The effects of psychological stress on depression

Current Neuropharmacology

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 494-504

  Yang, Longfei ^a   Zhao, Yinghao ^a   Wang, Yicun ^a   Liu, Lei ^a   Zhang, Xingyi ^a   Li, Bingjin ^a   Cui, Ranji ^a  

^a THE SECOND HOSPITAL OF JILIN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Brain derived neurotrophic factor; Depression; Glial cell derived neurotrophic factor; Hippocampus; Nucleus accumbens; Prefrontal cortex; Psychological stress; Ventral tegmental area

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; AMPA RECEPTOR; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; GLUCOCORTICOID; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 6; MAGNETITE NANOPARTICLE; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VASOPRESSIN;

ANHEDONIA; APPETITE DISORDER; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS; COMPUTER ANALYSIS; DOWN REGULATION; EARLY LIFE STRESS; FORCED SWIM TEST; FOREBRAIN; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IRRITABILITY; LEARNED HELPLESSNESS TEST; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MENTAL STRESS; NONHUMAN; OLFACTORY BULBECTOMY; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; SOCIAL AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; TAIL SUSPENSION TEST; VENTRAL TEGMENTUM; VOLTAGE SENSITIVE DYE IMAGING; ANIMAL; BRAIN; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DISEASE MODEL; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; QUALITY OF LIFE;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; QUALITY OF LIFE; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84942102066     PISSN: 1570159X     EISSN: 18756190     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1570159X1304150831150507     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Kessler, R.C.; Berglund, P.; Demler, O.; Jin, R.; Koretz, D.; Merikangas, K.R.; Rush, A.J.; Walters, E.E.; Wang, P.S.; National Comorbidity Survey, R. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA, 2003, 289(23), 3095-3105. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1001/jama.289.23.3095
2. Mathers, C.; Boerma, T.; Fat, D.M. The global Burden of Diesease: 2004 update. 2008.
3. Nestler, E.J.; Barrot, M.; DiLeone, R.J.; Eisch, A.J.; Gold, S.J.; Monteggia, L.M. Neurobiology of depression. Neuron, 2002, 34(1), 13-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00653-0
4. Ressler, K.J.; Mayberg, H.S. Targeting abnormal neural circuits in mood and anxiety disorders: from the laboratory to the clinic. Nat. Neurosci., 2007, 10(9), 1116-1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1944
5. Byers, A.L.; Yaffe, K. Depression and risk of developing dementia. Nat. Rev. Neurol., 2011, 7(6), 323-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ nrneurol.2011.60
6. Knol, M.J.; Twisk, J.W.; Beekman, A.T.; Heine, R.J.; Snoek, F.J.; Pouwer, F. Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis. Diabetologia, 2006, 49(5), 837-845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-006-0159-x
7. Evans, D.L.; Charney, D.S.; Lewis, L.; Golden, R.N.; Gorman, J.M.; Krishnan, K.R.; Nemeroff, C.B.; Bremner, J.D.; Carney, R.M.; Coyne, J.C.; Delong, M.R.; Frasure-Smith, N.; Glassman, A.H.; Gold, P.W.; Grant, I.; Gwyther, L.; Ironson, G.; Johnson, R.L.; Kanner, A.M.; Katon, W.J.; Kaufmann, P.G.; Keefe, F.J.; Ketter, T.; Laughren, T.P.; Leserman, J.; Lyketsos, C.G.; McDonald, W.M.; McEwen, B.S.; Miller, A.H.; Musselman, D.; O'Connor, C.; Petitto, J.M.; Pollock, B.G.; Robinson, R.G.; Roose, S.P.; Rowland, J.; Sheline, Y.; Sheps, D.S.; Simon, G.; Spiegel, D.; Stunkard, A.; Sunderland, T.; Tibbits, P., Jr.; Valvo, W.J. Mood disorders in the medically ill: scientific review and recommendations. Biol. Psychiatry, 2005, 58(3), 175-189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.biopsych.2005.05.001
8. Epel, E.S.; Blackburn, E.H.; Lin, J.; Dhabhar, F.S.; Adler, N.E.; Morrow, J.D.; Cawthon, R.M. Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2004, 101(49), 17312-17315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407162101
9. Cizza, G.; Primma, S.; Coyle, M.; Gourgiotis, L.; Csako, G. Depression and osteoporosis: a research synthesis with metaanalysis. Horm. Metab. Res., 2010, 42(7), 467-482. http://dx.doi. org/10.1055/s-0030-1252020
