Small phytoplankton drive high summertime carbon and nutrient export in the Gulf of California and Eastern Tropical North Pacific

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

Volumn 29, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 1309-1332

  Puigcorbé, Viena ^a   Benitez Nelson, Claudia R ^b   Masqué, Pere ^a,c,d   Verdeny, Elisabet ^a   White, Angelicque E ^e   Popp, Brian N ^f   Prahl, Fredrick G ^e   Lam, Phoebe J ^g,h  

^a INSTITUT DE CIÈNCIA I TECNOLOGIA AMBIENTALS   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^d EDITH COWAN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^e OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^g WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

^{234< sup>Th; C 234< sup>Th ratios; carbon export; diazotrophs; export efficiency; particle attenuation}

Indexed keywords

BIOGENIC DEPOSIT; CARBON CYCLE; FOOD WEB; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; PARTICLE MOTION; PARTICLE SIZE; PHYTOPLANKTON; PICOPLANKTON; SEDIMENT TRAP; SILICA; SUMMER; THORIUM ISOTOPE; WATER COLUMN;

GULF OF CALIFORNIA; PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (NORTH);

BACILLARIOPHYTA;

EID: 84941875936     PISSN: 08866236     EISSN: 19449224     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2015GB005134     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Alldredge, A., (1998), The carbon, nitrogen and mass content of marine snow as a function of aggregate size, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 45 (4), 529-541.
2. Alonso-González, I. J., J. Arístegui, C. Lee, A. Sanchez-Vidal, A. Calafat, J. Fabrés, P. Sangrá, P. Masqué, A. Hernández-Guerra, and, V. Benítez-Barrios, (2010), Role of slowly settling particles in the ocean carbon cycle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L13608, doi: 10.1029/2010GL043827.
3. Altabet, M. A., C. Pilskaln, R. Thunell, C. Pride, D. Sigman, F. Chavez, and, R. Francois, (1999), The nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry of sinking particles from the margin of the Eastern North Pacific, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 46 (4), 655-679.
4. Amacher, J., S. Neuer, and, M. Lomas, (2013), DNA-based molecular fingerprinting of eukaryotic protists and cyanobacteria contributing to sinking particle flux at the Bermuda Atlantic time-series study, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 93, 71-83, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.01.001.
5. Bacon, M. P., J. K. Cochran, D. Hirschberg, T. R. Hammar, and, A. P. Fleer, (1996), Export flux of carbon at the equator during the EqPac time-series cruises estimated from 234Th measurements, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 43 (4-6), 1133-1153.
6. Badan-Dangon, A., C. E. Dorman, M. A. Merrifield, and, C. D. Winant, (1991), The lower atmosphere over the Gulf of California, J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 96 (C9), 16,877-16,896.
7. Baumann, M. S., S. B. Moran, M. W. Lomas, R. P. Kelly, and, D. W. Bell, (2013), Seasonal decoupling of particulate organic carbon export and net primary production in relation to sea-ice at the shelf break of the eastern Bering Sea: Implications for off-shelf carbon export, J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 118, 5504-5522, doi: 10.1002/jgrc.20366.
8. Beaugrand, G., M. Edwards, K. Brander, C. Luczak, and, F. Ibanez, (2008), Causes and projections of abrupt climate-driven ecosystem shifts in the North Atlantic, Ecol. Lett., 11 (11), 1157-1168.
9. Benitez-Nelson, C., K. O. Buesseler, D. M. Karl, and, J. Andrews, (2001), A time-series study of particulate matter export in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre based on 234Th:238U disequilibrium, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 48 (12), 2595-2611.
10. Benitez-Nelson, C. R., and, M. Charette, (2004), Uncertainty versus variability in upper ocean carbon flux estimates, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49 (4), 1218-1220.
11. Benitez-Nelson, C. R., and, W. S. Moore, (2006), Future applications of 234Th in aquatic ecosystems, Mar. Chem., 100 (3), 163-165.
12. Benitez-Nelson, C. R., R. R. Bidigare, T. D. Dickey, M. R. Landry, C. L. Leonard, S. L. Brown, F. Nencioli, Y. M. Rii, K. Maiti, and, J. W. Becker, (2007), Mesoscale eddies drive increased silica export in the subtropical Pacific Ocean, Science, 316 (5827), 1017-1021.
