gustavsson B Metabolic response to racing determined in pools of type I, II A and II B fibers. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 290-301. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
95. Harris RC, Snow DH, Katz A, et al. Effect of freeze-drying on measurements of pH in biopsy samples of the middle gluteal muscle of the horse: comparison of muscle pH to the pyruvate and lactate content. Equine Vet J 1989, 21:45-47.
96. Hyyppä S, Pösö AR Fluid, electrolyte and acid-base responses to exercise in racehorses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1988, 14:121-136.
97. Harris RC, Dunnett M, Snow DH Muscle carnosine content is unchanged during maximal intermittent exercise. Equine exercise physiology 3 1991, 257-261. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. S.G.B. Persson, A. Lindholm, L.B. Jeffcott (Eds.).
98. Sewell DA, Harris RC, Dunnett M Carnosine accounts for most of the variation in physico-chemical buffering in equine muscles. Equine exercise physiology 3 1991, 276-280. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. S.G.B. Persson, A. Lindholm, L.B. Jeffcott (Eds.).
99. Juel C Lactate/proton co-transport in skeletal muscle: regulation and importance for pH homeostasis. Acta Physiol Scand 1996, 156:369-374.
100. Juel C Muscle pH regulation: role of training. Acta Physiol Scand 1998, 162:359-366.
101. Halestrap AP, Price NT The proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family: structure, function and regulation. Biochem J 1999, 343:281-299.
102. Bonen A Lactate transporters (MCT proteins) in heart and skeletal muscles. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000, 32:778-789.
103. Fishbein WN, Merezhinskaya N, Foellmer JW Relative distribution of three major lactate transporters in frozen human tissues and their localization in unfixed skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 2002, 26:101-112.
104. Sepponen K, Koho N, Puolanne E, et al. Distribution of monocarboxylate transporter isoforms MCT1, MCT2 and MCT4 in porcine muscles. Acta Physiol Scand 2003, 177:79-86.
105. Pilegaard H, Domino K, Noland T, et al. Effect of high-intensity exercise training on lactate/H + transport capacity in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 1999, 276:E255-E261.
106. Dubouchaud H, Butterfield GE, Wolfer EE, et al. Endurance training, expression, and physiology of LDH, MCT1, and MCT4 in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 2000, 278:E571-E579.
107. Green H, Halestrap A, Mockett C, et al. Increases in muscle MCT are associated with reductions in muscle lactate after a single exercise session in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002, 282:E154-E160.
108. Dehaan A, Koudijs JCM A linear relationship between ATP degradation and fatigue during high-intensity dynamic exercise in rat skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 1994, 79:865-868.
109. Schuback K, Essén-Gustavsson B, Persson SGB Incremental treadmill exercise until onset of fatigue and its relationship to metabolic response and locomotion pattern. Equine Vet J 1999, 30:337-341. (Suppl).
110. Snow DH, Kerr MG, Nimmo MA, et al. Alterations in blood, sweat, urine and muscle composition during prolonged exercise in the horse. Vet Rec 1982, 110:377-384.
111. Lucke JN, Hall GN Further studies on the metabolic effects of long distance riding: Golden Horseshoe Ride 1979. Equine Vet J 1980, 12:189-192.
112. Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, Allen JR Muscle glycogen depletion and repletion patterns in horses performing various distances of endurance exercise. Equine exercise physiology 1983, 229-236. Granta Editions, Cambridge, UK. D.H. Snow, S.G.B. Persson, R.J. Rose (Eds.).
113. Farris JW, Hinchcliff KW, McKeever KH, et al. Effect of tryptophan and of glucose on exercise capacity of horses. JAppl Physiol 1998, 85:807-816.
114. Nagata S, Takeda F, Kurosawa M, et al. Plasma adrenocorticotropin, cortisol and catecholamines responses to various exercises. Equine Vet J 1999, 30:570-574. (Suppl).
115. Kokkonen U-M, Pösö AR, Hyyppä S, et al. Exercise-induced changes in atrial natriuretic peptides in relation to other neuroendocrine responses and fluid balance in the horse. J Vet Med Assoc 2002, 49:144-150.
116. Dybdal NO, Gribble D, Madigan JE, et al. Alterations in plasma corticosteroids, insulin and selected metabolites in horses used in endurance rides. Equine Vet J 1980, 12:137-140.
117. Rose RJ, Snow DH Hormonal changes associated with long distance exercise. Equine Vet J 1981, 13:195-197.
118. Pösö AR, Hyyppä S Muscle and hormonal changes after exercise in relation to muscle glycogen concentrations. Equine Vet J 1999, 30:332-336. (Suppl).