10. Whitehead, W.E.; Palsson, O.; Jones, K.R. Systematic review of the comorbidity of irritable bowel syndrome with other disorders: what are the causes and implications? Gastroenterology, 2002, 122(4), 1140-1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/gast.2002.32392
11. Krishnan, V.; Nestler, E.J. The molecular neurobiology of depression. Nature, 2008, 455(7215), 894-902. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1038/nature07455
12. Berton, O.; Nestler, E.J. New approaches to antidepressant drug discovery: beyond monoamines. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2006, 7(2), 137-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1846
13. Uchida, S.; Hara, K.; Kobayashi, A.; Otsuki, K.; Yamagata, H.; Hobara, T.; Suzuki, T.; Miyata, N.; Watanabe, Y. Epigenetic status of Gdnf in the ventral striatum determines susceptibility and adaptation to daily stressful events. Neuron, 2011, 69(2), 359-372
14. Bagot, R.C.; Labonte, B.; Pena, C.J.; Nestler, E.J. Epigenetic signaling in psychiatric disorders: stress and depression. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci., 2014, 16(3), 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. neuron.2010.12.023
15. Loftis, J.M.; Hauser, P. The phenomenology and treatment of interferon-induced depression. J. Affect. Disord., 2004, 82(2), 175-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2004.04.002
16. Wong, M.L.; Licinio, J. Research and treatment approaches to depression. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2001, 2(5), 343-351; http://dx.doi. org/10.1038/35072566
17. Armbruster, D.; Mueller, A.; Strobel, A.; Lesch, K.P.; Brocke, B.; Kirschbaum, C. Predicting cortisol stress responses in older individuals: influence of serotonin receptor 1A gene (HTR1A) and stressful life events. Horm. Behav., 2011, 60(1), 105-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35072566
18. Hyman, S.E. How mice cope with stressful social situations. Cell, 2007, 131(2), 232-234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.008
19. Hall, J.M.; Cruser, D.; Podawiltz, A.; Mummert, D.I.; Jones, H.; Mummert, M.E. Psychological Stress and the Cutaneous Immune Response: Roles of the HPA Axis and the Sympathetic Nervous System in Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis. Dermatol. Res. Pract., 2012, 2012, 403908.
20. Holsboer, F. The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2000, 23(5), 477-501. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00159-7
21. Pariante, C.M.; Lightman, S.L. The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments. Trends Neurosci., 2008, 31(9), 464-468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2008.06.006
22. Abe, H.; Hidaka, N.; Kawagoe, C.; Odagiri, K.; Watanabe, Y.; Ikeda, T.; Ishizuka, Y.; Hashiguchi, H.; Takeda, R.; Nishimori, T.; Ishida, Y. Prenatal psychological stress causes higher emotionality, depression-like behavior, and elevated activity in the hypothalamopituitary-adrenal axis. Neurosci. Res., 2007, 59(2), 145-151; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2007.06.1465
23. Pena, C.J.; Bagot, R.C.; Labonte, B.; Nestler, E.J. Epigenetic signaling in psychiatric disorders. J. Mol. Biol., 2014, 426(20), 3389-3412; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2014.03.016
24. Dhabhar, F.S. Psychological stress and immunoprotection versus immunopathology in the skin. Clin. Dermatol., 2013, 31(1), 18-30. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.11.003
25. Wang, Z.; Gu, J.; Wang, X.; Xie, K.; Luan, Q.; Wan, N.; Zhang, Q.; Jiang, H.; Liu, D. Antidepressant-like activity of resveratrol treatment in the forced swim test and tail suspension test in mice: the HPA axis, BDNF expression and phosphorylation of ERK. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2013, 112, 104-110; http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.007
26. Vialou, V.; Bagot, R.C.; Cahill, M.E.; Ferguson, D.; Robison, A.J.; Dietz, D.M.; Fallon, B.; Mazei-Robison, M.; Ku, S.M.; Harrigan, E.; Winstanley, C.A.; Joshi, T.; Feng, J.; Berton, O.; Nestler, E.J. Prefrontal cortical circuit for depression-and anxiety-related behaviors mediated by cholecystokinin: role of DeltaFosB. J. Neurosci., 2014, 34(11), 3878-3887; http://dx. doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1787-13.2014