13. Bishop, J. K. B., (1992), POC from MULVFS casts, 25 September 2002, JGOFS Data Server, U.S. JGOFS Data Manag. Off. WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. [Available at http://usjgofs.whoi.edu/jg/serv/jgofs/eqpac/ tt007/mulvfs-POC.html0 (Accessed 6 February 2010).]
14. Bishop, J. K. B., (1999), Transmissometer measurement of POC, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 46 (2), 353-369.
15. Bishop, J. K. B., and, M. Q. Fleisher, (1987), Particulate manganese dynamics in Gulf Stream warm-core rings and surrounding waters of the N.W. Atlantic, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 51 (10), 2807-2825, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(87)90160-8.
16. Bishop, J. K. B., and, T. J. Wood, (2008), Particulate matter chemistry and dynamics in the twilight zone at VERTIGO, ALOHA and K2 sites, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 55 (12), 1684-1706, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.012.
17. Bishop, J. K. B., J. M. Edmond, D. R. Ketten, M. P. Bacon, and, W. B. Silker, (1977), The chemistry, biology, and vertical flux of particulate matter from the upper 400 m of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, Deep Sea Res., 24 (6), 511-548.
18. Bishop, J. K. B., R. W. Collier, D. R. Kettens, and, J. M. Edmond, (1980), The chemistry, biology, and vertical flux of particulate matter from the upper 1500 m of the Panama Basin, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 27 (8), 615-640, doi: 10.1016/0198-0149(80)90077-1.
19. Bishop, J. K. B., J. C. Stepien, and, P. H. Wiebe, (1986), Particulate matter distributions, chemistry and flux in the Panama Basin: Response to environment forcing, Prog. Oceanogr., 17 (1-2), 1-59, doi: 10.1016/0079-6611(86)90024-8.
20. Bishop, J. K. B., S. E. Calvert, and, M. Y. S. Soon, (1999), Spatial and temporal variability of {POC} in the northeast Subarctic Pacific, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 46 (11-12), 2699-2733, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(99)00081-8.
21. Bishop, J. K. B., P. J. Lam, and, T. J. Wood, (2012), Getting good particles: Accurate sampling of particles by large volume in-situ filtration, Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods, 10, 681-710, doi: 10.4319/lom.2012.10.681.
22. Bopp, L., O. Aumont, P. Cadule, S. Alvain, and, M. Gehlen, (2005), Response of diatoms distribution to global warming and potential implications: A global model study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19606, doi: 10.1029/2005GL023653.
23. Boyd, P. W., and, T. W. Trull, (2007), Understanding the export of biogenic particles in oceanic waters: Is there consensus?, Prog. Oceanogr., 72 (4), 276-312, doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.10.007.
24. Brand, L. E., (1994), Physiological ecology of marine coccolithophores, in Coccolithophores, pp. 39-49, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
25. Bray, N. A., and, J. M. Robles, (1991), Physical oceanography of the Gulf of California, in Gulf Penins. Prov. California, vol. 31, edited by, J. P. Dauphin, and, B. R. T. Simoneit, pp. 1122-1131, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., Tulsa, Okla.
26. Brew, H. S., S. B. Moran, M. W. Lomas, and, A. B. Burd, (2009), Plankton community composition, organic carbon and thorium-234 particle size distributions, and particle export in the Sargasso Sea, J. Mar. Res., 67 (6), 845-868.
27. Bricaud, A., A. Morel, M. Babin, K. Allali, and, H. Claustre, (1998), Variations of light absorption by suspended particles with chlorophyll a concentration in oceanic (case 1) waters: Analysis and implications for bio-optical models, J. Geophys. Res., 103 (C13), 31,033-31,044, doi: 10.1029/98JC02712.
28. Buesseler, K., L. Ball, J. Andrews, C. Benitez-Nelson, R. Belastock, F. Chai, and, Y. Chao, (1998), Upper ocean export of particulate organic carbon in the Arabian Sea derived from thorium-234, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 45 (10-11), 2461-2487.
29. Buesseler, K. O., (1991), Do upper-ocean sediment traps provide an accurate record of particle flux?, Nature, 353 (6343), 420-423.
30. Buesseler, K. O., (1998), The decoupling of production and particulate export in the surface ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 12 (2), 297-310, doi: 10.1029/97GB03366.
31. Buesseler, K. O., and, P. W. Boyd, (2009), Shedding light on processes that control particle export and flux attenuation in the twilight zone of the open ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 54 (4), 1210-1232.