119. Havel RJ, Carlson LA, Ekelund LG, et al. Turnover rate and oxidation of different free fatty acids in man during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1964, 19:613-618.
120. Snow DH, MacKenzie G Some metabolic effects of maximal exercise in the horse and adaptations with training. Equine Vet J 1977, 9:134-140.
121. Pösö AR, Viljanen-Tarifa E, Soveri T, et al. Exercise-induced transient hyperlipidemia in the racehorse. J Vet Med Assoc 1989, 36:603-611.
122. Rose RJ, Knight PK, Bryden WL Energy use and cardiorespiratory responses to prolonged submaximal exercise. Equine exercise physiology 3 1991, 281-287. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. S.G.B. Persson, A. Lindholm, L.B. Jeffcott (Eds.).
123. Rose RJ, Purdue RA, Hensley W Plasma biochemistry alterations in horses during an endurance ride. Equine Vet J 1977, 9:122-126.
124. Pösö AR, Soveri T, Oksanen HE The effect of exercise on blood parameters in standardbred and Finnish-bred horses. Acta Vet Scand 1983, 24:170-184.
125. Geiser DR, Andrews F, Sommerdahl C, et al. Electrolyte and acid-base changes in combined training horses after the cross-country event. Equine Pract 1994, 16:20-25.
126. Desmecht D, Linden A, Amory H, Art T Relationship of plasma lactate production to cortisol release following completion of different types of sporting events in horses. Vet Res Commun 1996, 20:371-379.
127. Sewell DA, Harris RC, Hanak J, et al. Muscle adenine nucleotide degradation in the thoroughbred horse as a consequence of racing. Comp Biochem Physiol 1992, 101B:375-382.
128. Keenan DM Changes of blood metabolites in horses after racing, with particular reference to uric acid. Aust Vet J 1979, 55:54-57.
129. Kelso TB, Hodgson DR, Witt EH, et al. Bicarbonate administration and muscle metabolism during high-intensity exercise. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 438-447. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
130. Evans DL, Priddle TL, Davie AJ Plasma lactate and uric acid responses to racing in pacing Standardbreds and relationships with performance. Equine Vet J 2002, 34:131-134. (Suppl).
131. White SL, Williamson LH, Maykuth P, et al. Heart rate and lactate concentration during two different cross country events. Equine Vet J 1995, 18:463-467. (Suppl).
132. Art T, Amory H, Desmecht D, et al. Effect of show jumping on heart rate, blood lactate and other plasma biochemical values. Equine Vet J 1990, 9:78-82. (Suppl).
133. Mueller PJ, Jones MT, Rawson RE, et al. Effect of increasing work rate on metabolic responses of the donkey ( Equus asinus). J Appl Physiol 1994, 77:1431-1438.
134. Räsänen LA, Wiitanen PAS, Lilius E-M, et al. Accumulation of uric acid in plasma after repeated bouts of exercise in the horse. Comp Biochem Physiol 1996, 114B:139-144.
135. Harris RC, Marlin DJ, Snow DH, et al. Muscle ATP loss and lactate accumulation at different work intensities in the exercising Thoroughbred horse. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1991, 61:235-244.
136. Essén-Gustavsson B, Valberg S Blood and muscle ammonia concentrations in horses during treadmill work and after racing. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 456-463. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
137. Puolanne E, Pösö AR, Ruusunen M, et al. Lactic acid in muscles and its effects on meat quality. Proceedings of the 55th Reciprocal Meat Conference 2002; 55-62.
138. Graham TE, Adamo KB, Shearer J, et al. Pro- and macroglycogenolysis: relationships with excersise intensity and duration. J Appl Physiol 2001, 90:873-879.
139. Shearer J, Marchand I, Tarnopolsky MA, et al. Pro- and macroglycogenolysis during repeated exercise: roles of glycogen content and phosphorylase activation. J Appl Physiol 2001, 90:880-888.
140. Essén-Gustavsson B, Jensen-Waern M Effect of an endurance race on muscle amino acid, pro- and macroglycogen and triglycerides. Equine Vet J 2002, 34:209-213. (Suppl).
141. Bröjer J, Jonasson R, Schuback K, et al. Pro-and macroglycogenolysis in skeletal muscle during maximal treadmill exercise. Equine Vet J 2002, 34:205-208. (Suppl).
142. Valberg S, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A, et al. Energy metabolism in relation to skeletal muscle fibre properties during treadmill exercise. Equine Vet J 1985, 17:439-444.