27. Maier, S.F.; Watkins, L.R. Stressor controllability and learned helplessness: the roles of the dorsal raphe nucleus, serotonin, and corticotropin-releasing factor. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2005, 29(4-5), 829-841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.021
28. Krishnan, V.; Han, M.H.; Graham, D.L.; Berton, O.; Renthal, W.; Russo, S.J.; Laplant, Q.; Graham, A.; Lutter, M.; Lagace, D.C.; Ghose, S.; Reister, R.; Tannous, P.; Green, T.A.; Neve, R.L.; Chakravarty, S.; Kumar, A.; Eisch, A.J.; Self, D.W.; Lee, F.S.; Tamminga, C.A.; Cooper, D.C.; Gershenfeld, H.K.; Nestler, E.J. Molecular adaptations underlying susceptibility and resistance to social defeat in brain reward regions. Cell, 2007, 131(2), 391-404; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.09.018
29. Wang, J.; Fanous, S.; Terwilliger, E.F.; Bass, C.E.; Hammer, R.P., Jr.; Nikulina, E.M. BDNF overexpression in the ventral tegmental area prolongs social defeat stress-induced cross-sensitization to amphetamine and increases DeltaFosB expression in mesocorticolimbic regions of rats. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2013, 38(11), 2286-2296. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.130
30. Chaudhury, D.; Walsh, J.J.; Friedman, A.K.; Juarez, B.; Ku, S.M.; Koo, J.W.; Ferguson, D.; Tsai, H.C.; Pomeranz, L.; Christoffel, D.J.; Nectow, A.R.; Ekstrand, M.; Domingos, A.; Mazei-Robison, M.S.; Mouzon, E.; Lobo, M.K.; Neve, R.L.; Friedman, J.M.; Russo, S.J.; Deisseroth, K.; Nestler, E.J.; Han, M.H. Rapid regulation of depression-related behaviours by control of midbrain dopamine neurons. Nature, 2013, 493(7433), 532-536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11713
31. Vetulani, J. Early maternal separation: a rodent model of depression and a prevailing human condition. Pharmacol. Rep., 2013, 65(6), 1451-1461; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1734-1140(13) 71505-6
32. Sung, Y.H.; Shin, M.S.; Cho, S.; Baik, H.H.; Jin, B.K.; Chang, H.K.; Lee, E.K.; Kim, C.J. Depression-like state in maternal rats induced by repeated separation of pups is accompanied by a decrease of cell proliferation and an increase of apoptosis in the hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett., 2010, 470(1), 86-90; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.12.063
33. von Poser Toigo, E.; Diehl, L.A.; Ferreira, A.G.; Mackedanz, V.; Krolow, R.; Benitz, A.N.; Noschang, C.; Huffell, A.P.; Silveira, P.P.; Wyse, A.T.; Dalmaz, C. Maternal depression model: long-lasting effects on the mother following separation from pups. Neurochem. Res., 2012, 37(1), 126-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-011-0590-3
34. Yang, S.J.; Yu, H.Y.; Kang, D.Y.; Ma, Z.Q.; Qu, R.; Fu, Q.; Ma, S.P. Antidepressant-like effects of salidroside on olfactory bulbectomy-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and hyperactivity of HPA axis in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2014, 124, 451-457; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2014.07.015
35. Song, C.; Leonard, B.E. The olfactory bulbectomised rat as a model of depression. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2005, 29(4-5), 627-647; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.010
36. Deacon, R.M.; Croucher, A.; Rawlins, J.N. Hippocampal cytotoxic lesion effects on species-typical behaviours in mice. Behav. Brain Res., 2002, 132(2), 203-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(01)00401-6
37. Faria, R.; Santana, M.M.; Aveleira, C.A.; Simoes, C.; Maciel, E.; Melo, T.; Santinha, D.; Oliveira, M.M.; Peixoto, F.; Domingues, P.; Cavadas, C.; Domingues, M.R. Alterations in phospholipidomic profile in the brain of mouse model of depression induced by chronic unpredictable stress. Neuroscience, 2014, 273, 1-11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.042 (b) Banerjee, R.; Hazra, S.; Ghosh, A.K.; Mondal, A.C. Chronic administration of bacopa monniera increases BDNF protein and mRNA expressions: a study in chronic unpredictable stress induced animal model of depression. Psychiatry Investig., 2014, 11(3), 297-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.4306/pi.2014.11.3.297