32. Buesseler, K. O., M. P. Bacon, J. Kirk Cochran, and, H. D. Livingston, (1992), Carbon and nitrogen export during the JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment estimated from 234Th:238U disequilibria, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 39 (7-8), 1115-1137.
33. Buesseler, K. O., A. F. Michaels, D. A. Siegel, and, A. H. Knap, (1994), A three dimensional time-dependent approach to calibrating sediment trap fluxes, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8 (2), 179-193, doi: 10.1029/94GB00207.
34. Buesseler, K. O., J. A. Andrews, M. C. Hartman, R. Belastock, and, F. Chai, (1995), Regional estimates of the export flux of particulate organic carbon derived from thorium-234 during the JGOFS EqPac program, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 42 (2-3), 777-791.
35. Buesseler, K. O., L. Ball, J. Andrews, J. K. Cochran, D. J. Hirschberg, M. P. Bacon, A. Fleer, and, M. Brzezinski, (2001), Upper ocean export of particulate organic carbon and biogenic silica in the Southern Ocean along 170 W, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 48 (19-20), 4275-4297.
36. Buesseler, K. O., C. R. Benitez-Nelson, S. B. Moran, A. Burd, M. Charette, J. K. Cochran, L. Coppola, N. S. Fisher, S. W. Fowler, and, W. D. Gardner, (2006), An assessment of particulate organic carbon to thorium-234 ratios in the ocean and their impact on the application of 234Th as a POC flux proxy, Mar. Chem., 100 (3-4), 213-233.
37. Buesseler, K. O., A. N. Antia, M. Chen, S. W. Fowler, W. D. Gardner, O. Gustafsson, K. Harada, A. F. Michaels, M. R. van der Loeff, and, M. Sarin, (2007), An assessment of the use of sediment traps for estimating upper ocean particle fluxes, J. Mar. Res., 65, 345-416.
38. Buesseler, K. O., C. Lamborg, P. Cai, R. Escoube, R. Johnson, S. Pike, P. Masqué, D. McGillicuddy, and, E. Verdeny, (2008), Particle fluxes associated with mesoscale eddies in the Sargasso Sea, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 55 (10-13), 1426-1444.
39. Burd, A. B., G. A. Jackson, and, S. B. Moran, (2007), The role of the particle size spectrum in estimating POC fluxes from disequilibrium, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 54 (6), 897-918.
40. Burd, A. B., D. Hansell, D. Steinberg, T. Anderson, J. Arístegui, F. Balta, S. Beaupré, K. Buesseler, F. DeHairs, and, G. Jackson, (2010), Assessing the apparent imbalance between geochemical and biochemical indicators of meso- and bathypelagic biological activity: What the @$#! is wrong with present calculations of carbon budgets?, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 57 (16), 1557-1571, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.02.022.
41. Cai, P., M. Dai, W. Chen, T. Tang, and, K. Zhou, (2006), On the importance of the decay of 234Th in determining size-fractionated C/234Th ratio on marine particles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L23602, doi: 10.1029/2006GL027792.
42. Castro, C. G., F. P. Chavez, and, C. A. Collins, (2001), Role of the California Undercurrent in the export of denitrified waters from the eastern tropical North Pacific, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15 (4), 819-830, doi: 10.1029/2000GB001324.
43. Castro, R., R. Durazo, A. Mascarenhas, C. A. Collins, and, A. Trasviña, (2006), Thermohaline variability and geostrophic circulation in the southern portion of the Gulf of California, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 53 (1), 188-200.
44. Chen, J. H., R. Lawrence Edwards, and, G. J. Wasserburg, (1986), 238U, 234U and 232Th in seawater, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 80, 241-251.
45. Cline, J. D., and, F. A. Richards, (1972), Oxygen deficient conditions and nitrate reduction in the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 17, 885-900.
46. Coale, K. H., (1990), Labyrinth of doom: A device to minimize the "swimmer" component in sediment trap collections, Limnol. Oceanogr., 35, 1376-1381.
47. Coale, K. H., and, K. W. Bruland, (1985), 234Th:238U disequilibria within the California Current, Limnol. Oceanogr., 30, 22-33.
48. Cochran, J. K., and, P. Masqué, (2003), Short-lived U/Th series radionuclides in the ocean: Tracers for scavenging rates, export fluxes and particle dynamics, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 52 (1), 461-492.