143. Pilegaard H, Bangsbo J, Henningsen P, et al. Effect of blood flow on muscle lactate release studied in perfused rat hindlimb. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 1995, 269:E1044-E1051.
144. Ronéus N, Essén-Gustavsson B Skeletal muscle characteristics and metabolic response to exercise in young Standardbreds. Am J Vet Res 1997, 58:167-170.
145. Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, McCutcheon LJ, et al. Effects of acetazolamide on cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to submaximal exercise. Equine exercise physiology 3 1991, 343-352. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. S.G.B. Persson, A. Lindholm, L.B. Jeffcott (Eds.).
146. Lacombe VA, Hinchcliff KW, Geor RJ, et al. Muscle glycogen depletion and subsequent replenishment affect anaerobic capacity of horse. J Appl Physiol 2001, 91:1782-1790.
147. Flaminio MJBF, Rush BR Fluid and electrolyte balance in endurance horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1998, 14:147-158.
148. White SL Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance in endurance horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1998, 14:137-145.
149. Art T, Lekeaux P Respiratory adjustments in unacclimatised horses exercised under hot, humid conditions. Equine Vet J 1995, 18:289-293. (Suppl).
150. Dahl L-G, Gillespie JR, Kallings P, et al. Effects of cold environment on exercise tolerance in the horse. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 235-242. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
151. Cymbaluk NF Thermoregulation of horses in cold, winter weather: a review. Livestock Product Sci 1994, 40:65-71.
152. Tyler CM, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ Effect of warm-up on energy supply during high intensity exercise in horses. Equine Vet J 1996, 28:117-120.
153. Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ, Hinchcliff KW Effects of warm-up intensity on kinetics of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production in horses during high-intensity exercise. Am J Vet Res 2000, 61:638-645.
154. McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ, Hinchcliff KW Effects of prior exercise on muscle metabolism during sprint exercise in horses. J Appl Physiol 1999, 87:1914-1922.
155. Hoyt DF, Taylor CF Gait and energetics of locomotion in horses. Nature 1981, 292:239-240.
156. Wickler SJ, Hoyt DE, Cogger EA, et al. The cost of transport in an extended trot. Equine Vet J 2002, 34:126-130. (Suppl).
157. Wickler SJ, Hoyt DF, Cogger EA, et al. Effect of load on preferred speed and cost of transport. J Appl Physiol 2001, 90:1548-1551.
158. Persson SGB, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A Energy profile and the locomotor pattern of trotting on an inclined treadmill. Equine exercise physiology 3 1991, 231-238. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. S.G.B. Persson, A. Lindholm, L.B. Jeffcott (Eds.).
159. Ronéus N, Essén-Gustavsson B, Johnston C, et al. Lactate response to maximal exercise on track: relation to muscle characteristics and kinematic variables. Equine Vet J 1995, 18:191-194. (Suppl).
160. Snow DH Skeletal muscle adaptations. A review. Equine exercise physiology 1983, 160-183. Granta Editions, Cambridge, UK. D.H. Snow, S.G.B. Persson, R.J. Rose (Eds.).
161. Langsetmo I, Weigle GE, Fedde MR, et al. VO 2 kinetics in the horse during moderate and heavy exercise. J Appl Physiol 1997, 83:1235-1241.
162. Hinchcliff KW, Lauderdale MA, Dutson J, et al. High intensity exercise conditioning increases accumulated oxygen deficit in horses. Equine Vet J 2002, 34:9-16.
163. Prince A, Geor R, Harris P, et al. Comparison of the metabolic responses of trained Arabians and Thoroughbreds during high- and low-intensity exercise. Equine Vet J 2002, 34:95-99. (Suppl).
164. Gauvreau GM, Staempfli H, McCutcheon LJ, et al. Comparison of aerobic capacity between racing standardbred horses. J Appl Physiol 1995, 78:1447-1451.
165. Tyler CM, Golland LC, Evans DL, et al. Changes in maximum oxygen uptake during prolonged training, overtraining and detraining. J Appl Physiol 1996, 81:2244-2249.
166. Katz LM, Bayly WM, Roeder MJ, et al. Effects of training on maximum oxygen consumption of ponies. Am J Vet Res 2000, 61:986-991.
167. Langsetmo I, Poole DC VO 2 recovery kinetics in the horse following moderate, heavy, and severe exercise. J Appl Physiol 1999, 86:1170-1177.
168. Lovell DK, Rose RJ Effects of postexercise activity on recovery from maximal exercise. Equine Vet J 1995, 18:188-190. (Suppl).