38. Banerjee, R.; Hazra, S.; Ghosh, A.K.; Mondal, A.C. Chronic administration of bacopa monniera increases BDNF protein and mRNA expressions: a study in chronic unpredictable stress induced animal model of depression. Psychiatry Investig., 2014, 11(3), 297-306; http://dx.doi.org/10.4306/pi.2014.11.3.297
39. Gu, H.F.; Tang, C.K.; Yang, Y.Z. Psychological stress, immune response, and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 2012, 223(1), 69-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.021
40. Hasan, K.M.; Rahman, M.S.; Arif, K.M.; Sobhani, M.E. Psychological stress and aging: role of glucocorticoids (GCs). Age (Dordr), 2012, 34(6), 1421-1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s11357-011-9319-0
41. Keck, M.E.; Ohl, F.; Holsboer, F.; Muller, M.B. Listening to mutant mice: a spotlight on the role of CRF/CRF receptor systems in affective disorders. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2005, 29(4-5), 867-889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.003
42. Opel, N.; Redlich, R.; Zwanzger, P.; Grotegerd, D.; Arolt, V.; Heindel, W.; Konrad, C.; Kugel, H.; Dannlowski, U. Hippocampal atrophy in major depression: a function of childhood maltreatment rather than diagnosis? Neuropsychopharmacology, 2014, 39(12), 2723-2731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.145
43. Domin, H.; Szewczyk, B.; Wozniak, M.; Wawrzak-Wlecial, A.; Smialowska, M. Antidepressant-like effect of the mGluR5 antagonist MTEP in an astroglial degeneration model of depression. Behav. Brain Res., 2014, 273, 23-33. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.019
44. Banasr, M.; Duman, R.S. Glial loss in the prefrontal cortex is sufficient to induce depressive-like behaviors. Biol. Psychiatry, 2008, 64(10), 863-870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008. 06.008
45. Dwivedi, Y.; Rizavi, H.S.; Roberts, R.C.; Conley, R.C.; Tamminga, C.A.; Pandey, G.N. Reduced activation and expression of ERK1/2 MAP kinase in the post-mortem brain of depressed suicide subjects. J. Neurochem., 2001, 77(3), 916-928. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00300.x
46. Cao, X.; Li, L.P.; Wang, Q.; Wu, Q.; Hu, H.H.; Zhang, M.; Fang, Y.Y.; Zhang, J.; Li, S.J.; Xiong, W.C.; Yan, H.C.; Gao, Y.B.; Liu, J.H.; Li, X.W.; Sun, L.R.; Zeng, Y.N.; Zhu, X.H.; Gao, T.M. Astrocyte-derived ATP modulates depressive-like behaviors. Nat. Med., 2013, 19(6), 773-777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.3162
47. Schmidt, H.D.; Duman, R.S. The role of neurotrophic factors in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, antidepressant treatments and animal models of depressive-like behavior. Behav. Pharmacol., 2007, 18(5-6), 391-418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0b013 e3282ee2aa8
48. Spalding, K.L.; Bergmann, O.; Alkass, K.; Bernard, S.; Salehpour, M.; Huttner, H.B.; Bostrom, E.; Westerlund, I.; Vial, C.; Buchholz, B.A.; Possnert, G.; Mash, D.C.; Druid, H.; Frisen, J. Dynamics of hippocampal neurogenesis in adult humans. Cell, 2013, 153(6), 1219-1227; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013. 05.002
49. Balu, D.T.; Lucki, I. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis: regulation, functional implications, and contribution to disease pathology. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2009, 33(3), 232-252; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.007
50. Eisch, A.J.; Petrik, D. Depression and hippocampal neurogenesis: a road to remission? Science, 2012, 338(6103), 72-75. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1126/science.1222941
51. Dou, X.; Tian, X.; Zheng, Y.; Huang, J.; Shen, Z.; Li, H.; Wang, X.; Mo, F.; Wang, W.; Wang, S.; Shen, H. Psychological stress induced hippocampus zinc dyshomeostasis and depression-like behavior in rats. Behav. Brain Res., 2014, 273, 133-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.040
52. Liu, B.B.; Luo, L.; Liu, X.L.; Geng, D.; Liu, Q.; Yi, L.T. 7-Chlorokynurenic acid (7-CTKA) produces rapid antidepressant-like effects: through regulating hippocampal microRNA expressions involved in TrkB-ERK/Akt signaling pathways in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Psychopharmacology (Berl)., 2014.