49. Codispoti, L. A., and, F. A. Richards, (1976), An analysis of the horizontal regime of denitrification in the eastern tropical North Pacific, Limnol. Oceanogr., 21 (3), 379-388.
50. DeMaster, D. J., (1991), Measuring biogenic silica in marine sediments and suspended matter, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 63, 363-367.
51. DeVries, T., and, C. Deutsch, (2014), Large-scale variations in the stoichiometry of marine organic matter respiration, Nat. Geosci., 7 (12), 890-894.
52. Doney, S. C., (2006), Plankton in a warmer world, Nature, 444, 695-696.
53. Doney, S. C., M. Ruckelshaus, J. E. Duffy, J. P. Barry, F. Chan, C. A. English, H. M. Galindo, J. M. Grebmeier, A. B. Hollowed, and, N. Knowlton, (2012), Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems, Mar. Sci., 4, 11-37.
54. Dore, J. E., J. R. Brum, L. M. Tupas, and, D. M. Karl, (2002), Seasonal and interannual variability in sources of nitrogen supporting export in the oligotrophic subtropical North Pacific Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47 (6), 1595-1607.
55. Dunne, J. P., J. W. Murray, J. Young, L. S. Balistrieri, and, J. Bishop, (1997), 234Th and particle cycling in the central equatorial Pacific, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 44 (9-10), 2049-2083.
56. Dunne, J. P., J. W. Murray, A. K. Aufdenkampe, S. Blain, and, M. Rodier, (1999), Silicon-nitrogen coupling in the equatorial Pacific upwelling zone, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 13 (3), 715-726, doi: 10.1029/1999GB900031.
57. Durkin, C. A., M. L. Estapa, and, K. O. Buesseler, (2015), Observations of carbon export by small sinking particles in the upper mesopelagic, Mar. Chem., doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2015.02.011.
58. Duteil, O., and, A. Oschlies, (2011), Sensitivity of simulated extent and future evolution of marine suboxia to mixing intensity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L06607, doi: 10.1029/2011GL046877.
59. Engel, A., S. Thoms, U. Riebesell, E. Rochelle-Newall, and, I. Zondervan, (2004), Polysaccharide aggregation as a potential sink of marine dissolved organic carbon, Nature, 428 (6986), 929-932.
60. Feely, R. A., C. L. Sabine, K. Lee, W. Berelson, J. Kleypas, V. J. Fabry, and, F. J. Millero, (2004), Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans, Science, 305 (5682), 362-366.
61. Fischer, G., (1991), Stable carbon isotope ratios of plankton carbon and sinking organic matter from the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, Mar. Chem., 35 (1-4), 581-596, doi: 10.1016/S0304-4203(09)90044-5.
62. Fry, B., and, E. B. Sherr, (1984), δ13C measurements as indicators of carbon flow in marine and freshwater ecosystems, Contrib. Mar. Sci., 27, 13-47.
63. Gardner, W. D., (1980), Sediment trap dynamics and calibration: A laboratory evaluation, J. Mar. Res., 38 (1), 17-39.
64. Gardner, W. D., (2000), Sediment Trap Sampling in Surface Waters, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
65. Gardner, W. D., M. J. Richardson, C. A. Carlson, D. Hansell, and, A. V. Mishonov, (2003), Determining true particulate organic carbon: Bottles, pumps and methodologies, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 50 (3), 655-674.
66. Gardner, W. D., A. V. Mishonov, and, M. J. Richardson, (2006), Global POC concentrations from in-situ and satellite data, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 53 (5), 718-740.
67. Gnanadesikan, A., J. P. Dunne, and, J. John, (2012), Understanding why the volume of suboxic waters does not increase over centuries of global warming in an Earth System Model, Biogeosciences, 9 (3), 1159-1172.
68. Gordon, D. C., (1971), Distribution of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen at an oceanic station in the central Pacific, Deep Sea Res., 8, 1127-1134.
69. Grob, C., O. Ulloa, H. Claustre, Y. Huot, G. Alarcõn, and, D. Marie, (2007), Contribution of picoplankton to the total particulate organic carbon concentration in the eastern South Pacific, Biogeosciences, 4 (5), 837-852.
70. Guo, L., C. C. Hung, P. H. Santschi, and, I. D. Walsh, (2002), 234Th scavenging and its relationship to acid polysaccharide abundance in the Gulf of Mexico, Mar. Chem., 78 (2), 103-119.