169. Marlin DJ, Harris RC, Harman JC, et al. Influence of post-exercise activity on rates of muscle and blood lactate disappearance in the Thoroughbred horse. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 321-331. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
170. Hubbell JAE, Hinchcliff KW, Muir WW, et al. Cardiorespiratory and metabolic effects of walking, standing, and standing with a splint during the recuperative period from maximal exercise in horses. Am J Vet Res 1997, 58:1003-1009.
171. Adamo KB, Tarnopolsky MA, Graham TE Dietary carbohydrate and postexercise synthesis of proglycogen and macroglycogen in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 1998, 275:E229-E234.
172. Davie AJ, Evans DL, Hodgson DR, et al. Effects of intravenous dextrose infusion on muscle glycogen resynthesis after intense exercise. Equine Vet J 1995, 18:195-198. (Suppl).
173. Knight PK, Sinha AK, Rose RJ Effects of training intensity on maximum oxygen uptake. Equine exercise physiology 3 1991, 77-82. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. S.G.B. Persson, A. Lindholm, L.B. Jeffcott (Eds.).
174. Eaton MD, Hodgson DR, Evans DL, et al. Effects of low- and moderate-intensity training on metabolic responses to exercise in thoroughbreds. Equine Vet J 1999, 30:521-527. (Suppl).
175. Henckel P Training and growth induced changes in the middle gluteal muscle of young Standardbred trotters. Equine Vet J 1983, 14:134-140.
176. Sinha AK, Ray SP, Rose RJ Effect of training intensity and detraining on adaptations in different skeletal muscles. Equine exercise physiology 3 1991, 223-230. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. S.G.B. Persson, A. Lindholm, L.B. Jeffcott (Eds.).
177. Lovell DK, Rose RJ Changes in skeletal muscle composition in response to interval and high intensity training. Equine exercise physiology 3 1991, 215-222. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. S.G.B. Persson, A. Lindholm, L.B. Jeffcott (Eds.).
178. Ronéus M, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A, et al. Skeletal muscle characteristics in young trained and untrained Standardbred trotters. Equine Vet J 1992, 24:292-294.
179. Ronéus M Muscle characteristics in Standardbreds of different ages and sexes. Equine Vet J 1993, 25:143-146.
180. Serrano AL, Quiroz-Rothe E, Rivero JL Early and long-term changes of equine skeletal muscle in response to endurance training and detraining. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol 2000, 441:263-274.
181. McGowan CM, Golland LC, Evans DL, et al. Effects of prolonged training, overtraining and detraining on skeletal muscle metabolites and enzymes. Equine Vet J 2002, 34:257-263. (Suppl).
182. Wilson RG, Thornton JR, Inglis S, et al. Skeletal muscle adaptation in racehorses following high intensity interval training. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 367-375. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
183. Rivero JL, Serrano AL Skeletal myosin heavy chain composition and carriage training. Equine Vet J 1999, 30:318-323. (Suppl).
184. Serrano AL, Rivero JLL Myosin heavy chain profile of equine Gluteus medius muscle following draught-exercise training and detraining. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2000, 21:235-245.
185. Linnane L, Serrano AL, Rivero JLL Distribution of fast myosin heavy chain-based muscle fibers in the gluteus medius of untrained horses: mismatch between antigenic and ATPase determinations. J Anat 1999, 194:363-372.
186. Rivero JL, Serrano AL, Henckel P, et al. Muscle fiber type composition and fiber size in successfully and unsuccessfully endurance-raced horses. J Appl Physiol 1993, 75:1758-1766.
187. Tyler CM, Golland LC, Evans DL, et al. Skeletal muscle adaptations to prolonged training, overtraining and detraining in horses. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol 1998, 436:391-397.
188. Lopez-Rivero JL, Morales-Lopez JL, Galisteo A-M, et al. Muscle fiber type composition in untrained and endurance-trained Andalusian and Arab horses. Equine Vet J 1991, 23:91-93.
189. Rivero JL Muscle biopsy as a tool for assessing muscular adaptation to training in horses. Am J Vet Res 1996, 57:1412-1416.
190. Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ, Shen H Muscular and metabolic responses to moderate-intensity short-term training. Equine Vet J 1999, 30:311-317. (Suppl).
191. Fox G, Henckel P, Juel C, et al. Skeletal muscle buffer capacity changes in Standardbred horses: effects of growth and training. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 341-347. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
192. Boutilier RG, St-Pierre J Surviving hypoxia without really dying. Comp Biochem Physiol A 2000, 126:481-490.
193. Essén-Gustavsson B, McMiken D, Karlström K, et al. Muscular adaptation of horses during intensive training and detraining. Equine Vet J 1989, 21:27-33.