53. Nemeroff, C.B.; Vale, W.W. The neurobiology of depression: inroads to treatment and new drug discovery. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2005, 66 Suppl 7, 5-13.
54. Manji, H.K.; Drevets, W.C.; Charney, D.S. The cellular neurobiology of depression. Nat. Med., 2001, 7(5), 541-547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/87865
55. Schatzberg, A.F.; Lindley, S. Glucocorticoid antagonists in neuropsychiatric [corrected] disorders. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2008, 583(2-3), 358-364; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.01.001
56. Yamada, K.; Kobayashi, M.; Mori, A.; Jenner, P.; Kanda, T. Antidepressant-like activity of the adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist, istradefylline (KW-6002), in the forced swim test and the tail suspension test in rodents. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2013, 114-115, 23-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.022
57. Bissette, G.; Klimek, V.; Pan, J.; Stockmeier, C.; Ordway, G. Elevated concentrations of CRF in the locus coeruleus of depressed subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2003, 28(7), 1328-1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300191
58. Kurada, L.; Yang, C.; Lei, S. Corticotropin-releasing factor facilitates epileptiform activity in the entorhinal cortex: roles of CRF2 receptors and PKA pathway. PLoS One, 2014, 9(2), e88109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088109
59. Kormos, V.; Gaszner, B. Role of neuropeptides in anxiety, stress, and depression: from animals to humans. Neuropeptides, 2013, 47(6), 401-419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2003.09.011
60. Holmes, A.; Heilig, M.; Rupniak, N.M.; Steckler, T.; Griebel, G. Neuropeptide systems as novel therapeutic targets for depression and anxiety disorders. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 2003, 24(11), 580-588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2003.09.011
61. Hodgson, R.A.; Mullins, D.; Lu, S.X.; Guzzi, M.; Zhang, X.; Bleickardt, C.J.; Scott, J.D.; Miller, M.W.; Stamford, A.W.; Parker, E.M.; Varty, G.B. Characterization of a novel vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist, V1B-30N, in animal models of anxiety-like and depression-like behavior. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2014, 730, 157-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.02.027
62. Grassi, D.; Lagunas, N.; Calmarza-Font, I.; Diz-Chaves, Y.; Garcia-Segura, L.M.; Panzica, G.C. Chronic unpredictable stress and long-term ovariectomy affect arginine-vasopressin expression in the paraventricular nucleus of adult female mice. Brain Res., 2014, 1588, 55-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.006
63. Simon, N.G.; Guillon, C.; Fabio, K.; Heindel, N.D.; Lu, S.F.; Miller, M.; Ferris, C.F.; Brownstein, M.J.; Garripa, C.; Koppel, G.A. Vasopressin antagonists as anxiolytics and antidepressants: recent developments. Recent Pat. CNS Drug Discov., 2008, 3(2), 77-93; http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157488908784534586
64. Rotzinger, S.; Lovejoy, D.A.; Tan, L.A. Behavioral effects of neuropeptides in rodent models of depression and anxiety. Peptides, 2010, 31(4), 736-756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2009.12.015
65. Keck, M.E.; Welt, T.; Muller, M.B.; Uhr, M.; Ohl, F.; Wigger, A.; Toschi, N.; Holsboer, F.; Landgraf, R. Reduction of hypothalamic vasopressinergic hyperdrive contributes to clinically relevant behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of chronic paroxetine treatment in a psychopathological rat model. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2003, 28(2), 235-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300040
66. Wersinger, S.R.; Ginns, E.I.; O'Carroll, A.M.; Lolait, S.J.; Young, W.S., 3rd. Vasopressin V1b receptor knockout reduces aggressive behavior in male mice. Mol. Psychiatry, 2002, 7 (9), 975-984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001195
67. Traynelis, S.F.; Wollmuth, L.P.; McBain, C.J.; Menniti, F.S.; Vance, K.M.; Ogden, K.K.; Hansen, K.B.; Yuan, H.; Myers, S.J.; Dingledine, R. Glutamate receptor ion channels: structure, regulation, and function. Pharmacol. Rev., 2010, 62(3), 405-496; http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pr.109.002451