71. Gustafsson, Ö., P. Andersson, P. Roos, Z. Kukulska, D. Broman, U. Larsson, S. Hajdu, and, J. Ingri, (2004), Evaluation of the collection efficiency of upper ocean sub-photic-layer sediment traps: A 24-month in situ calibration in the open Baltic Sea using 234Th, Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods, 2, 62-74.
72. Gustafsson, Ö., J. Larsson, P. Andersson, and, J. Ingri, (2006), The POC/234Th ratio of settling particles isolated using split flow-thin cell fractionation (SPLITT), Mar. Chem., 100 (3), 314-322.
73. Hargrave, B. T., and, N. M. Burns, (1979), Assessment of sediment trap collection efficiency, Limnol. Oceanogr., 24 (6), 1124-1135.
74. Hays, G. C., A. J. Richardson, and, C. Robinson, (2005), Climate change and marine plankton, Trends Ecol. Evol., 20 (6), 337-344.
75. Hedges, J. I., W. A. Clark, P. D. Quay, J. E. Richey, A. H. Devol, and, U. d. M. Santos, (1986), Compositions and fluxes of particulate organic material in the Amazon River, Limnol. Oceanogr., 31 (4), 717-738.
76. Honjo, S., S. J. Manganini, R. A. Krishfield, and, R. Francois, (2008), Particulate organic carbon fluxes to the ocean interior and factors controlling the biological pump: A synthesis of global sediment trap programs since 1983, Prog. Oceanogr., 76 (3), 217-285.
77. Hung, C.-C., and, G.-C. Gong, (2007), Export flux of POC in the main stream of the Kuroshio, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L18606, doi: 10.1029/2007GL030236.
78. Hung, C. C., and, G. C. Gong, (2010), POC/234Th ratios in particles collected in sediment traps in the northern South China Sea, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 88 (3), 303-310.
79. Hung, C. C., L. Guo, K. A. Roberts, and, P. H. Santschi, (2004), Upper ocean carbon flux determined by the 234Th approach and sediment traps using size-fractionated POC and 234Th data from the Gulf of Mexico, Geochem. J., 38 (6), 601-611.
80. Hung, C. C., C. Xu, P. H. Santschi, S. J. Zhang, K. A. Schwehr, A. Quigg, L. Guo, G. C. Gong, J. L. Pinckney, and, R. A. Long, (2010), Comparative evaluation of sediment trap and 234Th-derived POC fluxes from the upper oligotrophic waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the subtropical northwestern Pacific Ocean, Mar. Chem., 121 (1), 132-144.
81. Hung, C. C., G. C. Gong, and, P. H. Santschi, (2012), 234Th in different size classes of sediment trap collected particles from the Northwestern Pacific Ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 91, 60-74.
82. Hutchins, D. A., F.-X. Fu, Y. Zhang, M. E. Warner, Y. Feng, K. Portune, P. W. Bernhardt, and, M. R. Mulholland, (2007), CO2 control of Trichodesmium N2 fixation, photosynthesis, growth rates, and elemental ratios: Implications for past, present, and future ocean biogeochemistry, Limnol. Oceanogr., 52 (4), 1293-1304, doi: 10.4319/lo.2007.52.4.1293.
83. Jacquet, S. H. M., P. J. Lam, T. W. Trull, and, F. Dehairs, (2011), Carbon export production in the subantarctic zone and polar front zone south of Tasmania, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 58 (21-22), 2277-2292, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.05.035.
84. Karl, D., A. Michaels, B. Bergman, D. Capone, E. Carpenter, R. Letelier, F. Lipschultz, H. Paerl, D. Sigman, and, L. Stal, (2002), Dinitrogen fixation in the world's oceans, Biogeochemistry, 57, 47-98.
85. Karl, D. M., (2002), Nutrient dynamics in the deep blue sea, Trends Microbiol., 10 (9), 410-418.
86. Keeling, R. F., A. Körtzinger, and, N. Gruber, (2010), Ocean deoxygenation in a warming world, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2, 199-229.
87. Kostadinov, T. S., D. A. Siegel, and, S. Maritorena, (2010), Global variability of phytoplankton functional types from space: Assessment via the particle size distribution, Biogeosciences, 7 (3), 3239-3257, doi: 10.5194/bg-7-3239-2010.