194. Butler PJ, Woakes AJ, Anderson LS, et al. The effect of cessation of training on cardiorespiratory variables during exercise. Equine exercise physiology 3 1991, 71-76. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. S.G.B. Persson, A. Lindholm, L.B. Jeffcott (Eds.).
195. Spriet LL, Peters SJ Influence of diet on the metabolic response to exercise. Proc Nutr Soc 1998, 57:25-33.
196. Bergström J, Hermansen L, Hultman E, et al. Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance. Acta Physiol Scand 1967, 71:140-150.
197. Jansson A, Nyman S, Lindholm A, et al. Effects on exercise metabolism of varying dietary starch and sugar proportions. Equine Vet J 2002, 34:17-21. (Suppl).
198. MacLeay JJM, Valberg S, Pagan JD, et al. Effect of diet on Thoroughbred horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis performing a standardised exercise test. Equine Vet J 1999, 30:458-462. (Suppl).
199. Orme CE, Harris RC, Marlin DJ, et al. Metabolic adaptation to a fat-supplemented diet by the Thoroughbred horse. Br J Nutr 1997, 78:443-458.
200. Geelen SN, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Beynen AC Dietary fat supplementation and equine plasma lipid metabolism. Equine Vet J 1999, 30:475-478. (Suppl).
201. Dunnett CE, Marlin DJ, Harris RC Effect of dietary lipid on response to exercise: relationship to metabolic adaptation. Equine Vet J 2002, 34:75-80. (Suppl).
202. Geelen SN, Jansen WL, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, et al. Fat feeding increases equine heparin-released lipoprotein lipase activity. J Vet Intern Med 2001, 15:478-481.
203. Harkins JD, Morris GS, Tulley RT, et al. Effect of added dietary fat on racing performance in Thoroughbred horses. J Equine Vet Sci 1992, 12:123-129.
204. Eaton MD, Hodgson DR, Evans DL, et al. Effect of a diet containing supplementary fat on the capacity for high intensity exercise. Equine Vet J 1995, 18:353-356. (Suppl).
205. Sunvold GD, Hussein HS, Fahey GC, et al. In vitro fermentation of cellulose, beet pulp, citrus pulp and citrus pectin using fecal innoculum from cats, dogs, horses, humans, and pigs and ruminal fluid from cattle. J Anim Sci 1995, 73:3639-3648.
206. Lindberg JE, Palmgren Karlsson C Effect of replacing oats with sugar beet pulp and maize oil on nutrient utilisation in horses. Equine Vet J 2001, 33:585-590.
207. Palmgren Karlsson C, Jansson A, Essén-Gustavsson B, et al. Effect of molassed sugar beet pulp on nutrient utilisation and metabolic parameters during exercise. Equine Vet J 2002, 34:44-49. (Suppl).
208. Glade MJ Nutrition and performance of racing Thoroughbreds. Equine Vet J 1983, 15:31-36.
209. Miller PA, Lawrence LM The effect of dietary protein level on exercising horses. J Anim Sci 1988, 66:2185-2192.
210. Miller-Graber PA, Lawrence LM, Foreman JH, et al. Dietary protein level and energy metabolism during treadmill exercise in horses. J Nutr 1991, 121:1462-1469.
211. Graham-Thiers PM, Kronfeld DS, Kline KA, et al. Dietary protein restriction and fat supplementation diminish the acidogenic effect of exercise during repeated sprints in horses. J Nutr 2001, 131:1959-1964.
212. Lawrence LM, Soderholm LV, Roberts AM, et al. Feeding status affects glucose metabolism in exercising horses. J Nutr 1993, 123:2151-2157.
213. Lawrence LM, Hintz HF, Soderholm LV, et al. Effect of time of feeding on metabolic response to exercise. Equine Vet J 1995, 18:392-395. (Suppl).
214. Stull C, Rodiek A Effects of post prandial interval and feed type on substrate availability during exercise. Equine Vet J 1995, 18:362-366. (Suppl).
215. Pagan JD, Harris PA The effects of timing and amount of forage and grain on exercise response in Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 1999, 30:451-457. (Suppl).
216. Rice O, Geor R, Harris P, et al. Effects of restricted hay intake on body weight and metabolic responses to high-intensity exercise in Thoroughbred horses. Proceedings of the 17th Meeting of the Equine Nutritional and Physiology Society 2001; 273-279.
217. Harris PA, Kronfeld DS Influence of dietary energy source on health and performance. Current therapy in equine medicine 2003, 698-704. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. 5th ed. N.E. Robinson (Ed.).