68. Dore, A.S.; Okrasa, K.; Patel, J.C.; Serrano-Vega, M.; Bennett, K.; Cooke, R.M.; Errey, J.C.; Jazayeri, A.; Khan, S.; Tehan, B.; Weir, M.; Wiggin, G.R.; Marshall, F.H. Structure of class C GPCR metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 transmembrane domain. Nature, 2014, 511(7511), 557-562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13396
69. Hashimoto, K. The role of glutamate on the action of antidepressants. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2011, 35(7), 1558-1568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010. 06.013
70. Duman, R.S.; Voleti, B. Signaling pathways underlying the pathophysiology and treatment of depression: novel mechanisms for rapid-acting agents. Trends Neurosci., 2012, 35(1), 47-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2011.11.004
71. Feyissa, A.M.; Chandran, A.; Stockmeier, C.A.; Karolewicz, B. Reduced levels of NR2A and NR2B subunits of NMDA receptor and PSD-95 in the prefrontal cortex in major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2009, 33(1), 70-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.10.005
72. Dang, Y.H.; Ma, X.C.; Zhang, J.C.; Ren, Q.; Wu, J.; Gao, C.G.; Hashimoto, K. Targeting of NMDA receptors in the treatment of major depression. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2014, 20(32), 5151-5159. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612819666140110120435
73. Jimenez-Sanchez, L.; Campa, L.; Auberson, Y.P.; Adell, A. The role of GluN2A and GluN2B subunits on the effects of NMDA receptor antagonists in modeling schizophrenia and treating refractory depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2014, 39(11), 2673-2680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.123
74. Gosek, P.; Chojnacka, M.; Bienkowski, P.; Swiecicki, L. Antidepressant effect of ketamine, a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist, in the therapy of treatment-resistant depression. Psychiatr. Pol., 2012, 46(2), 283-294.
75. Miyamoto, Y.; Yamada, K.; Noda, Y.; Mori, H.; Mishina, M.; Nabeshima, T. Lower sensitivity to stress and altered monoaminergic neuronal function in mice lacking the NMDA receptor epsilon 4 subunit. J. Neurosci., 2002, 22(6), 2335-2342.
76. Lee, C.H.; Lu, W.; Michel, J.C.; Goehring, A.; Du, J.; Song, X.; Gouaux, E. NMDA receptor structures reveal subunit arrangement and pore architecture. Nature, 2014, 511(7508), 191-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13548
77. Gould, T.D.; O'Donnell, K.C.; Dow, E.R.; Du, J.; Chen, G.; Manji, H.K. Involvement of AMPA receptors in the antidepressant-like effects of lithium in the mouse tail suspension test and forced swim test. Neuropharmacology, 2008, 54(3), 577-587. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.11.002
78. Koike, H.; Fukumoto, K.; Iijima, M.; Chaki, S. Role of BDNF/TrkB signaling in antidepressant-like effects of a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist in animal models of depression. Behav. Brain Res., 2013, 238, 48-52. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.023
79. Mohler, H. The GABA system in anxiety and depression and its therapeutic potential. Neuropharmacology, 2012, 62(1), 42-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.040
80. Yang, A.M.; Ji, Y.K.; Su, S.F.; Yang, S.B.; Lu, S.S.; Mi, Z.Y.; Yang, Q.Z.; Chen, Q. Intracerebroventricular administration of neuronostatin induces depression-like effect in forced swim test of mice. Peptides, 2011, 32(9), 1948-1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.peptides.2011.08.012
81. Miller, P.S.; Aricescu, A.R. Crystal structure of a human GABAA receptor. Nature, 2014, 512(7514), 270-275. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1038/nature13293
82. Feder, A.; Nestler, E.J.; Charney, D.S. Psychobiology and molecular genetics of resilience. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2009, 10(6), 446-457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2649
83. Zhu, C.B.; Blakely, R.D.; Hewlett, W.A. The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha activate serotonin transporters. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2006, 31(10), 2121-2131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301029
84. Hassaine, G.; Deluz, C.; Grasso, L.; Wyss, R.; Tol, M.B.; Hovius, R.; Graff, A.; Stahlberg, H.; Tomizaki, T.; Desmyter, A.; Moreau, C.; Li, X.D.; Poitevin, F.; Vogel, H.; Nury, H. X-ray structure of the mouse serotonin 5-HT3 receptor. Nature, 2014, 512(7514), 276-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13552