88. Kostadinov, T. S., D. A. Siegel, S. Maritorena, and, N. Guillocheau, (2012), Optical assessment of particle size and composition in the Santa Barbara Channel, California, Appl. Opt., 51 (16), 3171-3189.
89. Lalande, C., S. B. Moran, P. Wassmann, J. M. Grebmeier, and, L. W. Cooper, (2008), 234Th-derived particulate organic carbon fluxes in the northern Barents Sea with comparison to drifting sediment trap fluxes, J. Mar. Syst., 73 (1), 103-113.
90. Lam, P. J., and, J. K. B. Bishop, (2007), High biomass, low export regimes in the Southern Ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 54 (5-7), 601-638, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.01.013.
91. Lam, P. J., S. C. Doney, and, J. K. B. Bishop, (2011), The dynamic ocean biological pump: Insights from a global compilation of particulate organic carbon, CaCO3, and opal concentration profiles from the mesopelagic, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 25, GB3009, doi:, doi: 10.1029/2010GB003868.
92. Landry, M. R., K. E. Selph, A. G. Taylor, M. Décima, W. M. Balch, and, R. R. Bidigare, (2011), Phytoplankton growth, grazing and production balances in the HNLC equatorial Pacific, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 58 (3-4), 524-535, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.08.011.
93. Le Moigne, F. A. C., S. A. Henson, R. J. Sanders, and, E. Madsen, (2013), Global database of surface ocean particulate organic carbon export fluxes diagnosed from the 234Th technique, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 6 (1), 163-187.
94. Lepore, K., S. B. Moran, A. B. Burd, G. A. Jackson, J. N. Smith, R. P. Kelly, H. Kaberi, S. Stavrakakis, and, G. Assimakopoulou, (2009), Sediment trap and in-situ pump size-fractionated POC/234Th ratios in the Mediterranean Sea and Northwest Atlantic: Implications for POC export, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 56 (4), 599-613.
95. Liu, K.-K., and, I. R. Kaplan, (1989), The eastern tropical Pacific as a source of 15N-enriched nitrate in seawater off southern California, Limnol. Oceanogr., 34 (5), 820-830.
96. Lomas, M. W., and, S. B. Moran, (2011), Evidence for aggregation and export of cyanobacteria and nano-eukaryotes from the Sargasso Sea euphotic zone, Biogeosciences, 8 (1), 203-216.
97. Luo, Y., (2013), Applications of U-decay series isotopes to studying the meridional overturning circulation and particle dynamics in the ocean, PhD thesis, Fac. of Graduate Studies-Oceanography, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
98. Lynn, R. J., and, J. J. Simpson, (1987), The California Current System: The seasonal variability of its physical characteristics, J. Geophys. Res., 92 (C12), 12,947-12,966, doi: 10.1029/JC092iC12p12947.
99. Lyons, G., C. R. Benitez-Nelson, and, R. C. Thunell, (2011), Phosphorus composition of sinking particles in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, Limnol. Oceanogr., 56 (3), 1093-1105.
100. Maiti, K., C. R. Benitez-Nelson, and, K. O. Buesseler, (2010), Insights into particle formation and remineralization using the short-lived radionuclide, Thorium-234, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L15608, doi: 10.1029/2010GL044063.
101. Maiti, K., M. A. Charette, K. O. Buesseler, and, M. Kahru, (2013), An inverse relationship between production and export efficiency in the Southern Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1557-1561, doi: 10.1002/grl.50219.
102. Martin, J. H., G. A. Knauer, D. M. Karl, and, W. W. Broenkow, (1987), VERTEX: Carbon cycling in the northeast Pacific, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 34 (2), 267-285, doi: 10.1016/0198-0149(87)90086-0.
103. Mayor, D. J., R. Sanders, S. L. C. Giering, and, T. R. Anderson, (2014), Microbial gardening in the ocean's twilight zone: Detritivorous metazoans benefit from fragmenting, rather than ingesting, sinking detritus, BioEssays, 36 (12), 1132-1137, doi: 10.1002/bies.201400100.
104. Michaels, A. F., and, M. W. Silver, (1988), Primary production, sinking fluxes and the microbial food web, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 35 (4), 473-490.
105. Moran, S. B., S. E. Weinstein, H. N. Edmonds, J. N. Smith, R. P. Kelly, M. E. Q. Pilson, and, W. G. Harrison, (2003), Does 234Th/238U disequilibrium provide an accurate record of the export flux of particulate organic carbon from the upper ocean?, Limnol. Oceanogr., 48 (3), 1018-1029.