85. Duman, R.S.; Monteggia, L.M. A neurotrophic model for stressrelated mood disorders. Biol. Psychiatry, 2006, 59(12), 1116-1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.013
86. Dwivedi, Y.; Rizavi, H.S.; Conley, R.R.; Pandey, G.N. ERK MAP kinase signaling in post-mortem brain of suicide subjects: differential regulation of upstream Raf kinases Raf-1 and B-Raf. Mol. Psychiatry, 2006, 11(1), 86-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj. mp.4001744
87. Iijima, M.; Fukumoto, K.; Chaki, S. Acute and sustained effects of a metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor antagonist in the noveltysuppressed feeding test. Behav. Brain Res., 2012, 235(2), 287-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.08.016
88. Brennan, A.R.; Dolinsky, B.; Vu, M.A.; Stanley, M.; Yeckel, M.F.; Arnsten, A.F. Blockade of IP3-mediated SK channel signaling in the rat medial prefrontal cortex improves spatial working memory. Learn Mem., 2008, 15(3), 93-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.767408
89. Stone, E.A.; Lehmann, M.L.; Lin, Y.; Quartermain, D. Depressive behavior in mice due to immune stimulation is accompanied by reduced neural activity in brain regions involved in positively motivated behavior. Biol. Psychiatry, 2006, 60(8), 803-811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.020
90. Palumbo, M.L.; Zorrilla Zubilete, M.A.; Cremaschi, G.A.; Genaro, A.M. Different effect of chronic stress on learning and memory in BALB/c and C57BL/6 inbred mice: Involvement of hippocampal NO production and PKC activity. Stress, 2009, 12(4), 350-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10253890802506383
91. Miller, C.A. Stressed and depressed? Check your GDNF for epigenetic repression. Neuron, 2011, 69(2), 188-190. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.006
92. Takebayashi, M.; Hisaoka, K.; Nishida, A.; Tsuchioka, M.; Miyoshi, I.; Kozuru, T.; Hikasa, S.; Okamoto, Y.; Shinno, H.; Morinobu, S.; Yamawaki, S. Decreased levels of whole blood glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in remitted patients with mood disorders. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2006, 9(5), 607-612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1461145705006085
93. Zhang, X.; Zhang, Z.; Sha, W.; Xie, C.; Xi, G.; Zhou, H.; Zhang, Y. Electroconvulsive therapy increases glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) serum levels in patients with drugresistant depression. Psychiatry Res., 2009, 170(2-3), 273-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.01.011
94. Segerstrom, S.C.; Miller, G.E. Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychol Bull, 2004, 130(4), 601-630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ 0033-2909.130.4.601
95. Liu, Y.; Ho, R.C.; Mak, A. Interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and soluble interleukin-2 receptors (sIL-2R) are elevated in patients with major depressive disorder: a metaanalysis and meta-regression. J. Affect Disord., 2012, 139(3), 230-239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.003
96. Reichenberg, A.; Yirmiya, R.; Schuld, A.; Kraus, T.; Haack, M.; Morag, A.; Pollmacher, T. Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2001, 58(5), 445-452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.58.5.445
97. Karrenbauer, B.D.; Muller, C.P.; Ho, Y.J.; Spanagel, R.; Huston, J.P.; Schwarting, R.K.; Pawlak, C.R. Time-dependent in-vivo effects of interleukin-2 on neurotransmitters in various cortices: relationships with depressive-related and anxiety-like behaviour. J. Neuroimmunol., 2011, 237(1-2), 23-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.jneuroim.2011.05.011
98. Wong, M.-L.; Licinio, J. Research and treatment approaches to depression. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2001, 2, 343-351.
99. Rothwell, N.J.; Luheshi, G.N. Interleukin 1 in the brain: biology, pathology and therapeutic target. Trends Neurosci., 2000, 23(12), 618-625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01661-1
100. Ericsson, A.; Liu, C.; Hart, R.P.; Sawchenko, P.E. Type 1 interleukin-1 receptor in the rat brain: distribution, regulation, and relationship to sites of IL-1-induced cellular activation. J. Comp. Neurol., 1995, 361(4), 681-698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne. 903610410
101. Koo, J.W.; Duman, R.S. Evidence for IL-1 receptor blockade as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of depression. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2009, 10(7), 664-671.