106. Morán, X. A. G., Á. Lõpez-Urrutia, A. Calvo-Díaz, and, W. K. W. Li, (2010), Increasing importance of small phytoplankton in a warmer ocean, Global Chang. Biol., 16 (3), 1137-1144.
107. Murray, J. W., J. Young, J. Newton, J. Dunne, T. Chapin, B. Paul, and, J. J. McCarthy, (1996), Export flux of particulate organic carbon from the central equatorial Pacific determined using a combined drifting trap-234Th approach, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 43 (4-6), 1095-1132.
108. Passow, U., (2002), Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in aquatic environments, Prog. Oceanogr., 55 (3-4), 287-333, doi: 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00138-6.
109. Pates, J. M., and, G. K. P. Muir, (2007), U-salinity relationships in the Mediterranean: Implications for 234Th:238U particle flux studies, Mar. Chem., 106 (3-4), 530-545.
110. Paulmier, A., and, D. Ruiz-Pino, (2009), Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the modern ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 80 (3), 113-128.
111. Peterson, B. J., and, B. Fry, (1987), Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 293-320.
112. Pike, S. M., K. O. Buesseler, J. Andrews, and, N. Savoye, (2005), Quantification of Th-234 recovery in small volume seawater samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 263, 355-360.
113. Planchon, F., A.-J. Cavagna, D. Cardinal, L. André, and, F. Dehairs, (2013), Late summer particulate organic carbon export and twilight zone remineralisation in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 10 (2), 803-820, doi: 10.5194/bg-10-803-2013.
114. Prahl, F. G., B. N. Popp, D. M. Karl, and, M. A. Sparrow, (2005), Ecology and biogeochemistry of alkenone production at Station {ALOHA}, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 52 (5), 699-719, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.001.
115. Richardson, A. J., and, D. S. Schoeman, (2004), Climate impact on plankton ecosystems in the Northeast Atlantic, Science, 305 (5690), 1609-1612, doi: 10.1126/science.1100958.
116. Richardson, T. L., and, G. A. Jackson, (2007), Small phytoplankton and carbon export from the surface ocean, Science, 315 (5813), 838-840.
117. Roden, G. I., (1958), Oceanographic and meteorological aspects of the Gulf of California, J. Mar. Res., 18, 10-35.
118. Rutgers van der Loeff, M. M., K. Buesseler, U. Bathmann, I. Hense, and, J. Andrews, (2002), Comparison of carbon and opal export rates between summer and spring bloom periods in the region of the Antarctic Polar Front, SE Atlantic, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 49 (18), 3849-3869.
119. Santamaría-del-Angel, E., S. Alvarez-Borrego, and, F. E. Müller-Karger, (1994), Gulf of California biogeographic regions based on coastal zone color scanner imagery, J. Geophys. Res., 99 (C4), 7411-7421, doi: 10.1029/93JC02154.
120. Santschi, P. H., C. C. Hung, G. Schultz, N. Alvarado-Quiroz, L. Guo, J. Pinckney, and, I. Walsh, (2003), Control of acid polysaccharide production and 234Th and POC export fluxes by marine organisms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (2), 1044, doi: 10.1029/2002GL016046.
121. Scharek, R., L. M. Tupas, and, D. M. Karl, (1999), Diatom fluxes to the deep sea in the oligotrophic North Pacific gyre at Station ALOHA, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 182, 55-67.
122. Schmidt, S., V. Andersen, S. Belviso, and, J.-C. Marty, (2002), Strong seasonality in particle dynamics of north-western Mediterranean surface waters as revealed by 234Th/238U, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 49 (8), 1507-1518, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00039-0.
123. Smoak, J. M., W. S. Moore, R. C. Thunell, and, T. J. Shaw, (1999), Comparison of 234Th, 228Th, and 210Pb fluxes with fluxes of major sediment components in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, Mar. Chem., 65 (3), 177-194.
124. Speicher, E. A., S. B. Moran, A. B. Burd, R. Delfanti, H. Kaberi, R. P. Kelly, C. Papucci, J. N. Smith, S. Stavrakakis, and, L. Torricelli, (2006), Particulate organic carbon export fluxes and size-fractionated POC/234Th ratios in the Ligurian, Tyrrhenian and Aegean Seas, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 53 (11), 1810-1830.