102. Ramamoorthy, S.; Ramamoorthy, J.D.; Prasad, P.D.; Bhat, G.K.; Mahesh, V.B.; Leibach, F.H.; Ganapathy, V. Regulation of the human serotonin transporter by interleukin-1 beta. Biochem. Biophys. Res .Commun., 1995, 216(2), 560-567. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1006/bbrc.1995.2659
103. Chourbaji, S.; Urani, A.; Inta, I.; Sanchis-Segura, C.; Brandwein, C.; Zink, M.; Schwaninger, M.; Gass, P. IL-6 knockout mice exhibit resistance to stress-induced development of depression-like behaviors. Neurobiol. Dis., 2006, 23(3), 587-594. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.05.001
104. Kaster, M.P.; Gadotti, V.M.; Calixto, J.B.; Santos, A.R.; Rodrigues, A.L. Depressive-like behavior induced by tumor necrosis factoralpha in mice. Neuropharmacology, 2012, 62(1), 419-426. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.018
105. Dantzer, R.; O'Connor, J.C.; Freund, G.G.; Johnson, R.W.; Kelley, K.W. From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2008, 9(1), 46-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2297
106. Simen, B.B.; Duman, C.H.; Simen, A.A.; Duman, R.S. TNFalpha signaling in depression and anxiety: behavioral consequences of individual receptor targeting. Biol. Psychiatry, 2006, 59(9), 775-785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.10.013
107. Grinvald, A.; Hildesheim, R. VSDI: a new era in functional imaging of cortical dynamics. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2004, 5(11), 874-885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1536
108. Airan, R.D.; Meltzer, L.A.; Roy, M.; Gong, Y.; Chen, H.; Deisseroth, K. High-speed imaging reveals neurophysiological links to behavior in an animal model of depression. Science, 2007, 317(5839), 819-823; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1144400
109. von Wolff, G.; Avrabos, C.; Stepan, J.; Wurst, W.; Deussing, J.M.; Holsboer, F.; Eder, M. Voltage-sensitive dye imaging demonstrates an enhancing effect of corticotropin-releasing hormone on neuronal activity propagation through the hippocampal formation. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2011, 45(2), 256-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.jpsychires.2010.06.007
110. Yang, B.; Treweek, J.B.; Kulkarni, R.P.; Deverman, B.E.; Chen, C.K.; Lubeck, E.; Shah, S.; Cai, L.; Gradinaru, V. Single-cell phenotyping within transparent intact tissue through whole-body clearing. Cell, 2014, 158(4), 945-958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.cell.2014.07.017
111. Susaki, E.A.; Tainaka, K.; Perrin, D.; Kishino, F.; Tawara, T.; Watanabe, T.M.; Yokoyama, C.; Onoe, H.; Eguchi, M.; Yamaguchi, S.; Abe, T.; Kiyonari, H.; Shimizu, Y.; Miyawaki, A.; Yokota, H.; Ueda, H.R. Whole-brain imaging with single-cell resolution using chemical cocktails and computational analysis. Cell, 2014, 157(3), 726-739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.042
112. Chung, K.; Wallace, J.; Kim, S.Y.; Kalyanasundaram, S.; Andalman, A.S.; Davidson, T.J.; Mirzabekov, J.J.; Zalocusky, K.A.; Mattis, J.; Denisin, A.K.; Pak, S.; Bernstein, H.; Ramakrishnan, C.; Grosenick, L.; Gradinaru, V.; Deisseroth, K. Structural and molecular interrogation of intact biological systems. Nature, 2013, 497(7449), 332-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12107
113. Deisseroth, K. Optogenetics. Nat. Methods, 2011, 8(1), 26-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.f.324
114. Tye, K.M.; Deisseroth, K. Optogenetic investigation of neural circuits underlying brain disease in animal models. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2012, 13(4), 251-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3171
115. Sparta, D.R.; Jennings, J.H.; Ung, R.L.; Stuber, G.D. Optogenetic strategies to investigate neural circuitry engaged by stress. Behav. Brain Res., 2013, 255, 19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013. 05.007
116. Yamaguchi, M.; Ito, A.; Ono, A.; Kawabe, Y.; Kamihira, M. Heatinducible gene expression system by applying alternating magnetic field to magnetic nanoparticles. ACS Synth. Biol., 2014, 3(5), 273-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/sb4000838