125. Stewart, G., J. K. Cochran, J. C. Miquel, P. Masqué, J. Szlosek, A. M. Rodriguez y Baena, S. W. Fowler, B. Gasser, and, D. J. Hirschberg, (2007), Comparing POC export from 234Th/238U and 210Po/210Pb disequilibria with estimates from sediment traps in the northwest Mediterranean, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 54 (9), 1549-1570.
126. Stewart, G., S. B. Moran, M. W. Lomas, and, R. P. Kelly, (2011), Direct comparison of 210Po, 234Th and POC particle-size distributions and export fluxes at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site, J. Environ. Radioact., 102 (5), 479-489.
127. Stewart, G. M., S. Bradley Moran, and, M. W. Lomas, (2010), Seasonal POC fluxes at BATS estimated from 210Po deficits, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 57 (1), 113-124.
128. Szlosek, J., J. K. Cochran, J. C. Miquel, P. Masqué, R. A. Armstrong, S. W. Fowler, B. Gasser, and, D. J. Hirschberg, (2009), Particulate organic carbon-234Th relationships in particles separated by settling velocity in the northwest Mediterranean Sea, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 56 (18), 1519-1532.
129. Taylor, G. T., F. E. Muller-Karger, R. C. Thunell, M. I. Scranton, Y. Astor, R. Varela, L. T. Ghinaglia, L. Lorenzoni, K. A. Fanning, and, S. Hameed, (2012), Ecosystem responses in the southern Caribbean Sea to global climate change, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109 (47), 19,315-19,320.
130. Thomalla, S. J., R. Turnewitsch, M. Lucas, and, A. Poulton, (2006), Particulate organic carbon export from the North and South Atlantic gyres: The 234Th/238U disequilibrium approach, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 53 (14-16), 1629-1648.
131. Thunell, R., C. Pride, P. Ziveri, F. Muller-Karger, C. Sancetta, and, D. Murray, (1996), Plankton response to physical forcing in the Gulf of California, J. Plankton Res., 18 (11), 2017-2026.
132. Thunell, R. C., (1998), Seasonal and annual variability in particle fluxes in the Gulf of California: A response to climate forcing, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 45 (12), 2059-2083.
133. Trent, J. D., A. L. Shanks, and, M. W. Silver, (1978), In situ and laboratory measurements on macroscopic aggregates in Monterey Bay, California, Limnol. Oceanogr., 23 (4), 626-635.
134. Twardowski, M. S., J. M. Sullivan, P. L. Donaghay, and, J. R. V. Zaneveld, (1999), Microscale quantification of the absorption by dissolved and particulate material in coastal waters with an ac-9, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 16 (6), 691-707.
135. Van Mooy, B. A. S., R. G. Keil, and, A. H. Devol, (2002), Impact of suboxia on sinking particulate organic carbon: Enhanced carbon flux and preferential degradation of amino acids via denitrification, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66 (3), 457-465.
136. Verdugo, P., A. L. Alldredge, F. Azam, D. L. Kirchman, U. Passow, and, P. H. Santschi, (2004), The oceanic gel phase: A bridge in the DOM-POM continuum, Mar. Chem., 92 (1-4), 67-85.
137. Wakeham, S. G., and, E. A. Canuel, (1988), Organic geochemistry of particulate matter in the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean: Implications for particle dynamics, J. Mar. Res., 46 (1), 183-213.
138. White, A. E., F. G. Prahl, R. M. Letelier, and, B. N. Popp, (2007), Summer surface waters in the Gulf of California: Prime habitat for biological N2 fixation, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB2017, doi: 10.1029/2006GB002779.
139. White, A. E., R. A. Foster, C. R. Benitez-Nelson, P. Masqué, E. Verdeny, B. N. Popp, K. E. Arthur, and, F. G. Prahl, (2013), Nitrogen fixation in the Gulf of California and the Eastern Tropical North Pacific, Prog. Oceanogr., 109, 1-17.
140. Xu, C., P. H. Santschi, C. C. Hung, S. Zhang, K. A. Schwehr, K. A. Roberts, L. Guo, G. C. Gong, A. Quigg, and, R. A. Long, (2011), Controls of 234Th removal from the oligotrophic ocean by polyuronic acids and modification by microbial activity, Mar. Chem., 123 (1-4), 111-126.
141. Ziveri, P., and, R. C. Thunell, (2000), Coccolithophore export production in Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California: Response to climate forcing, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 47 (9-11), 2073-2100.